Note: International mailing costs in a tube start at $21 - the offered rate of $7 assumes the paper is lightly folded and mailed in an envelope

THE SUN NEWSPAPER (1792 - 1876)

The Sun was a British evening newspaper established by John Heriot in 1792 and was discontinued in 1876. The paper was founded by members of the Tory government led by William Pitt the Younger to counter the contemporary pro-revolutionary press.

John Heriot, a Scottish journalist and writer, had worked for the Oracle and the World newspapers in 1791, editing both, but did not remain in either post for long. In 1792, at the instigation of Edmund Burke, he was recruited by the British Treasury to establish a pro-government newspaper, the Sun. This was secretly funded by members of the Tory government, on a private basis.

Heriot launched the Sun on 1 October 1792,^[1] and it quickly rose to become the second most popular newspaper in Britain, behind The Times.^[2] In 1793 he launched a morning paper, the True Briton.^[1] It too was funded by the Treasury and maintained a strongly pro-government pro-Tory line.^[3] The True Briton would continue for eleven years before collapsing in 1804.^[2] Heriot left newspaper editing to become a Commissioner of the Lottery in 1806.^[1] In its early years it was a "violent Tory evening paper" with "an evil reputation".^[4] William Jerdan edited the paper from 1813 to 1817.^[5]

In 1825 The Sun was bought by Patrick Grant and Murdo Young (Young also editing it) and its politics switched from Tory to Whig. Young organised teams of reporters, in Parliament and across the country, printed late into the night (unusual for an evening paper) and used mounted delivery riders and the stagecoach system, to ensure that The Sun gathered and distributed news faster than his rivals, sometimes beating the morning papers by 12 hours with news of Parliament, provincial political meetings and sporting events. In four years he tripled the paper's sales.^[6]

A former employee remembered that "Murdo Young was perhaps at the time the most enterprising news publisher in all London, and it was one of the sights of the great Metropolis to witness the despatch of the Express Edition from 112, Strand, to the General Post-Office, St Martin's-le-Grand." Newspapers were carried by eight "daring riders" on "8 of the fleetest horses", to meet the stage coaches carrying the post out of London.^[7]

In 1833 Young took full control of The Sun after Grant was declared bankrupt; Grant accused Young of foul play, and started the rival True Sun, with Charles Dickens as a contributor; but the True Sun was a failure and Young bought it and merged it with his Sun in 1837.^[6] The paper was secretly subsidised by the Anti-Corn Law League in 1842 in return for articles supporting their movement.^[8]

In the 1840s Young handed over the editorship to William Frederick Deacon and then, in 1845, to Charles Kent (who later married Young's eldest daughter Ann). All Young's three daughters, Ann, Catharine (1826-1908) and Floremma, worked as journalists. At least two of them worked for The Sun, with Catherine writing leaders, as well as reporting.^[6]

Young claimed to have spent £10,000 on his express news service, and had to borrow money to cover these expenses. Eventually, this debt forced him to sell The Sun, in 1862.^[6]

The copyright of the ailing newspaper was bought by William Saunders of the Central Press news agency in the 1860s. In 1871 he sold this copyright, along with other parts of his business, to a group of Conservatives, who published The Sun and Central Press.^[9]

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jay Treaty

Treaty of Amity, Commerce, and Navigation, Between His Britannic Majesty and The United States of America
First page of the Jay Treaty
Context	To relieve post-war tensionbetween Great Britain and the United States
Signed	November 19, 1794
Location	London
Effective	February 29, 1796
Negotiators	William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville  John Jay
Parties	Great Britain  United States
Full text
Jay's Treaty at Wikisource

The Treaty of Amity, Commerce, and Navigation, Between His Britannic Majesty and the United States of America, commonly known as the Jay Treaty, and also as Jay's Treaty, was a 1794 treaty between the United States and Great Britain that averted war, resolved issues remaining since the 1783 Treaty of Paris (which ended the American Revolutionary War),^[1] and facilitated ten years of peaceful trade between Americans and the British in the midst of the French Revolutionary Wars, which had begun in 1792.^[2] For the Americans, the treaty's policy was designed by Treasury secretary Alexander Hamilton, supported by President George Washington. It angered France and bitterly divided American public opinion, encouraging the growth of two opposing American political parties, the pro-Treaty Federalists and the anti-Treaty Democratic-Republicans.

The treaty was negotiated by John Jay (also a negotiator of the earlier Paris treaty) and gained several of the primary American goals. This included a British withdrawal from forts in the Northwest Territory that Britain had refused to relinquish under the terms of the Treaty of Paris. The British had refused to do so as the United States had reneged on Articles 4 and 6 of the Treaty of Paris; American state courts impeded the collection of debts owed to British creditors and upheld the continued confiscation of Loyalist-owned property in spite of an explicit understanding that such prosecutions would be immediately discontinued.^[3] Both parties agreed that disputes over wartime debts and the boundaries of the Canada–United States border were to be sent to arbitration (one of the first major uses of arbitration in modern diplomatic history), which set a precedent used by other nations. American merchants were granted limited rights to trade with the British West Indies in exchange for limits on export of cotton from the U.S.

Signed on November 19, 1794^[4] during the Thermidorian Reaction in France, the treaty was submitted to the United States Senate for its advice and consent the following June. It was ratified by the Senate on June 24, 1795, by a two-thirds majority vote of 20–10 (exactly the minimum number necessary for concurrence). It was also ratified by the First Pitt ministry, and took effect February 29, 1796, the day when ratifications were officially exchanged.

The treaty was hotly contested by Democratic-Republicans in each state. An effort was made to block it in the House of Representatives, which ultimately failed. Democratic-Republican politicians feared that closer American economic and political ties with Britain would strengthen Hamilton's Federalist Party, promote aristocracy and undercut republicanism. This debate crystallized the emerging partisan divisions and shaped the new "First Party System", with Federalists favoring the British and Democratic-Republicans favoring France. The treaty was to last for ten years, and efforts to agree on a replacement treaty failed in 1806 when Jefferson rejected the Monroe–Pinkney Treaty in the lead-up to the War of 1812.^[5]