Elizabeth II
Head of the Commonwealth
Formal photograph of Elizabeth facing right
Formal photograph, 1958
Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms (list)
Reign 6 February 1952 – 8 September 2022
Coronation 2 June 1953
Predecessor George VI
Successor Charles III
Born Princess Elizabeth of York
21 April 1926
Mayfair, London, England
Died 8 September 2022 (aged 96)
Balmoral Castle, Aberdeenshire, Scotland
Burial 19 September 2022
King George VI Memorial Chapel, St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle
Spouse Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
(m. 1947; died 2021)
Issue
Detail
Charles III
Anne, Princess Royal
Prince Andrew, Duke of York
Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex and Forfar
Names
Elizabeth Alexandra Mary
House Windsor
Father George VI
Mother Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon
Signature Elizabeth's signature in black ink
Elizabeth
II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was
Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6
February 1952 until her death in 2022. She was queen regnant of 32
sovereign states during her lifetime and 15 at the time of her death.
Her reign of 70 years and 214 days was the longest of any British
monarch and the longest verified reign of any female monarch in history.
Elizabeth
was born in Mayfair, London, as the first child of the Duke and Duchess
of York (later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother).
Her father acceded to the throne in 1936 upon the abdication of his
brother Edward VIII, making then-Princess Elizabeth the heir
presumptive. She was educated privately at home and began to undertake
public duties during the Second World War, serving in the Auxiliary
Territorial Service. In November 1947, she married Philip Mountbatten, a
former prince of Greece and Denmark, and their marriage lasted 73 years
until his death in 2021. They had four children: Charles, Anne, Andrew,
and Edward.
When
her father died in February 1952, Elizabeth—then 25 years old—became
queen of seven independent Commonwealth countries: the United Kingdom,
Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, and Ceylon
(known today as Sri Lanka), as well as Head of the Commonwealth.
Elizabeth reigned as a constitutional monarch through major political
changes such as the Troubles in Northern Ireland, devolution in the
United Kingdom, the decolonisation of Africa, and the United Kingdom's
accession to the European Communities and withdrawal from the European
Union. The number of her realms varied over time as territories gained
independence and some realms became republics. As queen, Elizabeth was
served by more than 170 prime ministers across her realms. Her many
historic visits and meetings included state visits to China in 1986, to
Russia in 1994, and to the Republic of Ireland in 2011, and meetings
with five popes.
Significant
events included Elizabeth's coronation in 1953 and the celebrations of
her Silver, Golden, Diamond, and Platinum jubilees in 1977, 2002, 2012,
and 2022, respectively. Although she faced occasional republican
sentiment and media criticism of her family—particularly after the
breakdowns of her children's marriages, her annus horribilis in 1992,
and the death in 1997 of her former daughter-in-law Diana, Princess of
Wales—support for the monarchy in the United Kingdom remained
consistently high throughout her lifetime, as did her personal
popularity.[1] Elizabeth died in September 2022 at Balmoral Castle in
Aberdeenshire, at the age of 96, and was succeeded by her eldest child,
King Charles III. Her state funeral was the first to be held in the
United Kingdom since that of Winston Churchill in 1965.
Early life
Elizabeth as a thoughtful-looking toddler with curly, fair hair
On the cover of Time, April 1929
Elizabeth as a rosy-cheeked young girl with blue eyes and fair hair
Portrait by Philip de László, 1933
Princess
Elizabeth was born at 02:40 (GMT) on 21 April 1926,[2] during the reign
of her paternal grandfather, King George V. Her father, Prince Albert,
Duke of York (later King George VI), was the second son of the King. Her
mother, Elizabeth, Duchess of York (later Queen Elizabeth The Queen
Mother), was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude
Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne. Princess Elizabeth
was delivered by Caesarean section at 17 Bruton Street in Mayfair, which
was her grandfather Lord Strathmore's London home.[3] She was baptised
by the Anglican Archbishop of York, Cosmo Gordon Lang, in the private
chapel of Buckingham Palace on 29 May,[4][a] and named Elizabeth after
her mother; Alexandra after her paternal great-grandmother, who had died
six months earlier; and Mary after her paternal grandmother.[6] Called
"Lilibet" by her close family,[7] based on what she called herself at
first,[8] she was cherished by her grandfather George V, whom she
affectionately called "Grandpa England",[9] and her regular visits
during his serious illness in 1929 were credited in the popular press
and by later biographers with raising his spirits and aiding his
recovery.[10]
Elizabeth's
only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930. The two princesses
were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their
governess, Marion Crawford.[11] Lessons concentrated on history,
language, literature, and music.[12] Crawford published a biography of
Elizabeth and Margaret's childhood years entitled The Little Princesses
in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family.[13] The book describes
Elizabeth's love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, and her attitude
of responsibility.[14] Others echoed such observations: Winston
Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as "a character. She has
an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant."[15]
Her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as "a jolly little girl, but
fundamentally sensible and well-behaved".[16]
Heir presumptive
During
her grandfather's reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession
to the British throne, behind her uncle Edward and her father. Although
her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become
queen, as Edward was still young and likely to marry and have children
of his own, who would precede Elizabeth in the line of succession.[17]
When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward
VIII, she became second in line to the throne, after her father. Later
that year, Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced
socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis.[18]
Consequently, Elizabeth's father became king, taking the regnal name
George VI. Since Elizabeth had no brothers, she became heir presumptive.
If her parents had subsequently borne a son, he would have been heir
apparent and above her in the line of succession, which was determined
by the male-preference primogeniture in effect at the time.[19]
Elizabeth
received private tuition in constitutional history from Henry Marten,
Vice-Provost of Eton College,[20] and learned French from a succession
of native-speaking governesses.[21] A Girl Guides company, the 1st
Buckingham Palace Company, was formed specifically so she could
socialise with girls her own age.[22] Later, she was enrolled as a Sea
Ranger.[21]
In
1939, Elizabeth's parents toured Canada and the United States. As in
1927, when they had toured Australia and New Zealand, Elizabeth remained
in Britain, since her father thought she was too young to undertake
public tours.[23] She "looked tearful" as her parents departed.[24] They
corresponded regularly,[24] and she and her parents made the first
royal transatlantic telephone call on 18 May.[23]
Second World War
In Auxiliary Territorial Service uniform, April 1945
In
September 1939, Britain entered the Second World War. Lord Hailsham
suggested that Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret should be evacuated to
Canada to avoid the frequent aerial bombings of London by the
Luftwaffe.[25] This was rejected by their mother, who declared, "The
children won't go without me. I won't leave without the King. And the
King will never leave."[26] The princesses stayed at Balmoral Castle,
Scotland, until Christmas 1939, when they moved to Sandringham House,
Norfolk.[27] From February to May 1940, they lived at Royal Lodge,
Windsor, until moving to Windsor Castle, where they lived for most of
the next five years.[28] At Windsor, the princesses staged pantomimes at
Christmas in aid of the Queen's Wool Fund, which bought yarn to knit
into military garments.[29] In 1940, the 14-year-old Elizabeth made her
first radio broadcast during the BBC's Children's Hour, addressing other
children who had been evacuated from the cities.[30] She stated: "We
are trying to do all we can to help our gallant sailors, soldiers, and
airmen, and we are trying, too, to bear our own share of the danger and
sadness of war. We know, every one of us, that in the end all will be
well."[30]
In
1943, Elizabeth undertook her first solo public appearance on a visit
to the Grenadier Guards, of which she had been appointed colonel the
previous year.[31] As she approached her 18th birthday, Parliament
changed the law so she could act as one of five counsellors of state in
the event of her father's incapacity or absence abroad, such as his
visit to Italy in July 1944.[32] In February 1945, she was appointed an
honorary second subaltern in the Auxiliary Territorial Service with the
service number of 230873.[33] She trained and worked as a driver and
mechanic and was given the rank of honorary junior commander (female
equivalent of captain at the time) five months later.[34]
Elizabeth (far left) on the balcony of Buckingham Palace with her family and Winston Churchill, 8 May 1945
At
the end of the war in Europe, on Victory in Europe Day, Elizabeth and
Margaret mingled incognito with the celebrating crowds in the streets of
London. Elizabeth later said in a rare interview, "We asked my parents
if we could go out and see for ourselves. I remember we were terrified
of being recognised ... I remember lines of unknown people linking arms
and walking down Whitehall, all of us just swept along on a tide of
happiness and relief."[35]
During
the war, plans were drawn up to quell Welsh nationalism by affiliating
Elizabeth more closely with Wales. Proposals, such as appointing her
Constable of Caernarfon Castle or a patron of Urdd Gobaith Cymru (the
Welsh League of Youth), were abandoned for several reasons, including
fear of associating Elizabeth with conscientious objectors in the Urdd
at a time when Britain was at war.[36] Welsh politicians suggested she
be made Princess of Wales on her 18th birthday. Home Secretary Herbert
Morrison supported the idea, but the King rejected it because he felt
such a title belonged solely to the wife of a Prince of Wales and the
Prince of Wales had always been the heir apparent.[37] In 1946, she was
inducted into the Gorsedd of Bards at the National Eisteddfod of
Wales.[38]
Princess
Elizabeth went on her first overseas tour in 1947, accompanying her
parents through southern Africa. During the tour, in a broadcast to the
British Commonwealth on her 21st birthday, she made the following
pledge: "I declare before you all that my whole life, whether it be long
or short, shall be devoted to your service and the service of our great
imperial family to which we all belong."[39] The speech was written by
Dermot Morrah, a journalist for The Times.[40]
Marriage
Main article: Wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten
Elizabeth
met her future husband, Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark, in 1934
and again in 1937.[41] They were second cousins once removed through
King Christian IX of Denmark and third cousins through Queen Victoria.
After meeting for the third time at the Royal Naval College in Dartmouth
in July 1939, Elizabeth—though only 13 years old—said she fell in love
with Philip, who was 18, and they began to exchange letters.[42] She was
21 when their engagement was officially announced on 9 July 1947.[43]
The
engagement attracted some controversy. Philip had no financial
standing, was foreign-born (though a British subject who had served in
the Royal Navy throughout the Second World War), and had sisters who had
married German noblemen with Nazi links.[44] Marion Crawford wrote,
"Some of the King's advisors did not think him good enough for her. He
was a prince without a home or kingdom. Some of the papers played long
and loud tunes on the string of Philip's foreign origin."[45] Later
biographies reported that Elizabeth's mother had reservations about the
union initially, and teased Philip as "the Hun".[46] In later life,
however, she told the biographer Tim Heald that Philip was "an English
gentleman".[47]
At Buckingham Palace with new husband Philip after their wedding, 1947
Before
the marriage, Philip renounced his Greek and Danish titles, officially
converted from Greek Orthodoxy to Anglicanism, and adopted the style
Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten, taking the surname of his mother's
British family.[48] Shortly before the wedding, he was created Duke of
Edinburgh and granted the style His Royal Highness.[49] Elizabeth and
Philip were married on 20 November 1947 at Westminster Abbey. They
received 2,500 wedding gifts from around the world.[50] Elizabeth
required ration coupons to buy the material for her gown (which was
designed by Norman Hartnell) because Britain had not yet completely
recovered from the devastation of the war.[51] In post-war Britain, it
was not acceptable for Philip's German relations, including his three
surviving sisters, to be invited to the wedding.[52] Neither was an
invitation extended to the Duke of Windsor, formerly King Edward
VIII.[53]
Elizabeth
gave birth to her first child, Charles, on 14 November 1948. One month
earlier, the King had issued letters patent allowing her children to use
the style and title of a royal prince or princess, to which they
otherwise would not have been entitled as their father was no longer a
royal prince.[54] A second child, Princess Anne, was born on 15 August
1950.[55]
Following
their wedding, the couple leased Windlesham Moor, near Windsor Castle,
until July 1949,[50] when they took up residence at Clarence House in
London. At various times between 1949 and 1951, the Duke of Edinburgh
was stationed in the British Crown Colony of Malta as a serving Royal
Navy officer. He and Elizabeth lived intermittently in Malta for several
months at a time in the hamlet of Gwardamanġa, at Villa Guardamangia,
the rented home of Philip's uncle, Lord Mountbatten. Their two children
remained in Britain.[56]
Reign
Accession and coronation
Main article: Coronation of Elizabeth II
Coronation portrait by Cecil Beaton, 1953
George
VI's health declined during 1951, and Elizabeth frequently stood in for
him at public events. When she toured Canada and visited President
Harry S. Truman in Washington, D.C., in October 1951, her private
secretary, Martin Charteris, carried a draft accession declaration in
case of the King's death while she was on tour.[57] In early 1952,
Elizabeth and Philip set out for a tour of Australia and New Zealand by
way of the British colony of Kenya. On 6 February 1952, they had just
returned to their Kenyan home, Sagana Lodge, after a night spent at
Treetops Hotel, when word arrived of the death of George VI and
Elizabeth's consequent accession to the throne with immediate effect.
Philip broke the news to the new queen.[58] She chose to retain
Elizabeth as her regnal name;[59] thus she was called Elizabeth II,
which offended many Scots, as she was the first Elizabeth to rule in
Scotland.[60] She was proclaimed queen throughout her realms and the
royal party hastily returned to the United Kingdom.[61] Elizabeth and
Philip moved into Buckingham Palace.[62]
With
Elizabeth's accession, it seemed probable that the royal house would
bear the Duke of Edinburgh's name, in line with the custom of a wife
taking her husband's surname on marriage. Lord Mountbatten advocated the
name House of Mountbatten. Philip suggested House of Edinburgh, after
his ducal title.[63] The British prime minister, Winston Churchill, and
Elizabeth's grandmother Queen Mary favoured the retention of the House
of Windsor, so Elizabeth issued a declaration on 9 April 1952 that
Windsor would continue to be the name of the royal house. Philip
complained, "I am the only man in the country not allowed to give his
name to his own children."[64] In 1960, the surname Mountbatten-Windsor
was adopted for Philip and Elizabeth's male-line descendants who do not
carry royal titles.[65]
Amid
preparations for the coronation, Princess Margaret told her sister she
wished to marry Peter Townsend, a divorcé 16 years Margaret's senior
with two sons from his previous marriage. Elizabeth asked them to wait
for a year; in the words of her private secretary, "the Queen was
naturally sympathetic towards the Princess, but I think she thought—she
hoped—given time, the affair would peter out."[66] Senior politicians
were against the match and the Church of England did not permit
remarriage after divorce. If Margaret had contracted a civil marriage,
she would have been expected to renounce her right of succession.[67]
Margaret decided to abandon her plans with Townsend.[68]
Despite
the death of Queen Mary on 24 March 1953, the coronation went ahead as
planned on 2 June, as Mary had requested before she died.[69] The
coronation ceremony in Westminster Abbey, with the exception of the
anointing and communion, was televised for the first time.[70][b] On
Elizabeth's instruction, her coronation gown was embroidered with the
floral emblems of Commonwealth countries.[74]
Continuing evolution of the Commonwealth
Further information: Commonwealth realm § From the accession of Elizabeth II
Elizabeth's realms (light red and pink) and their territories and protectorates (dark red) at the beginning of her reign in 1952
From
Elizabeth's birth onwards, the British Empire continued its
transformation into the Commonwealth of Nations.[75] By the time of her
accession in 1952, her role as head of multiple independent states was
already established.[76] In 1953, Elizabeth and her husband embarked on a
seven-month round-the-world tour, visiting 13 countries and covering
more than 40,000 miles (64,000 km) by land, sea and air.[77] She became
the first reigning monarch of Australia and New Zealand to visit those
nations.[78] During the tour, crowds were immense; three-quarters of the
population of Australia were estimated to have seen her.[79] Throughout
her reign, Elizabeth made hundreds of state visits to other countries
and tours of the Commonwealth; she was the most widely travelled head of
state.[80]
In
1956, the British and French prime ministers, Sir Anthony Eden and Guy
Mollet, discussed the possibility of France joining the Commonwealth.
The proposal was never accepted and the following year France signed the
Treaty of Rome, which established the European Economic Community, the
precursor to the European Union.[81] In November 1956, Britain and
France invaded Egypt in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to capture
the Suez Canal. Lord Mountbatten said Elizabeth was opposed to the
invasion, though Eden denied it. Eden resigned two months later.[82]
A formal group of Elizabeth in tiara and evening dress with eleven politicians in evening dress or national costume.
With Commonwealth leaders at the 1960 Commonwealth Conference
The
absence of a formal mechanism within the Conservative Party for
choosing a leader meant that, following Eden's resignation, it fell to
Elizabeth to decide whom to commission to form a government. Eden
recommended she consult Lord Salisbury, the Lord President of the
Council. Lord Salisbury and Lord Kilmuir, the Lord Chancellor, consulted
the British Cabinet, Churchill, and the chairman of the backbench 1922
Committee, resulting in Elizabeth appointing their recommended
candidate: Harold Macmillan.[83]
The
Suez crisis and the choice of Eden's successor led, in 1957, to the
first major personal criticism of Elizabeth. In a magazine, which he
owned and edited,[84] Lord Altrincham accused her of being "out of
touch".[85] Altrincham was denounced by public figures and slapped by a
member of the public appalled by his comments.[86] Six years later, in
1963, Macmillan resigned and advised Elizabeth to appoint the Earl of
Home as the prime minister, advice she followed.[87] Elizabeth again
came under criticism for appointing the prime minister on the advice of a
small number of ministers or a single minister.[87] In 1965, the
Conservatives adopted a formal mechanism for electing a leader, thus
relieving the Queen of her involvement.[88]
Seated with Philip on thrones at the Canadian parliament, 1957
In
1957, Elizabeth made a state visit to the United States, where she
addressed the United Nations General Assembly on behalf of the
Commonwealth. On the same tour, she opened the 23rd Canadian Parliament,
becoming the first monarch of Canada to open a parliamentary
session.[89] Two years later, solely in her capacity as Queen of Canada,
she revisited the United States and toured Canada.[89][90] In 1961, she
toured Cyprus, India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Iran.[91] On a visit to
Ghana the same year, she dismissed fears for her safety, even though her
host, President Kwame Nkrumah, who had replaced her as head of state,
was a target for assassins.[92] Harold Macmillan wrote, "The Queen has
been absolutely determined all through ... She is impatient of the
attitude towards her to treat her as ... a film star ... She has indeed
'the heart and stomach of a man' ... She loves her duty and means to be a
Queen."[92] Before her tour through parts of Quebec in 1964, the press
reported extremists within the Quebec separatist movement were plotting
Elizabeth's assassination.[93] No attempt was made, but a riot did break
out while she was in Montreal; Elizabeth's "calmness and courage in the
face of the violence" was noted.[94]
Elizabeth
gave birth to her third child, Prince Andrew, on 19 February 1960,
which was the first birth to a reigning British monarch since 1857.[95]
Her fourth child, Prince Edward, was born on 10 March 1964.[96]
In
addition to performing traditional ceremonies, Elizabeth also
instituted new practices. Her first royal walkabout, meeting ordinary
members of the public, took place during a tour of Australia and New
Zealand in 1970.[97]
Acceleration of decolonisation
In Queensland, Australia, 1970
With President Tito of Yugoslavia in Belgrade, 1972
The
1960s and 1970s saw an acceleration in the decolonisation of Africa and
the Caribbean. More than 20 countries gained independence from Britain
as part of a planned transition to self-government. In 1965, however,
the Rhodesian prime minister, Ian Smith, in opposition to moves towards
majority rule, unilaterally declared independence while expressing
"loyalty and devotion" to Elizabeth, declaring her "Queen of
Rhodesia".[98] Although Elizabeth formally dismissed him, and the
international community applied sanctions against Rhodesia, his regime
survived for over a decade.[99] As Britain's ties to its former empire
weakened, the British government sought entry to the European Community,
a goal it achieved in 1973.[100]
Elizabeth
toured Yugoslavia in October 1972, becoming the first British monarch
to visit a communist country.[101] She was received at the airport by
President Josip Broz Tito, and a crowd of thousands greeted her in
Belgrade.[102]
In
February 1974, the British prime minister, Edward Heath, advised
Elizabeth to call a general election in the middle of her tour of the
Austronesian Pacific Rim, requiring her to fly back to Britain.[103] The
election resulted in a hung parliament; Heath's Conservatives were not
the largest party, but could stay in office if they formed a coalition
with the Liberals. When discussions on forming a coalition foundered,
Heath resigned as prime minister and Elizabeth asked the Leader of the
Opposition, Labour's Harold Wilson, to form a government.[104]
A
year later, at the height of the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis,
the Australian prime minister, Gough Whitlam, was dismissed from his
post by Governor-General Sir John Kerr, after the Opposition-controlled
Senate rejected Whitlam's budget proposals.[105] As Whitlam had a
majority in the House of Representatives, Speaker Gordon Scholes
appealed to Elizabeth to reverse Kerr's decision. She declined, saying
she would not interfere in decisions reserved by the Constitution of
Australia for the Governor-General.[106] The crisis fuelled Australian
republicanism.[105]
Silver Jubilee
Leaders of the G7 states, members of the royal family and Elizabeth (centre), London, 1977
In
1977, Elizabeth marked the Silver Jubilee of her accession. Parties and
events took place throughout the Commonwealth, many coinciding with her
associated national and Commonwealth tours. The celebrations
re-affirmed Elizabeth's popularity, despite virtually coincident
negative press coverage of Princess Margaret's separation from her
husband, Lord Snowdon.[107] In 1978, Elizabeth endured a state visit to
the United Kingdom by Romania's communist leader, Nicolae Ceaușescu, and
his wife, Elena,[108] though privately she thought they had "blood on
their hands".[109] The following year brought two blows: one was the
unmasking of Anthony Blunt, former Surveyor of the Queen's Pictures, as a
communist spy; the other was the assassination of her relative and
in-law Lord Mountbatten by the Provisional Irish Republican Army.[110]
According
to Paul Martin Sr., by the end of the 1970s Elizabeth was worried the
Crown "had little meaning for" Pierre Trudeau, the Canadian prime
minister.[111] Tony Benn said Elizabeth found Trudeau "rather
disappointing".[111] Trudeau's supposed republicanism seemed to be
confirmed by his antics, such as sliding down banisters at Buckingham
Palace and pirouetting behind Elizabeth's back in 1977, and the removal
of various Canadian royal symbols during his term of office.[111] In
1980, Canadian politicians sent to London to discuss the patriation of
the Canadian constitution found Elizabeth "better informed ... than any
of the British politicians or bureaucrats".[111] She was particularly
interested after the failure of Bill C-60, which would have affected her
role as head of state.[111]
Press scrutiny and Thatcher premiership
Elizabeth in red uniform on a black horse
Riding Burmese at the 1986 Trooping the Colour ceremony
During
the 1981 Trooping the Colour ceremony, six weeks before the wedding of
Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer, six shots were fired at Elizabeth
from close range as she rode down The Mall, London, on her horse,
Burmese. Police later discovered the shots were blanks. The 17-year-old
assailant, Marcus Sarjeant, was sentenced to five years in prison and
released after three.[112] Elizabeth's composure and skill in
controlling her mount were widely praised.[113] That October Elizabeth
was the subject of another attack while on a visit to Dunedin, New
Zealand. Christopher John Lewis, who was 17 years old, fired a shot with
a .22 rifle from the fifth floor of a building overlooking the parade,
but missed.[114] Lewis was arrested, but never charged with attempted
murder or treason, and sentenced to three years in jail for unlawful
possession and discharge of a firearm. Two years into his sentence, he
attempted to escape a psychiatric hospital with the intention of
assassinating Charles, who was visiting the country with Diana and their
son Prince William.[115]
Elizabeth and Ronald Reagan on black horses. He bare-headed; she in a headscarf; both in tweeds, jodhpurs and riding boots.
Riding at Windsor with President Reagan, June 1982
From
April to September 1982, Elizabeth's son, Prince Andrew, served with
British forces in the Falklands War, for which she reportedly felt
anxiety[116] and pride.[117] On 9 July, she awoke in her bedroom at
Buckingham Palace to find an intruder, Michael Fagan, in the room with
her. In a serious lapse of security, assistance only arrived after two
calls to the Palace police switchboard.[118] After hosting US president
Ronald Reagan at Windsor Castle in 1982 and visiting his California
ranch in 1983, Elizabeth was angered when his administration ordered the
invasion of Grenada, one of her Caribbean realms, without informing
her.[119]
Intense
media interest in the opinions and private lives of the royal family
during the 1980s led to a series of sensational stories in the press,
pioneered by The Sun tabloid.[120] As Kelvin MacKenzie, editor of The
Sun, told his staff: "Give me a Sunday for Monday splash on the Royals.
Don't worry if it's not true—so long as there's not too much of a fuss
about it afterwards."[121] Newspaper editor Donald Trelford wrote in The
Observer of 21 September 1986: "The royal soap opera has now reached
such a pitch of public interest that the boundary between fact and
fiction has been lost sight of ... it is not just that some papers don't
check their facts or accept denials: they don't care if the stories are
true or not." It was reported, most notably in The Sunday Times of 20
July 1986, that Elizabeth was worried that Margaret Thatcher's economic
policies fostered social divisions and was alarmed by high unemployment,
a series of riots, the violence of a miners' strike, and Thatcher's
refusal to apply sanctions against the apartheid regime in South Africa.
The sources of the rumours included royal aide Michael Shea and
Commonwealth secretary-general Shridath Ramphal, but Shea claimed his
remarks were taken out of context and embellished by speculation.[122]
Thatcher reputedly said Elizabeth would vote for the Social Democratic
Party—Thatcher's political opponents.[123] Thatcher's biographer, John
Campbell, claimed "the report was a piece of journalistic
mischief-making".[124] Reports of acrimony between them were
exaggerated,[125] and Elizabeth gave two honours in her personal
gift—membership in the Order of Merit and the Order of the Garter—to
Thatcher after her replacement as prime minister by John Major.[126]
Brian Mulroney, Canadian prime minister between 1984 and 1993, said
Elizabeth was a "behind the scenes force" in ending apartheid.[127][128]
In
1986, Elizabeth paid a six-day state visit to the People's Republic of
China, becoming the first British monarch to visit the country.[129] The
tour included the Forbidden City, the Great Wall of China, and the
Terracotta Warriors.[130] At a state banquet, Elizabeth joked about the
first British emissary to China being lost at sea with Queen Elizabeth
I's letter to the Wanli Emperor, and remarked, "fortunately postal
services have improved since 1602".[131] Elizabeth's visit also
signified the acceptance of both countries that sovereignty over Hong
Kong would be transferred from the United Kingdom to China in 1997.[132]
By
the end of the 1980s, Elizabeth had become the target of satire.[133]
The involvement of younger members of the royal family in the charity
game show It's a Royal Knockout in 1987 was ridiculed.[134] In Canada,
Elizabeth publicly supported politically divisive constitutional
amendments, prompting criticism from opponents of the proposed changes,
including Pierre Trudeau.[127] The same year, the elected Fijian
government was deposed in a military coup. As monarch of Fiji, Elizabeth
supported the attempts of Governor-General Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau to
assert executive power and negotiate a settlement. Coup leader Sitiveni
Rabuka deposed Ganilau and declared Fiji a republic.[135]
Turbulent 1990s and annus horribilis
In
the wake of coalition victory in the Gulf War, Elizabeth became the
first British monarch to address a joint meeting of the United States
Congress in May 1991.[136]
Elizabeth, in formal dress, holds a pair of spectacles to her mouth in a thoughtful pose
Philip and Elizabeth in Germany, October 1992
On
24 November 1992, in a speech to mark the Ruby Jubilee of her accession
to the throne, Elizabeth called 1992 her annus horribilis (a Latin
phrase, meaning "horrible year").[137] Republican feeling in Britain had
risen because of press estimates of Elizabeth's private
wealth—contradicted by the Palace—and reports of affairs and strained
marriages among her extended family.[138] In March, her second son,
Prince Andrew, separated from his wife, Sarah, and Mauritius removed
Elizabeth as head of state; her daughter, Princess Anne, divorced
Captain Mark Phillips in April;[139] angry demonstrators in Dresden
threw eggs at Elizabeth during a state visit to Germany in October;[140]
and a large fire broke out at Windsor Castle, one of her official
residences, in November. The monarchy came under increased criticism and
public scrutiny.[141] In an unusually personal speech, Elizabeth said
that any institution must expect criticism, but suggested it might be
done with "a touch of humour, gentleness and understanding".[142] Two
days later, British prime minister John Major announced plans to reform
the royal finances, drawn up the previous year, including Elizabeth
paying income tax from 1993 onwards, and a reduction in the civil
list.[143] In December, Prince Charles and his wife, Diana, formally
separated.[144] At the end of the year, Elizabeth sued The Sun newspaper
for breach of copyright when it published the text of her annual
Christmas message two days before it was broadcast. The newspaper was
forced to pay her legal fees and donated £200,000 to charity.[145]
Elizabeth's solicitors had taken action against The Sun five years
earlier for breach of copyright after it published a photograph of her
daughter-in-law the Duchess of York and her granddaughter Princess
Beatrice. The case was solved with an out-of-court settlement that
ordered the newspaper to pay $180,000.[clarification needed][146]
In
January 1994, Elizabeth broke the scaphoid bone in her left wrist as
the horse she was riding at Sandringham House tripped and fell.[147] In
October 1994, she became the first reigning British monarch to set foot
on Russian soil.[c] In October 1995, Elizabeth was tricked into a hoax
call by Montreal radio host Pierre Brassard impersonating Canadian prime
minister Jean Chrétien. Elizabeth, who believed that she was speaking
to Chrétien, said she supported Canadian unity and would try to
influence Quebec's referendum on proposals to break away from
Canada.[152]
In
the year that followed, public revelations on the state of Charles and
Diana's marriage continued.[153] In consultation with her husband and
John Major, as well as the Archbishop of Canterbury, George Carey, and
her private secretary, Robert Fellowes, Elizabeth wrote to Charles and
Diana at the end of December 1995, suggesting that a divorce would be
advisable.[154]
In
August 1997, a year after the divorce, Diana was killed in a car crash
in Paris. Elizabeth was on holiday with her extended family at Balmoral.
Diana's two sons, Princes William and Harry, wanted to attend church,
so Elizabeth and Philip took them that morning.[155] Afterwards, for
five days the royal couple shielded their grandsons from the intense
press interest by keeping them at Balmoral where they could grieve in
private,[156] but the royal family's silence and seclusion, and the
failure to fly a flag at half-mast over Buckingham Palace, caused public
dismay.[128][157] Pressured by the hostile reaction, Elizabeth agreed
to return to London and address the nation in a live television
broadcast on 5 September, the day before Diana's funeral.[158] In the
broadcast, she expressed admiration for Diana and her feelings "as a
grandmother" for the two princes.[159] As a result, much of the public
hostility evaporated.[159]
In
October 1997, Elizabeth and Philip made a state visit to India, which
included a controversial visit to the site of the Jallianwala Bagh
massacre to pay her respects. Protesters chanted "Killer Queen, go
back",[160] and there were demands for her to apologise for the action
of British troops 78 years earlier.[161] At the memorial in the park,
she and Philip paid their respects by laying a wreath and stood for a
30‑second moment of silence.[161] As a result, much of the fury among
the public softened and the protests were called off.[160] That
November, Elizabeth and her husband held a reception at Banqueting House
to mark their golden wedding anniversary.[162] Elizabeth made a speech
and praised Philip for his role as a consort, referring to him as "my
strength and stay".[162]
In
1999, as part of the process of devolution within the UK, Elizabeth
formally opened newly established legislatures for Wales and Scotland:
the National Assembly for Wales at Cardiff in May,[163] and the Scottish
Parliament at Edinburgh in July.[164]
Golden Jubilee
At
a Golden Jubilee dinner with British prime minister Tony Blair and
former prime ministers, 2002. From left to right: Blair, Margaret
Thatcher, Edward Heath, Elizabeth, James Callaghan and John Major
On
the eve of the new millennium, Elizabeth and Philip boarded a vessel
from Southwark, bound for the Millennium Dome. Before passing under
Tower Bridge, Elizabeth lit the National Millennium Beacon in the Pool
of London using a laser torch.[165] Shortly before midnight, she
officially opened the Dome.[166] During the singing of Auld Lang Syne,
Elizabeth held hands with Philip and British prime minister Tony
Blair.[167]
In
2002, Elizabeth marked her Golden Jubilee, the 50th anniversary of her
accession. Her sister and mother died in February and March
respectively, and the media speculated on whether the Jubilee would be a
success or a failure.[168] She again undertook an extensive tour of her
realms, beginning in Jamaica in February, where she called the farewell
banquet "memorable" after a power cut plunged the King's House, the
official residence of the governor-general, into darkness.[169] As in
1977, there were street parties and commemorative events, and monuments
were named to honour the occasion. One million people attended each day
of the three-day main Jubilee celebration in London,[170] and the
enthusiasm shown for Elizabeth by the public was greater than many
journalists had anticipated.[171]
Greeting NASA employees at the Goddard Space Flight Center, Maryland, May 2007
In
2003, Elizabeth sued Daily Mirror for breach of confidence and obtained
an injunction which prevented the outlet from publishing information
gathered by a reporter who posed as a footman at Buckingham Palace.[172]
The newspaper also paid £25,000 towards her legal costs.[173] Though
generally healthy throughout her life, in 2003 Elizabeth had keyhole
surgery on both knees. In October 2006, she missed the opening of the
new Emirates Stadium because of a strained back muscle that had been
troubling her since the summer.[174]
In
May 2007, citing unnamed sources, The Daily Telegraph reported that
Elizabeth was "exasperated and frustrated" by the policies of Tony
Blair, that she was concerned the British Armed Forces were
overstretched in Iraq and Afghanistan, and that she had raised concerns
over rural and countryside issues with Blair.[175] She was, however,
said to admire Blair's efforts to achieve peace in Northern
Ireland.[176] She became the first British monarch to celebrate a
diamond wedding anniversary in November 2007.[177] On 20 March 2008, at
the Church of Ireland St Patrick's Cathedral, Armagh, Elizabeth attended
the first Maundy service held outside England and Wales.[178]
Elizabeth
addressed the UN General Assembly for a second time in 2010, again in
her capacity as Queen of all Commonwealth realms and Head of the
Commonwealth.[179] The UN secretary-general, Ban Ki-moon, introduced her
as "an anchor for our age".[180] During her visit to New York, which
followed a tour of Canada, she officially opened a memorial garden for
British victims of the September 11 attacks.[180] Elizabeth's 11-day
visit to Australia in October 2011 was her 16th visit to the country
since 1954.[181] By invitation of the Irish president, Mary McAleese,
she made the first state visit to the Republic of Ireland by a British
monarch in May 2011.[182]
Diamond Jubilee and longevity
Visiting Birmingham in July 2012 as part of the Diamond Jubilee tour
Elizabeth's
2012 Diamond Jubilee marked 60 years on the throne, and celebrations
were held throughout her realms, the wider Commonwealth, and beyond. She
and her husband undertook an extensive tour of the United Kingdom,
while her children and grandchildren embarked on royal tours of other
Commonwealth states on her behalf.[183] On 4 June, Jubilee beacons were
lit around the world.[184] In November, Elizabeth and her husband
celebrated their blue sapphire wedding anniversary (65th).[185] On 18
December, she became the first British sovereign to attend a peacetime
Cabinet meeting since George III in 1781.[186]
Elizabeth,
who opened the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, also opened the 2012
Summer Olympics and Paralympics in London, making her the first head of
state to open two Olympic Games in two countries.[187] For the London
Olympics, she played herself in a short film as part of the opening
ceremony, alongside Daniel Craig as James Bond.[188] On 4 April 2013,
she received an honorary BAFTA for her patronage of the film industry
and was called "the most memorable Bond girl yet" at the award
ceremony.[189]
Opening
the Borders Railway on the day she became the longest-reigning British
monarch, 2015. In her speech, she said she had never aspired to achieve
that milestone.[190]
On 3
March 2013, Elizabeth stayed overnight at King Edward VII's Hospital as a
precaution after developing symptoms of gastroenteritis.[191] A week
later, she signed the new Charter of the Commonwealth.[192] Because of
her age and the need for her to limit travelling, in 2013 she chose not
to attend the biennial Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting for the
first time in 40 years. She was represented at the summit in Sri Lanka
by Prince Charles.[193] On 20 April 2018, the Commonwealth heads of
government announced that she would be succeeded by Charles as Head of
the Commonwealth, which she stated was her "sincere wish".[194] She
underwent cataract surgery in May 2018.[195] In March 2019, she gave up
driving on public roads, largely as a consequence of a car crash
involving her husband two months earlier.[196]
Elizabeth
surpassed her great-great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, to become the
longest-lived British monarch on 21 December 2007, and the
longest-reigning British monarch and longest-reigning queen regnant and
female head of state in the world on 9 September 2015.[197] She became
the oldest current monarch after King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia died on
23 January 2015.[198] She later became the longest-reigning current
monarch and the longest-serving current head of state following the
death of King Bhumibol of Thailand on 13 October 2016,[199] and the
oldest current head of state on the resignation of Robert Mugabe of
Zimbabwe on 21 November 2017.[200] On 6 February 2017, she became the
first British monarch to commemorate a sapphire jubilee,[201] and on 20
November, she was the first British monarch to celebrate a platinum
wedding anniversary.[202] Philip had retired from his official duties as
the Queen's consort in August 2017.[203]
cvd-19 pandemic
On
19 March 2020, as the cvd-19 pandemic hit the United Kingdom, Elizabeth
moved to Windsor Castle and sequestered there as a precaution.[204]
Public engagements were cancelled and Windsor Castle followed a strict
sanitary protocol nicknamed "HMS Bubble".[205]
In a virtual meeting with Dame Cindy Kiro during the cvd-19 pandemic, October 2021
On
5 April, in a televised broadcast watched by an estimated 24 million
viewers in the UK,[206] she asked people to "take comfort that while we
may have more still to endure, better days will return: we will be with
our friends again; we will be with our families again; we will meet
again."[207] On 8 May, the 75th anniversary of VE Day, in a television
broadcast at 9 pm—the exact time at which her father George VI had
broadcast to the nation on the same day in 1945—she asked people to
"never give up, never despair".[208] In October, she visited the UK's
Defence Science and Technology Laboratory in Wiltshire, her first public
engagement since the start of the pandemic.[209] On 4 November, she
appeared masked for the first time in public, during a private
pilgrimage to the Tomb of the Unknown Warrior at Westminster Abbey, to
mark the centenary of his burial.[210] In 2021, she received her first
and second cvd-19 vaccinations in January and April respectively.[211]
Prince
Philip died on 9 April 2021, after 73 years of marriage, making
Elizabeth the first British monarch to reign as a widow or widower since
Queen Victoria.[212] She was reportedly at her husband's bedside when
he died,[213] and remarked in private that his death had "left a huge
void".[214] Due to the cvd-19 restrictions in place in England at the
time, Elizabeth sat alone at Philip's funeral service, which evoked
sympathy from people around the world.[215] In her Christmas broadcast
that year, she paid a personal tribute to her "beloved Philip", saying,
"That mischievous, inquiring twinkle was as bright at the end as when I
first set eyes on him".[216]
Despite
the pandemic, Elizabeth attended the 2021 State Opening of Parliament
in May,[217] and the 47th G7 summit in June.[218] On 5 July, the 73rd
anniversary of the founding of the UK's National Health Service, she
announced that the NHS will be awarded the George Cross to "recognise
all NHS staff, past and present, across all disciplines and all four
nations".[219] In October 2021, she began using a walking stick during
public engagements for the first time since her operation in 2004.[220]
Following an overnight stay in hospital on 20 October, her previously
scheduled visits to Northern Ireland,[221] the COP26 summit in
Glasgow,[222] and the 2021 National Service of Remembrance were
cancelled on health grounds.[223]
Platinum Jubilee
Drones forming a corgi above Buckingham Palace at the Platinum Party at the Palace on 4 June 2022
Elizabeth's
Platinum Jubilee began on 6 February 2022, marking 70 years since she
acceded to the throne on her father's death. On the eve of the date, she
held a reception at Sandringham House for pensioners, local Women's
Institute members and charity volunteers.[224] In her accession day
message, Elizabeth renewed her commitment to a lifetime of public
service, which she had originally made in 1947.[225]
Later
that month, Elizabeth had "mild cold-like symptoms" and tested positive
for cvd-19, along with some staff and family members.[226] She
cancelled two virtual audiences on 22 February,[227] but held a phone
conversation with British prime minister Boris Johnson the following day
amid a crisis on the Russo-Ukrainian border,[d][228] following which
she made a donation to the Disasters Emergency Committee (DEC) Ukraine
Humanitarian Appeal.[229] On 28 February, she was reported to have
recovered and spent time with her family at Frogmore.[230] On 7 March,
Elizabeth met Canadian prime minister Justin Trudeau at Windsor Castle,
in her first in-person engagement since her cvd diagnosis.[231] She
later remarked that cvd infection "leave[s] one very tired and exhausted
... It's not a nice result".[232]
Elizabeth
was present at the service of thanksgiving for Prince Philip at
Westminster Abbey on 29 March,[233] but was unable to attend the annual
Commonwealth Day service that month[234] or the Royal Maundy service in
April.[235] She missed the State Opening of Parliament in May for the
first time in 59 years. (She did not attend in 1959 and 1963 as she was
pregnant with Prince Andrew and Prince Edward, respectively.)[236] In
her absence, Parliament was opened by the Prince of Wales and the Duke
of Cambridge as counsellors of state.[237]
During
the Platinum Jubilee celebrations, Elizabeth was largely confined to
balcony appearances, and missed the National Service of
Thanksgiving.[238] For the Jubilee concert, she took part in a sketch
with Paddington Bear, that opened the event outside Buckingham
Palace.[239] On 13 June 2022, she became the second-longest reigning
monarch in history among those whose exact dates of reign are known,
with 70 years, 127 days reigned—surpassing King Bhumibol Adulyadej of
Thailand.[240] On 6 September 2022, she appointed her 15th British prime
minister, Liz Truss, at Balmoral Castle in Scotland. This marked the
only time she did not receive a new prime minister at Buckingham Palace
during her reign.[241] No other British reign had seen so many prime
ministers.[242]
Elizabeth
never planned to abdicate,[243] though she took on fewer public
engagements as she grew older and Prince Charles took on more of her
duties.[244] The Queen told Canadian governor general Adrienne Clarkson
in a meeting in 2002 that she would never abdicate, saying "It is not
our tradition. Although, I suppose if I became completely gaga, one
would have to do something".[245] In June 2022, Elizabeth met the
Archbishop of Canterbury, Justin Welby, who "came away thinking there is
someone who has no fear of death, has hope in the future, knows the
rock on which she stands and that gives her strength."[246]
Death
Main article: Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II
Tributes left by people in The Mall, London
On
8 September 2022, Buckingham Palace released a statement which read:
"Following further evaluation this morning, the Queen's doctors are
concerned for Her Majesty's health and have recommended she remain under
medical supervision. The Queen remains comfortable and at
Balmoral."[247] Elizabeth's immediate family rushed to Balmoral to be by
her side.[248] She died "peacefully" at 15:10 BST at the age of 96,
with her death being announced to the public at 18:30,[249] setting in
motion Operation London Bridge and, because she died in Scotland,
Operation Unicorn.[250] Elizabeth was the first monarch to die in
Scotland since James V in 1542.[251] Her cause of death was recorded as
"old age".[252]
On
12 September, Elizabeth's coffin was carried up the Royal Mile in a
procession to St Giles' Cathedral, where the Crown of Scotland was
placed on it.[253] Her coffin lay at rest at the cathedral for 24 hours,
guarded by the Royal Company of Archers, during which around 33,000
people filed past the coffin.[254] It was taken by air to London on 13
September. On 14 September, her coffin was taken in a military
procession from Buckingham Palace to Westminster Hall, where Elizabeth
lay in state for four days. The coffin was guarded by members of both
the Sovereign's Bodyguard and the Household Division. An estimated
250,000 members of the public filed past the coffin, as did politicians
and other public figures.[255][256] On 16 September, Elizabeth's
children held a vigil around her coffin, and the next day her eight
grandchildren did the same.[257][258]
Queen Elizabeth II's coffin on the State Gun Carriage of the Royal Navy, during the procession to Wellington Arch
Elizabeth's
state funeral was held at Westminster Abbey on 19 September, which
marked the first time that a monarch's funeral service had been held at
the Abbey since George II in 1760.[259] More than a million people lined
the streets of central London,[260] and the day was declared a holiday
in several Commonwealth countries. In Windsor, a final procession
involving 1,000 military personnel took place which was witnessed by
97,000 people.[261][260] Elizabeth's fell pony, and two royal corgis,
stood at the side of the procession.[262] After a Committal Service at
St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, Elizabeth was interred with her
husband Philip in the King George VI Memorial Chapel later the same day
in a private ceremony attended by her closest family members.[263]
Legacy
Main article: Personality and image of Elizabeth II
Beliefs, activities and interests
Petting a dog in New Zealand, 1974
Elizabeth
rarely gave interviews and little was known of her personal feelings.
She did not explicitly express her own political opinions in a public
forum, and it is against convention to ask or reveal the monarch's
views. When Times journalist Paul Routledge asked Elizabeth for her
opinions on the miners' strike of 1984–85, she replied that it was "all
about one man" (a reference to Arthur Scargill), with which Routledge
disagreed.[264] Widely criticised in the media for asking the question,
Routledge said he was not initially due to be present for the royal
visit and was unaware of the protocols.[264] After the 2014 Scottish
independence referendum, Prime Minister David Cameron stated that
Elizabeth was pleased with the outcome.[265] She had arguably issued a
public coded statement about the referendum by telling one woman outside
Balmoral Kirk that she hoped people would think "very carefully" about
the outcome. It emerged later that Cameron had specifically requested
that she register her concern.[266]
Elizabeth
had a deep sense of religious and civic duty, and took her Coronation
Oath seriously.[267] Aside from her official religious role as Supreme
Governor of the established Church of England, she worshipped with that
church and also the national Church of Scotland.[268] She demonstrated
support for inter-faith relations and met with leaders of other churches
and religions, including five popes: Pius XII, John XXIII, John Paul
II, Benedict XVI and Francis.[269] A personal note about her faith often
featured in her annual Christmas Message broadcast to the Commonwealth.
In 2000, she said:[270]
To
many of us, our beliefs are of fundamental importance. For me the
teachings of Christ and my own personal accountability before God
provide a framework in which I try to lead my life. I, like so many of
you, have drawn great comfort in difficult times from Christ's words and
example.
Elizabeth
was patron of more than 600 organisations and charities.[271] The
Charities Aid Foundation estimated that Elizabeth helped raise over £1.4
billion for her patronages during her reign.[272] Her main leisure
interests included equestrianism and dogs, especially her Pembroke Welsh
Corgis.[273] Her lifelong love of corgis began in 1933 with Dookie, the
first corgi owned by her family.[274] Scenes of a relaxed, informal
home life were occasionally witnessed; she and her family, from time to
time, prepared a meal together and washed the dishes afterwards.[275]
Media depiction and public opinion
Magazines from the 1950s with Elizabeth II on their cover
In
the 1950s, as a young woman at the start of her reign, Elizabeth was
depicted as a glamorous "fairytale Queen".[276] After the trauma of the
Second World War, it was a time of hope, a period of progress and
achievement heralding a "new Elizabethan age".[277] Lord Altrincham's
accusation in 1957 that her speeches sounded like those of a "priggish
schoolgirl" was an extremely rare criticism.[278] In the late 1960s,
attempts to portray a more modern image of the monarchy were made in the
television documentary Royal Family and by televising Prince Charles's
investiture as Prince of Wales.[279] Her wardrobe developed a
recognisable, signature style driven more by function than fashion.[280]
She dressed with an eye toward what was appropriate, rather than what
was in vogue.[281][page needed] In public, she took to wearing mostly
solid-colour overcoats and decorative hats, allowing her to be seen
easily in a crowd.[282] Her wardrobe was handled by a team that included
five dressers, a dressmaker, and a milliner.[283][page needed]
At
Elizabeth's Silver Jubilee in 1977, the crowds and celebrations were
genuinely enthusiastic;[284] but, in the 1980s, public criticism of the
royal family increased, as the personal and working lives of Elizabeth's
children came under media scrutiny.[285] Her popularity sank to a low
point in the 1990s. Under pressure from public opinion, she began to pay
income tax for the first time, and Buckingham Palace was opened to the
public.[286] Although support for republicanism in Britain seemed higher
than at any time in living memory, republican ideology was still a
minority viewpoint and Elizabeth herself had high approval ratings.[287]
Criticism was focused on the institution of the monarchy itself, and
the conduct of Elizabeth's wider family, rather than her own behaviour
and actions.[288] Discontent with the monarchy reached its peak on the
death of Diana, Princess of Wales, although Elizabeth's personal
popularity—as well as general support for the monarchy—rebounded after
her live television broadcast to the world five days after Diana's
death.[289]
Meeting children in Brisbane, Australia, October 1982
In
November 1999, a referendum in Australia on the future of the
Australian monarchy favoured its retention in preference to an
indirectly elected head of state.[290] Many republicans credited
Elizabeth's personal popularity with the survival of the monarchy in
Australia. In 2010, Prime Minister Julia Gillard noted that there was a
"deep affection" for Elizabeth in Australia and another referendum on
the monarchy should wait until after her reign.[291] Gillard's
successor, Malcolm Turnbull, who led the republican campaign in 1999,
similarly believed that Australians would not vote to become a republic
in her lifetime.[292] "She's been an extraordinary head of state",
Turnbull said in 2021, "and I think frankly, in Australia, there are
more Elizabethans than there are monarchists".[293] Similarly,
referendums in both Tuvalu in 2008 and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
in 2009 saw voters reject proposals to become republics.[294]
Polls
in Britain in 2006 and 2007 revealed strong support for the
monarchy,[295] and in 2012, Elizabeth's Diamond Jubilee year, her
approval ratings hit 90 per cent.[296] Her family came under scrutiny
again in the last few years of her life due to her son Andrew's
association with convicted sex offenders Jeffrey Epstein and Ghislaine
Maxwell, his lawsuit with Virginia Giuffre amidst accusations of sexual
impropriety, and her grandson Harry and his wife Meghan's exit from the
monarchy and subsequent move to the United States.[297] Polling in Great
Britain during the Platinum Jubilee, however, showed Elizabeth's
personal popularity remained strong.[298] As of 2021 she remained the
third most admired woman in the world according to the annual Gallup
poll, her 52 appearances on the list meaning she had been in the top ten
more than any other woman in the poll's history.[299]
Elizabeth
was portrayed in a variety of media by many notable artists, including
painters Pietro Annigoni, Peter Blake, Chinwe Chukwuogo-Roy, Terence
Cuneo, Lucian Freud, Rolf Harris, Damien Hirst, Juliet Pannett and
Tai-Shan Schierenberg.[300][301] Notable photographers of Elizabeth
included Cecil Beaton, Yousuf Karsh, Anwar Hussein, Annie Leibovitz,
Lord Lichfield, Terry O'Neill, John Swannell and Dorothy Wilding. The
first official portrait photograph of Elizabeth was taken by Marcus
Adams in 1926.[302]
Finances
Further information: Finances of the British royal family
View of Sandringham House from the south bank of the Upper Lake
Sandringham House, Elizabeth's residence in Norfolk, which she personally owned
Elizabeth's
personal wealth was the subject of speculation for many years. In 1971,
Jock Colville, her former private secretary and a director of her bank,
Coutts, estimated her wealth at £2 million (equivalent to about £30
million in 2021[303]).[304] In 1993, Buckingham Palace called estimates
of £100 million "grossly overstated".[305] In 2002, she inherited an
estate worth an estimated £70 million from her mother.[306] The Sunday
Times Rich List 2020 estimated her personal wealth at £350 million,
making her the 372nd richest person in the UK.[307] She was number one
on the list when it began in the Sunday Times Rich List 1989, with a
reported wealth of £5.2 billion (approximately £13.8 billion in today's
value),[303] which included state assets that were not hers
personally.[308]
The
Royal Collection, which includes thousands of historic works of art and
the Crown Jewels, was not owned personally but was described as being
held in trust by Elizabeth for her successors and the nation,[309] as
were her official residences, such as Buckingham Palace and Windsor
Castle,[310] and the Duchy of Lancaster, a property portfolio valued at
£472 million in 2015.[311] The Paradise Papers, leaked in 2017, show
that the Duchy of Lancaster held investments in the British tax havens
of the Cayman Islands and Bermuda.[312] Sandringham House in Norfolk and
Balmoral Castle in Aberdeenshire were personally owned by
Elizabeth.[310] The Crown Estate—with holdings of £14.3 billion in
2019[313]—is held in trust and could not be sold or owned by her in a
personal capacity.[314]
Titles, styles, honours, and arms
Main article: List of titles and honours of Elizabeth II
Titles and styles
Royal cypher of Elizabeth II, surmounted by St Edward's Crown.
Personal flag of Elizabeth II
21 April 1926 – 11 December 1936: Her Royal Highness Princess Elizabeth of York[315]
11 December 1936 – 20 November 1947: Her Royal Highness The Princess Elizabeth
20 November 1947 – 6 February 1952: Her Royal Highness The Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh[316]
6 February 1952 – 8 September 2022: Her Majesty The Queen
Elizabeth
held many titles and honorary military positions throughout the
Commonwealth, was sovereign of many orders in her own countries, and
received honours and awards from around the world. In each of her
realms, she had a distinct title that follows a similar formula: Queen
of Saint Lucia and of Her other Realms and Territories in Saint Lucia,
Queen of Australia and Her other Realms and Territories in Australia,
etc. In the Channel Islands and Isle of Man, which are Crown
Dependencies rather than separate realms, she was known as Duke of
Normandy and Lord of Mann, respectively. Additional styles include
Defender of the Faith and Duke of Lancaster.
When
conversing with Elizabeth, the correct etiquette was to address her
initially as Your Majesty and thereafter as Ma'am (pronounced /mæm/),
with a short 'a' as in jam.[317]
Arms
See also: Flags of Elizabeth II
From
21 April 1944 until her accession, Elizabeth's arms consisted of a
lozenge bearing the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom differenced
with a label of three points argent, the centre point bearing a Tudor
rose and the first and third a cross of St George.[318] Upon her
accession, she inherited the various arms her father held as sovereign.
Elizabeth also possessed royal standards and personal flags for use in
the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, and
elsewhere.[319]
Issue
Name Birth Marriage Children Grandchildren
Date Spouse
Charles III 14 November 1948 (age 73) 29 July 1981
Divorced 28 August 1996 Lady Diana Spencer William, Prince of Wales
Prince George of Wales
Princess Charlotte of Wales
Prince Louis of Wales
Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex
Archie Mountbatten-Windsor
Lilibet Mountbatten-Windsor
9 April 2005 Camilla Parker Bowles None
Anne, Princess Royal 15 August 1950 (age 72) 14 November 1973
Divorced 28 April 1992 Mark Phillips Peter Phillips
Savannah Phillips
Isla Phillips
Zara Tindall
Mia Tindall
Lena Tindall
Lucas Tindall
12 December 1992 Timothy Laurence None
Prince Andrew, Duke of York 19 February 1960 (age 62) 23 July 1986
Divorced 30 May 1996 Sarah Ferguson Princess Beatrice, Mrs Edoardo Mapelli Mozzi Sienna Mapelli Mozzi
Princess Eugenie, Mrs Jack Brooksbank August Brooksbank
Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex and Forfar 10 March 1964 (age 58) 19 June 1999 Sophie Rhys-Jones Lady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor None
James Mountbatten-Windsor, Viscount Severn None
Ancestry
Ancestors of Elizabeth II[320]
See also
Household of Elizabeth II
List of things named after Elizabeth II
List of jubilees of Elizabeth II
List of special addresses made by Elizabeth II
Royal eponyms in Canada
Royal descendants of Queen Victoria and of King Christian IX
Notes
Her
godparents were: King George V and Queen Mary; Lord Strathmore; Prince
Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn (her paternal
great-granduncle); Princess Mary, Viscountess Lascelles (her paternal
aunt); and Lady Elphinstone (her maternal aunt).[5]
Television
coverage of the coronation was instrumental in boosting the medium's
popularity; the number of television licences in the United Kingdom
doubled to 3 million,[71] and many of the more than 20 million British
viewers watched television for the first time in the homes of their
friends or neighbours.[72] In North America, almost 100 million viewers
watched recorded broadcasts.[73]
The
only previous state visit by a British monarch to Russia was made by
King Edward VII in 1908. The King never stepped ashore, and met Nicholas
II on royal yachts off the Baltic port of what is now Tallinn,
Estonia.[148][149] During the four-day visit, which was considered to be
one of the most important foreign trips of Elizabeth's reign,[150] she
and Philip attended events in Moscow and Saint Petersburg.[151]
Russia invaded Ukraine one day later.
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Titles and succession
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Elizabeth II
Queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms (1952–2022)
Monarchies
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and
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Sapphire Jubilee
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ThanksgivingPlatinum PuddingThe Queen's Green CanopyPlatinum Jubilee
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Ships used
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State visits
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of EnglandHead of the British Armed ForcesCommander-in-Chief of the
Canadian Armed ForcesLord of MannList of things named after Elizabeth
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Depictions
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Royal address to the nationRoyal Christmas Message
Documentaries
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Journey (1951)A Queen Is Crowned (1953)The Queen in Australia (1954)The
Royal Tour of the Caribbean (1966)Royal Family (1969)Elizabeth R: A
Year in the Life of the Queen (1992)Monarchy: The Royal Family at Work
(2007)The Diamond Queen (2012)Elizabeth at 90: A Family Tribute
(2016)The Coronation (2018)Elizabeth: The Unseen Queen (2022)
Film and
television
A
Question of Attribution (1992 TV)Willi und die Windzors (1996)Her
Majesty (2001)The Queen (2006)The Queen (2009 TV serial)Happy and
Glorious (2012)A Royal Night Out (2015)Minions (2015)The Crown
(2016–)The Queen's Corgi (2019)2020 Alternative Christmas message
(2020)The Prince (2021)
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Links to related articles
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English, Scottish and British monarchs
Monarchs of England until 1603 Monarchs of Scotland until 1603
Alfred
the GreatEdward the ElderÆlfweardÆthelstanEdmund IEadredEadwigEdgar the
PeacefulEdward the MartyrÆthelred the UnreadySweynEdmund
IronsideCnutHarold IHarthacnutEdward the ConfessorHarold GodwinsonEdgar
ÆthelingWilliam IWilliam IIHenry IStephenMatildaHenry IIHenry the Young
KingRichard IJohnHenry IIIEdward IEdward IIEdward IIIRichard IIHenry
IVHenry VHenry VIEdward IVEdward VRichard IIIHenry VIIHenry VIIIEdward
VIJaneMary I and PhilipElizabeth I
Kenneth
I MacAlpinDonald IConstantine IÁedGiricEochaidDonald IIConstantine
IIMalcolm IIndulfDubCuilénAmlaíbKenneth IIConstantine IIIKenneth
IIIMalcolm IIDuncan IMacbethLulachMalcolm IIIDonald IIIDuncan
IIEdgarAlexander IDavid IMalcolm IVWilliam IAlexander IIAlexander
IIIMargaretJohnRobert IDavid IIEdward BalliolRobert IIRobert IIIJames
IJames IIJames IIIJames IVJames VMary IJames VI
Monarchs of England and Scotland after the Union of the Crowns from 1603
James I and VICharles ICharles IIJames II and VIIWilliam III and II and Mary IIAnne
British monarchs after the Acts of Union 1707
AnneGeorge IGeorge IIGeorge IIIGeorge IVWilliam IVVictoriaEdward VIIGeorge VEdward VIIIGeorge VIElizabeth IICharles III
Debatable or disputed rulers are in italics.
vte
British princesses
The
generations indicate descent from George I, who formalised the use of
the titles prince and princess for members of the British royal family.
Where a princess may have been or is descended from George I more than
once, her most senior descent, by which she bore or bears her title, is
used.
1st generation
Sophia Dorothea, Queen in Prussia
2nd generation
Anne,
Princess Royal and Princess of OrangePrincess AmeliaPrincess
CarolineMary, Landgravine of Hesse-KasselLouise, Queen of Denmark and
Norway
3rd generation
Augusta, Duchess of BrunswickPrincess ElizabethPrincess LouisaCaroline Matilda, Queen of Denmark and Norway
4th generation
Charlotte,
Princess Royal and Queen of WürttembergPrincess Augusta
SophiaElizabeth, Landgravine of Hesse-HomburgPrincess Mary, Duchess of
Gloucester and EdinburghPrincess SophiaPrincess AmeliaPrincess Sophia of
GloucesterPrincess Caroline of Gloucester
5th generation
Princess
Charlotte, Princess Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-SaalfeldPrincess Elizabeth
of ClarenceQueen VictoriaAugusta, Grand Duchess of
Mecklenburg-StrelitzPrincess Mary Adelaide, Duchess of Teck
6th generation
Victoria,
Princess Royal and German EmpressAlice, Grand Duchess of Hesse and by
RhinePrincess Helena, Princess Christian of Schleswig-HolsteinPrincess
Louise, Duchess of ArgyllPrincess Beatrice, Princess Henry of
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10th generation
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11th generation
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12th generation
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1 Status debatable; see Lady Louise Windsor#Titles and styles and Lilibet Mountbatten-Windsor#Title and succession for details.
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Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II
London Eye floodlit in gold in celebration of the Queen's Golden Jubilee
Union Street, Aberdeen, decorated with buntings and banners to commemorate the Golden Jubilee
A special fly-past of Concorde and the Red Arrows for the Queen's Golden Jubilee celebrations
The Queen's Golden Jubilee Floral display at Stafford, 2002
Equestrian statue of the Queen at Windsor Great Park commissioned by the Crown Estate in honour of the Golden Jubilee
One of London's special Golden Jubilee Routemaster buses, adorned in special gold livery to mark the Queen's Golden Jubilee
Collage
of commemorations of the jubilee, Clockwise: The London Eye illuminated
in gold; Concorde parade flight with the Red Arrows; Flower arrangement
in Stafford; Routemaster in Golden Jubilee livery; Equestrian statue of
the Queen erected in Windsor Park; Union Street in Aberdeen with Golden
Jubilee bunting
Genre Jubilee of the monarch of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms
Date(s) 6 February 2002
Country
United Kingdom
Canada
Australia
New Zealand
Commonwealth of Nations
Previous event Ruby Jubilee of Elizabeth II
Next event Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II
Website goldenjubilee.gov.uk
The
Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II was the international celebration held
in 2002 marking the 50th anniversary of the accession of Queen Elizabeth
II to the thrones of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms
on 6 February 1952. It was intended by the Queen to be both a
commemoration of her 50 years as monarch and an opportunity for her to
officially and personally thank her people for their loyalty.[1][2]
Despite
the deaths of her sister, Princess Margaret, and mother, Queen
Elizabeth The Queen Mother, in February and March 2002 respectively, and
predictions in the media that the anniversary would be a non-event, the
jubilee was marked with large-scale and popular events throughout
London in June of the same year, bookended by events throughout the
Commonwealth realms. Elizabeth attended all of the official celebrations
as scheduled, along with her husband, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh;
over twelve months, the royal couple journeyed more than 40,000 miles
(64,000 km) to the Caribbean, Australia, New Zealand, then around the
United Kingdom, and wrapped up the jubilee year in Canada.[1] Numerous
landmarks, parks, buildings, and the like, were also named in honour of
the golden jubilee and commemorative medals, stamps, and other symbols
were issued.
There
were six key themes of the Golden Jubilee celebrations: 'Celebration',
'Giving Thanks', 'Service', 'Involving the Whole Community', 'Looking
Forward as Well as Back', and 'Commonwealth'.[3]
Queen's Jubilee message
In
her Golden Jubilee message, the Queen said that "this anniversary is
for us an occasion to acknowledge with gratitude the loyalty and support
which we have received from so many people since I came to the Throne
in 1952. It is especially an opportunity to thank all those of you who
help others in your own local communities through public or voluntary
service. I would like to think that your work will be particularly
recognised during this Jubilee year. I hope also that this time of
celebration in the United Kingdom and across the Commonwealth will not
simply be an occasion to be nostalgic about the past. I believe that,
young or old, we have as much to look forward to with confidence and
hope as we have to look back on with pride".[4]
Celebrations in the Commonwealth
Australia
As
Queen of Australia, under your constitution, and as Head of the
Commonwealth, I look forward to the coming few days here. I look around
tonight and I am aware both of my responsibilities, and of the pleasure
those responsibilities bring. And in this Golden Jubilee year, I cannot
but reflect on the extraordinary opportunity I have been given to serve
the people of this great country. The way Australia evolves over the
next fifty years is in your hands.[5]
Elizabeth II of Australia, 2002
The Royal Australian Mint released commemorative coins to mark the Queen's Golden Jubilee.[6]
To
mark her Golden Jubilee as Queen of Australia, Queen Elizabeth II
toured the country. She was on 27 February received in Adelaide by the
Governor-General, Peter Hollingworth; the Australian viceroy, at the
time, was in the midst of controversy involving allegations of child
abuse cover-ups in the Anglican Church and demonstrators were present
when the Queen and Prince Philip landed.[7] The royal couple undertook a
five-day tour through South Australia and Queensland, which also
coincided with that year's Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in
Coolum Beach.[8] On the Queen's Birthday holiday for 2002, services of
thanksgiving were held in churches and a bonfire was lit during a party
at the Governor-General's residence in Canberra.[9]
Canada
[icon]
This section needs expansion with: [1][2][3][4][5]. You can help by adding to it. (May 2022)
The Queen's official logo for her Golden Jubilee as Queen of Canada
Queen Elizabeth II's official Golden Jubilee portrait for Canada
Throughout
the year, events were held across Canada to mark the Golden Jubilee,
such as the Jubilee Levée held by Lieutenant Governor of Alberta Lois
Hole, which was attended by more than 4,000 Albertans and at which Hole
stated: "what we want to realize is how important the monarchy is to
Canada and certainly to Alberta."[10]
Royal tour
Main article: 2002 royal tour of Canada
Her
Majesty The Queen of Canada has been unfalteringly by our side to
celebrate our successes and to help us to grow together. Fifty years
after her Accession to the Throne, Elizabeth II remains a symbol of
continuity, stability and tradition in a world that is under a barrage
of constant change. That is why Canadians are proud to celebrate the
Golden Jubilee.[11]
Sheila Copps, Minister of Canadian Heritage, 2002
For
12 days in October 2002, the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh toured
Canada, making stops in Victoria, Vancouver, Winnipeg, Toronto,
Hamilton, Hull, Fredericton, Sussex, Moncton, and Ottawa.
In
Nunavut, the Queen addressed the new legislative assembly, stating in
her speech: "I am proud to be the first member of the Canadian Royal
Family to be greeted in Canada's newest territory."[12] In the British
Columbia Parliament Buildings, the Queen unveiled a stained glass window
commemorating the Golden Jubilee. In Vancouver, on 6 October, the
Queen, accompanied by Wayne Gretzky, and in front of a crowd of 18,000
at General Motors Place, dropped the ceremonial first puck for the
National Hockey League exhibition game between the Vancouver Canucks and
San Jose Sharks; this was the first time any reigning monarch, Canadian
or otherwise, had performed the task.[13][14] In Saskatchewan, the
Queen unveilied on the grounds of the provincial parliament the product
of the Golden Jubilee Statue Project: a bronze equestrian statue of her
riding Burmese, a horse gifted in 1969 to her by the RCMP. In Ontario,
the Queen attended at the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's Toronto
headquarters an event marking the organisation's 50th anniversary;
there, she viewed exhibits and was amused by a video display showing her
earlier tours of Canada in the 1950s. In Moncton, New Brunswick, the
Queen and Duke attended a luncheon in Dieppe to celebrate the town's
50th anniversary and officially opened a new terminal at Greater Moncton
International Airport.[15] In Ottawa, on 13 October, a multi-faith
Thanksgiving celebration was held on Parliament Hill for about 3,500
people, and the Queen laid a wreath at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. A
state dinner was held that evening at the Canadian Museum of
Civilization in Gatineau, Quebec, at which Her Majesty said: "[I wish]
to express my profound gratitude to all Canadians... for the loyalty,
encouragement and support you have given to me over these past 50
years."[16][17]
Legacy
It
was argued in retrospective analysis that the jubilee had been of
benefit both to nationalism and the monarchy;[18] The Globe and Mail
said: "When she daintily bent over to drop a puck at an NHL game... she
achieved perhaps the most brilliant melding of symbolism in Canadian
history... The Jumbotron in Vancouver's GM Place said it all, flashing
the Queen's golden EIIR cypher on the giant screen atop the beer
advertisement: 'I am Canadian'. The crowd went hysterical."[19]
Jamaica
Prince
Philip and I have a unique opportunity to see and hear about these ways
in which you are meeting the challenge of giving every Jamaican a stake
in the future during our short visit in this year which marks both
Jamaica's fortieth anniversary of Independence and my Golden Jubilee.
Such anniversaries are important.[20]
Elizabeth II of Jamaica, 2002
Elizabeth's
first official engagements related to the Golden Jubilee took place in
Jamaica. The Queen's Jubilee tour also coincided with the country's 40th
anniversary of independence.[21] She arrived for the celebrations on 18
February 2002, nine days following the death of her sister, Princess
Margaret, Countess of Snowdon; the Queen established a short period of
private, though not state, mourning.[8] Elizabeth was first welcomed in
Montego Bay, after which she travelled to Kingston and stayed at her
Jamaican prime minister's residence, Jamaica House.
Despite
some anti-monarchical sentiment in the country at the time, the Queen
and Duke of Edinburgh were "enthusiastically welcomed" by Jamaicans; 57%
of those polled said the visit was important to the country and large
crowds turned out to see Elizabeth, though there were small protests by
Rastafarians seeking reparations for slavery and their repatriation to
Africa.[21] The Queen received an official welcome at King's House, the
Governor-General's residence, met with Jamaican veterans of the First
World War,[22] addressed her Jamaican parliament, and visited an
underprivileged area of Kingston, known as Trenchtown, viewing urban
poverty projects while there.[21] The tour ended on a unique note when,
at the final banquet in Jamaica, a power outage plunged King's House
into darkness during the meal; Elizabeth described the event as
"memorable".[23]
New Zealand
Jubilee commemorations
A
number of activities marking the Queen's Golden Jubilee as Queen of New
Zealand, the Queen’s first visit to New Zealand as Sovereign in
1953-54, and subsequent royal visits, took place in New Zealand.[24]
"Queen
Elizabeth II has been Queen of New Zealand for fifty years and is held
in warm regard by New Zealanders. It is fitting that we honour her on
the occasion of the Golden Jubilee", said Prime Minister Helen
Clark.[24]
NZ
Post issued a set of Golden Jubilee and Royal Visit stamps. The Reserve
Bank, issued a commemorative Royal Visit coin in October 2001.[24]
The Queen's Birthday and Golden Jubilee Honours 2002 were announced on 3 June.[24]
An
ecumenical service of thanksgiving for the Golden Jubilee was held on 7
June at the Wellington Cathedral of St Paul. The service was attended
by the Governor-General and representatives of the government and the
New Zealand Defence Force. Members of the public were also encouraged to
attend.[24]
Parliament's
Visitor Centre displayed memorabilia of royal visits of past one
hundred years. The Ministry for Culture and Heritage hosted an online
exhibition on the 1953-54 visit on its website. New Zealanders were
asked to submit the memories of the royal visit exhibition to highlight
the importance of royal visits for many people.[24]
Te Papa, the national museum, hosted a major exhibition on the 1953-54 royal visit which opened in May 2003.[24]
Royal tour
It
is both a privilege and a pleasure to have served as Queen of New
Zealand for these fifty years. I thank you all for the loyalty and
support you have given to me throughout this time.
— Elizabeth II of New Zealand, 2002[25]
Following
her tour of Jamaica, the Queen next toured New Zealand, making stops in
Auckland, Taupo, Christchurch, and Wellington. She and the Duke of
Edinburgh arrived in the country on 22 February, just after Prime
Minister Helen Clark said in a speech that she felt it "inevitable that
New Zealand will become a republic."[26] The royal couple were greeted
by the Governor-General and other officials when they disembarked from
the Royal Flight;[27] Clark was absent, as she was at a meeting of
centre-left leaders in Stockholm, Sweden.[28] A low turn out was
reported to see the Queen when she arrived at the airport,[27] while an
estimated 4,000 people came to view the Queen in Auckland.[29] During
the tour, the Queen met the world's first transsexual MP Georgina
Beyer.[30]
The
Queen was presented with a gift from the government and people of New
Zealand of the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography and the New Zealand
Historical Atlas.[24]
United Kingdom
The official emblem of the Queen's Golden Jubilee in the United Kingdom
Celebrations
for Elizabeth II's Golden Jubilee took place throughout the United
Kingdom between May and July 2002. In the lead-up to those festive
weeks, the British media—The Guardian, in particular—predicted that the
jubilee would be a failure,[31][32] arguing that Britain was no longer
interested in the monarchy; a pervading sense of apathy amongst the
populace seemed to confirm this. However, the predictions were proven
wrong, especially during the official jubilee weekend, when people
numbering in the hundreds of thousands turned out to participate in the
fêtes. These festivities culminated in the 4 June event on The Mall in
London, when over one million attended the parade and flypast.
It
was on 3 March that the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh returned to
London from Australia. Eight days later, on Commonwealth Day, the
Commonwealth Secretariat unveiled at Buckingham Palace a portrait of
Elizabeth, painted by Chinwe Chukwuogo-Roy that had been commissioned to
mark the Queen's 50 years as Head of the Commonwealth;[33] the work now
hangs at Marlborough House,[34][35] with a study kept as part of the
Queen's collection at St James's Palace. British artist Lucian Freud had
also presented the Queen with a portrait of her wearing a diamond crown
at Buckingham Palace, which was commissioned by the Royal Household and
later displaced at the exhibition Royal Treasures: A Golden Jubilee
Celebration.[36] At the end of the month, however, the Queen was dealt
another blow when her mother died on 30 March; the Commonwealth realms
observed a period of mourning, and on 9 April, the day of her funeral,
more than one million people filled the area outside Westminster Abbey
and along the 23-mile (37 km) route from central London to the Queen
Mother's final resting place beside her husband and younger daughter in
St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle.[37]
Tower Bridge floodlit in gold in celebration of the Queen's Golden Jubilee
We
all have our personal memories of the Queen's reign over the last 50
years. I was just three weeks old at the time of her coronation and as a
schoolboy in Durham during the 1960s, I remember seeing the Queen for
the first time. It is a privilege now to serve her as her 10th Prime
Minister—her first, as she reminded me in May 1997, was Winston
Churchill, who was her Prime Minister before I was born. In the many
meetings that I have had with Her Majesty since 1997, I have, time and
again, as have my predecessors, had reason to be grateful to her for her
wisdom, good sense and experience, which she always brings to the
issues of the day.
Tony Blair, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, 2002[38]
Plans
for the Golden Jubilee in the United Kingdom went ahead as planned,
and, after a dinner hosted by Tony Blair at 10 Downing Street for her
and all her living former British Prime Ministers (Sir John Major, The
Baroness Thatcher, Sir Edward Heath, and The Lord Callaghan of
Cardiff),[39] the Queen officially launched the celebrations in the UK
with a speech to both houses of the British parliament at Westminster
Hall on 30 April,[40] marking the fifth time in five decades that
Elizabeth II addressed her British parliament on her own account. The
Queen spoke of 50 unforgettable years and the changes to British life
and society in that time, and elaborated that the monarchy must change
also; Elizabeth said she had "witnessed the transformation of the
international landscape through which [the United Kingdom] must chart
its course" and declared her "resolve to continue, with the support of
[the Royal Family], to serve the people... to the best of [her] ability
through the changing times ahead."
Amongst
several other events independently organised to celebrate the Jubilee
in 2002 were the British Army's staging at Portsmouth of a special
parade of 6,000 personnel from all three branches of the British Armed
Forces. This contrasted with the vastly larger events of past Royal
Jubilee, in that there was no Royal Naval Fleet Review, or large scale
Army Review. The Queen's bodyguards mounted a conjoined parade, wherein
300 members of the Gentlemen at Arms, Yeoman of the Guard, and Yeoman
Warders all marched together for the first time in the centuries since
their respective foundations. Elizabeth also hosted a banquet for all of
Europe's reigning kings and queens, one for all her incumbent
Governors-General, and garden parties at both Buckingham Palace and
Holyrood Palace for people born on Accession Day 1952.[40] Around the
country, street parties were organised, for which some 40,000 toolkits
were distributed.[1]
The
Golden Jubilee Poetry competition was held for children aged from 7 to
18 which invited the children to submit a poem about how the United
Kingdom changed over the last 50 years. The winner was invited to
Buckingham Palace to receive a specially commissioned medal from the
Queen. All entries were preserved for posterity in the Royal Archives at
Windsor Castle.[41]
At
the Guildhall, the Queen said, "Gratitude, respect and pride, these
words sum up how I feel about the people of this country and the
Commonwealth - and what this Golden Jubilee means to me".[42]
Goodwill visits
For
the Queen's goodwill visits, which commenced on 1 May, two to three
days were spent in each corner of England; the Queen and the Duke first
stopped in Cornwall, Devon, and Somerset before travelling to Tyne and
Wear, then finally to Buckinghamshire and Berkshire. On 13 May, the
couple were received in Northern Ireland, and visited such areas as
County Fermanagh, Cookstown, and Omagh.[43] Then, throughout much of
mid-May, the royal couple were in London devoting much time to the
promotion of the arts, attending the Chelsea Flower Show, dedicating the
Queen's Gallery at Buckingham Palace, and attending a reception at the
Royal Academy of Arts. The jubilee trips recommenced on 23 May with a
six-day trip to Scotland; the royals first stopped in Glasgow, and then
travelled on to Edinburgh, Dundee, Stornoway and Aberdeen, and,
following the jubilee weekend in London, the Queen and Duke of Edinburgh
on 7 June toured West Sussex, spent three days in Wales, touring
Anglesey, Llanelli, and Cardiff. The next month, the royal couple made
two-day trips to the West Midlands, Yorkshire (where the Queen visited
the set of the soap opera Emmerdale),[1] and the counties of Suffolk and
Norfolk, as well as undertaking a three-day goodwill trip to Liverpool
and Manchester, where the Queen opened the 2002 Commonwealth Games.[40]
The Queen closed out July by touring the East Midlands, and ended her
domestic tour by visiting Lancashire.[44]
As
part of her Golden Jubilee tour of the United Kingdom, the Queen
visited a London Hindu temple, the Manchester Jewish museum, an Islamic
centre in Scunthorpe and a Sikh temple in Leicester, to recognise the
growth of religious and cultural diversity across the country. Other
members of the royal family visited a Jain temple, a Zoroastrian
thanksgiving service and a Buddhist gathering during the Jubilee
year.[45]
Golden Jubilee Weekend
People wave their flags outside Buckingham Palace
The
Golden Jubilee Weekend took place between 1 and 4 June 2002 in
London,[40] for which the Queen and Duke of Edinburgh left Scotland on
29 May to make final preparations. On the first evening, the Saturday,
the Prom at the Palace took place in the gardens of Buckingham Palace
and highlighted classical music; out of the two million who applied for
tickets, 12,500 people were selected to attend,[46] making the event the
largest ever held on the royal property. The crowds were entertained by
the BBC Symphony Orchestra and BBC Symphony Chorus, conducted by Sir
Andrew Davis, and guest vocalists included Kiri Te Kanawa, Thomas Allen,
Angela Gheorghiu, and Roberto Alagna. Earlier in the day, Cardiff Bay
hosted performances by Europe and the UK's street theatre artists and a
gala was held at Belfast City Hall.[47]
The
following day, the Queen and her husband attended a church service at
St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, while their family were present at
thanksgiving services elsewhere in the United Kingdom; the Prince of
Wales and his sons, Princes William and Harry, in Swansea; the Earl and
Countess of Wessex in Salisbury; and the Princess Royal in Ayr.[47] On
the same day, the Welsh National Opera gave a performance in Cardiff
Bay.[47]
After
time on 3 June touring Eton and Slough and watching a parade in
Windsor,[47] Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh returned to
London and the former at 1:00 pm launched the nationwide BBC Music Live
Festival, in which more than 200 towns and cities across the United
Kingdom publicly played the Beatles song "All You Need Is Love". During
the day, street parties were held around the country,[48] and that
evening, the Queen, the Duke, and other members of the immediate Royal
Family, made themselves present at another concert on the grounds of
Buckingham Palace; this fête, called Party at the Palace, showcased
achievements in pop music over the previous 50 years, with headlining
acts including Paul McCartney, Eric Clapton, Cliff Richard, and Tony
Bennett. Queen guitarist Brian May commenced the event by playing his
arrangement of "God Save the Queen" from the roof of the palace, and
Paul McCartney concluded the night with such numbers as "While My Guitar
Gently Weeps" and "Hey Jude", which were each performed before and
after the Queen lit the National Beacon at the Victoria Memorial, the
last in a string of 2,006 beacons to be lit in a chain throughout the
world,[1] echoing Queen Victoria's own Golden Jubilee in 1887. 12,000
guests were allowed into the concert, while an additional one million
people thronged The Mall to watch and listen to the festivities on giant
television screens and join in with the palace audience's singing from
outside the gates of Buckingham Palace,[46] and a further 200 million
watched the televised event around the world.[1]
Concorde and the Red Arrows ended the flypast over Buckingham Palace on 4 June
On
4 June, the entire royal family and 2,400 guests attended a national
service of thanksgiving at St Paul's Cathedral, to which the Queen rode
in the Gold State Coach.[46] The procession to the cathedral began with a
41-gun salute in Hyde Park and 700,000 people lined the streets to
watch the royal family on their way to the service.[49] The thanksgiving
service was followed by lunch at the Guildhall.[49] There the Queen
addressed the crowd and expressed pride at the Commonwealth's
achievements, both during her reign as queen and throughout time;
Elizabeth was quoted as saying: "Gratitude, respect and pride, these
words sum up how I feel about the people of this country and the
Commonwealth—and what this Golden Jubilee means to me."[50] Then the
jubilee parade, which included 20,000 participants, started along The
Mall in the early afternoon.[49][51] Veterans, volunteers, members of
the ambulance service, the Automobile Association and the British Red
Cross took part in the parade.[52] In addition to entertainers
performing for the Queen, numerous floats were decorated to illustrate
British life through the years of Elizabeth's reign and driven through
The Mall.[52] The parade concluded with 5,000 adults and children from
the 54 member-states of the Commonwealth of Nations marching in their
various national costumes before the Queen and presenting to her a
"rainbow of wishes", consisting of handwritten notes from school
children across the Commonwealth. In front of more than one million
people,[1] the Royal Family assembled on the balcony of the Centre Room
of Buckingham Palace and watched a flypast consisting of every type of
Royal Air Force aircraft in service (27 in all),[1] Concorde, and the
Red Arrows. There was only one publicly noted negative event in relation
to the jubilee when approximately 40 activists, mostly drawn from the
anarchist Movement Against the Monarchy, were arrested during a protest
in the run-up to the Jubilee Weekend.[53]
Turks and Caicos Islands
In
the Turks and Caicos Islands, a British Overseas Territory, for the
first four days of June, celebrations took place throughout the Islands,
presided over by Governor Mervyn Jones. The Public Relations Department
of the Tourist Board for the Jubilee Committee produced the Jubilee
Souvenir Brochure, with text and images covering historical Royal Visits
provided by the National Museum; only 5,000 were produced, issue number
1 being given to Queen Elizabeth II herself. The museum also provided
photographs for the production of three sets of stamps, and, for the
Jubilee Weekend, prepared a temporary exhibition on royal visits, with
other items from the past, such as the coronation medals issued in to
some local residents in 1953. Other items produced to commemorate the
Jubilee were a straw crown made on Middle Caicos by Loathie Harvey and
Judy Geddis, two 20-crown coins, and a badge given to all school
children as a memento of the historic occasion.[54]
Celebrations outside the Commonwealth
The
Golden Jubilee was also marked in New York City, where the pinnacle of
the Empire State Building was lit in royal purple and gold. The city's
mayor, Michael Bloomberg, and officials at the British consulate said
the tribute was a sign of thanks both to the Queen for having had the
American national anthem played at Buckingham Palace during the Changing
of the Guard on 13 September 2001 and to the British people for their
support afterwards.[55] It had been more than 10 years since the Empire
State Building gave such an honour to an individual not from the United
States; the most recent instance was when Nelson Mandela visited New
York after his release from prison in 1990.[55]
Monuments and souvenirs
A stained glass window in Parliament Buildings, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, commemorating the Queen's Golden Jubilee
Before,
during, and after the jubilee year, souvenirs were created, monuments
unveiled, and public works named in commemoration of the royal event. In
Australia, Australia Post released a special stamp combining old and
new images of Queen Elizabeth II, along with a booklet outlining the
Queen's reign.[56]
A trinket pot, sold as memorabilia merchandise for the Golden Jubilee
In
Canada, the Governor-in-Council earmarked $CAD 250,000 as a donation in
the Queen's name to the Dominion Institute's Memory Project, aimed at
educating Canadian youth on the experiences and contributions of the
country's veterans from the First World War through to modern
peacekeeping missions.[57] The provinces also marked the milestone; the
Ontario Governor-in-Council, on the advice of his premier, approved the
renaming of Dalton Digby Wildlands Provincial Park as the Queen
Elizabeth II Wildlands Provincial Park and,[58] in Saskatchewan, an
equestrian statue of Queen Elizabeth II was commissioned and erected
alongside the Queen Elizabeth II Gardens on the grounds of the
Legislative Building.[59] In Alberta, the Queen Elizabeth II Golden
Jubilee Recognition Act established the Queen's Golden Jubilee
Citizenship Medal, the Queen's Golden Jubilee Scholarship for the Visual
and Performing Arts, and the Premier's Citizenship Award in Recognition
of the Queen's Golden Jubilee.[60]
A
special £5 coin was released in the United Kingdom to celebrate the
event,[61] and the annual Queen's Golden Jubilee Award for volunteer
service groups was founded in 2002, while private enterprises produced
various ornaments and trinkets as memorabilia of the jubilee;
manufacturers such as Spode created various forms of commemorative china
and crystalware.[62] At Windsor Castle, the Jubilee Gardens were
opened, the first new public area to be created since 1820,[1] and a 167
feet (51-metre) inverted roller coaster, Jubilee Odyssey, was
constructed at the Fantasy Island theme park in Lincolnshire.[63]
Cedars
Park in Cheshunt, Hertfordshire had an entrance gate erected to
commemorate the Jubilee. The park is of historical significance as the
site of Theobalds Palace, which accommodated several royals before its
destruction in the Civil War.
See also
icon Monarchy portal
flag United Kingdom portal
Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal
2002 Golden Jubilee Honours
Great British Trees
Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II
Ruby Jubilee of Elizabeth II
Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II
Sapphire Jubilee of Elizabeth II
Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II
List of monarchs in Britain by length of reign
List of jubilees of British monarchs
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Sadler,
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"Australia
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memorabilia". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 December 2009.
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The Queen's Golden Jubilee at royal.gov.uk
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Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II
The Mall, London on 2 June 2012
People reading newspapers commemorating the Jubilee, 5 June 2012
People of East Hoathly in East Sussex at a Jubilee Beacon lighting
The
Queen and members of the British royal family on the balcony of
Buckingham Palace after the Thanksgiving Service, 5 June 2012
Members of the British royal family aboard the MV Spirit of Chartwell during the Thames Diamond Jubilee Pageant, 3 June 2012
The Diamond Jubilee Floral display at the RHS Chelsea Flower Show 2012 in London
Collage
of commemorations and events of the jubilee, Clockwise: Crowds at The
Mall on 2 June; Jubilee Beacon lighting in East Hoathly with Halland;
The Queen and members of the royal family on the balcony of Buckingham
Palace after the National Service of Thanksgiving; Diamond Jubilee
Floral display at the Chelsea Flower Show 2012 in London; The Queen and
members of the royal family aboard the MV Spirit of Chartwell during the
Thames Diamond Jubilee Pageant; people reading newspapers commemorating
the Jubilee
Genre Jubilee of the monarch of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms
Date(s) 6 February 2012
Country
United Kingdom
Canada
Australia
New Zealand
Commonwealth of Nations
Previous event Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II
Next event Sapphire Jubilee of Elizabeth II
Website www.thediamondjubilee.org
The
year 2012 marked the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II being the 60th
anniversary of the accession of Queen Elizabeth II on 6 February 1952.
The only diamond jubilee celebration for any of Elizabeth's predecessors
was in 1897, for the 60th anniversary of the accession of Queen
Victoria.
Following the tradition of the
Queen's Silver and Golden Jubilees, commemorative events were held
throughout the Commonwealth of Nations. In comparison to the previous
Golden Jubilee, events in the United Kingdom were significantly scaled
back due to the economic policies of the governing Conservative Party
deeming excessive cost to the taxpayer amidst widespread austerity as
inappropriate.[1][2]
The Queen and the Duke of
Edinburgh toured the United Kingdom and other members of the royal
family toured the rest of the Commonwealth as the monarch's
representatives. The Jubilee celebrations marked the beginning of the
withdrawal of the Duke of Edinburgh from public life and a more
prominent role for the Duke of Cambridge and Prince Harry in
Commonwealth affairs.
Numerous events and
tributes were held over the year and throughout the Commonwealth,
culminating in a jubilee pageant held in London. The Queen Elizabeth
Diamond Jubilee Trust was set up as a charitable foundation with a
mission to leave a lasting legacy across the Commonwealth.[3] Other
projects included the Queen Elizabeth Diamond Jubilee Wood and the
issuing of commemorative medals.
Commonwealth-wide and beyond
In
this special year, as I dedicate myself anew to your service, I hope we
will all be reminded of the power of togetherness and the convening
strength of family, friendship, and good neighbourliness, examples of
which I have been fortunate to see throughout my reign and which my
family and I look forward to seeing in many forms as we travel
throughout the United Kingdom and the wider Commonwealth.[4]
Queen Elizabeth II, 2012
At
the 2011 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in Perth, Australia,
British Prime Minister David Cameron announced the creation of the Queen
Elizabeth Diamond Jubilee Trust, which was officially launched in the
UK on 6 February 2012.[5] Chaired by former British prime minister Sir
John Major, the trust was intended to support charitable organisations
and projects across the Commonwealth of Nations, focusing on areas such
as cures for diseases and the promotion of all types of culture and
education.[5] In early 2012, Prime Minister of Australia Julia Gillard
announced the Australian Crown-in-Council would make an A$5.4 million
contribution to the trust and the New Zealand Crown-in-Council later
made a similar $1 million donation.[5][6] The Canadian government
announced in April that former prime minister Jean Chrétien would be
Canada's representative to the organisation.[7]
In
February 2012, a senior advisor was quoted as saying the Queen set two
guidelines for the planning of her jubilee: the use of public funds
should be minimised and people should not "be forced to celebrate".[8]
The first major international event of the jubilee celebrations was the
Diamond Jubilee Pageant, also branded The World Comes to Windsor, a
cavalcade held at Windsor Castle to celebrate the Queen's visits to and
tours of over 250 countries, as well as her passion for horses. The
show, which featured 550 horses and 1,100 performers from around the
world, was performed in the evenings between 10 and 13 May, after the
daytime events of the annual Royal Windsor Horse Show had taken place.
The Queen attended the final night.[9][10][11]
On
18 May, the Queen hosted an informal lunch at Windsor Castle for more
than twenty current or former monarchs from other countries.[12][13] In
the evening of the same day, the Prince of Wales and the Duchess of
Cornwall hosted a dinner that most of the monarchs also attended,
although the Queen herself was not present.[14] Criticism was directed
at the presence of the King of Bahrain at the lunch, because of alleged
repression of protests against the government of Bahrain in that country
in 2011.[15] In London, protesters against the King assembled outside
Buckingham Palace during the dinner, although he did not attend that
event.[14]
Queen Elizabeth II arriving at St Paul's Cathedral for the service of thanksgiving on 5 June 2012
The
lighting of thousands of beacons across the Commonwealth took place on 4
June. The number of beacons was originally set at 2,012, to mark the
year 2012. In the end, beacons of more than double that number were
lit.[16] The first beacon of the Jubilee was lit on the grounds of
Apifo'ou College in Nukuʻalofa, Tonga, by Tongan girl and Boy Scouts
using coconut sheath torches.[17] Other nations, including Kenya,
Australia, New Zealand, India, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, and several
Caribbean states, took part in the beacon lighting. The world's most
remote beacon was lit in Tristan da Cunha in the south Atlantic, using
invasive, non-native plants to fuel the fire.[18][19] In the United
Kingdom, British servicemen and women wounded in battle and individuals
representing charities carried beacons to the summits of the UK's four
highest peaks.[citation needed] The Queen lit the beacon outside
Buckingham Palace at 10:30 pm.[20][21] The lighting proceeded until the
final beacon was lit in Canada eight hours later.[22]
The
Queen's husband, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, was hospitalised
with a bladder infection on 4 June and thus was not able to attend any
of the official events. In his speech given at the conclusion of the
Diamond Jubilee Concert, the Prince of Wales commented on the sadness of
his father's absence and urged the crowd to cheer loud enough for the
Duke to hear in hospital.[23] Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex, stated
after visiting his father that the latter was watching the celebrations
on television.[24] The Queen visited the Duke the following day.[25]
That same evening, a pre-recorded message by the Queen was released and aired on television around the world.[26]
Commonwealth realms
Antigua and Barbuda
Diamond Jubilee Medal Certificate presented by Governor-General Dame Louise Lake-Tack to Senator Albert Sydney
On
6 and 7 March, The Earl and Countess of Wessex, visited Antigua and
Barbuda to celebrate the Queen's Diamond Jubilee.[27][28] The Earl and
Countess arrived in Nelson's Dockyard on Motor Yacht Leander on the
morning of 6 March. They were greeted by Governor-General Dame Louise
Lake-Tack, Prime Minister Baldwin Spencer, and members of
Parliament.[29][28][30] The couple then visited the Copper and Lumber
Store Hotel where they met with prominent Antiguans and Barbudans.[29]
Following that, the Earl and the Countess toured the Dockyard Museum and
saw the "Royal Palm" that the Queen planted in the Dockyard in
1966.[28]
A tree planting ceremony in Nelson's
Dockyard, was followed by a tour of the Dow's Hill Interpretation Centre
at Shirley Heights.[28] The afternoon concluded with a lunch at the
Admiral's Inn in Nelson's Dockyard hosted by the Prime Minister.[29] On
Tuesday evening, the Governor-General hosted an official State Dinner
for the couple at the Mill Reef Club. During the second day of their
visit, the Earl and the Countess visited institutions which were related
to their personal charity work.[28] The Countess visited the Children's
Ward at Mount Saint John's Medical Centre, Princess Margaret School,
and the Adele School for Special Children in St. John's, while the Earl
visited the Duke of Edinburgh Award Programme and the Antigua Grammar
School.[28] To close their visit to Antigua and Barbuda, Prince Edward
and Countess Sophie enjoyed a Diamond Jubilee Lunch at the Jumby Bay
Resort on Long Island.[28]
In June, lighting of
a Jubilee Beacon and a Jubilee Service of Thanksgiving also took place
in Antigua and Barbuda. 50 Antiguan and Barbudan citizens were presented
with the Diamond Jubilee Medal by the Governor-General.[31]
Australia
Governor-General Quentin Bryce presenting the Queen's Diamond Jubilee medal to Corporal Daniel Keighran VC, 2012
Quentin
Bryce, the Governor-General of Australia, announced that the Diamond
Jubilee would be celebrated "with a host of national and community
events throughout the Commonwealth."[32] In a similar vein, it was said
in late 2011 that the government of Queensland was planning to declare a
holiday in June 2012 to mark the jubilee.
The
Royal Australian Mint announced in August 2011 that it would be
releasing a silver proof 50-cent coin to celebrate the Queen's Diamond
Jubilee.[33] Australia Post issued a series of special stamps to mark
the occasion.
Official Diamond Jubilee portrait of the Queen of Australia
Paying
tribute to Elizabeth II as Queen of Australia in the House of
Representatives on 6 February 2012, Prime Minister of Australia Julia
Gillard stated the Queen was a revered figure in Australia.[34] Gillard
also announced that she would on 4 June light a beacon atop Parliament
House and that a street in the parliamentary triangle in Canberra would
be renamed Queen Elizabeth Terrace.[5] Meanwhile, Western Australian
Premier Colin Barnett announced on 28 May that a new waterfront
development in Perth would be named Elizabeth Quay in the Queen's
honour.
A detachment of the New South Wales
Mounted Police performed at the Diamond Jubilee Pageant held at Windsor
Castle in May 2012. At the end of the same month, Prince Charles
presented Diamond Jubilee medals to those in the Victoria Cross and
George Cross Association, including three Australian Victoria Cross
recipients.[citation needed]
A special
ecumenical service was conducted in St James' Church, Sydney, at which
the invited preacher was Cardinal George Pell and the Governor of New
South Wales, Marie Bashir, was the guest of honour. The Anglican Church
of Australia also held a service of prayer and thanksgiving to
commemorate the Diamond Jubilee at St John's Cathedral in Brisbane, on
20 May 2012. The service was welcomed by Phillip Aspinall, Anglican
Archbishop of Brisbane, and the Homily was given by Mark Coleridge,
Catholic Archbishop of Brisbane. The guest of honour was the Governor of
Queensland, Penelope Wensley, and Ian Walker represented the Queensland
Cabinet.
In Brisbane, the newly built Supreme and District Court building was named after the Queen to mark the Diamond Jubilee.[35]
Between
5 and 10 November 2012, Charles, Prince of Wales, and Camilla, Duchess
of Cornwall, toured the country, travelling to Queensland, Victoria,
South Australia, New South Wales, and the Australian Capital
Territory.[36][37][38][39]
Bahamas
Prince
Harry toured The Bahamas. There, he attended a reception for youth
leaders and met with Governor-General of the Bahamas Sir Arthur Foulkes.
The Prince attended an outdoor ceremony where children's schools,
clubs, and associations presented themselves and delivered a speech at
Government House.[40]
Barbados
The
Parliament of Barbados, where the Earl of Wessex read to a joint
sitting of the legislature a message from Elizabeth II, Queen of
Barbados, on 23 February 2012, to mark the Queen's diamond jubilee
To
mark the Queen's Diamond Jubilee, the country hosted the Queen's
youngest son and his wife, the Earl and Countess of Wessex, between 23
and 24 February 2012.[41] The tour began with the Earl and Countess
arriving, aboard RFA Fort Rosalie, at the Deep Water Harbour of
Bridgetown,[42] where Barbadian military personnel were given
inspection.[43][44][45][46] To a joint sitting of the Parliament of
Barbados, the Earl read a written message from the Queen,[47] in which
the monarch stated she has taken note of the level of development
Barbados had achieved during its 45 years of independence and called the
country a model small state for others around the world.[48][49]
Parliamentary officials responded with thanks to the Queen for her
service to the country and Barbadians and invited her to the island to
celebrate the 375th anniversary of the establishment of the Barbadian
parliament in 2014.[50][51] The visiting royal couple opened an exhibit
at the University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, and an official
state dinner and reception was held at Government House in the
evening.[52][53]
The following day, the
Countess visited the Albert C. Graham Children's Development Centre at
Ladymeade Gardens, while the Earl presented eight Duke of Edinburgh's
Gold Awards to Barbadian youth at a dedication ceremony. Directly
following, the couple travelled together to a ceremony to commemorate
the Diamond Jubilee, where a plaque was unveiled at the Kensington Oval
cricket stadium.[54][55] Other events included the Earl and Countess
lunching with Prime Minister Freundel Stuart at his residence, Ilaro
Court, and touring several areas of Bridgetown that were added to
UNESCO's list of World Heritage Sites in 2011.[52][55]
As
in other Commonwealth realms, a set of commemorative Diamond Jubilee
stamps were released by the Barbados Postal Service.[56] An ecumenical
thanksgiving service was held at the St. Mary's Anglican Church in
Bridgetown on 3 June and a beacon lighting at the Garrison Savannah the
following day,[57][58][59] where an official Trooping of the Colour was
performed by the Barbados Defence Force and military tattoo performed by
the Royal Barbados Police Force.[60] Members of the Barbados Boys Scout
Association with high honours were chosen to aid in the actual beacon
lighting.[61]
Belize
In Belize, the
Governor-General-in-Council and the Belize Tourism Board organised a
tour of the country by Prince Harry, between 2 and 3 March 2012, as part
of the country's celebrations of the Queen's Diamond Jubilee. Harry
visited Belmopan and San Ignacio where ceremonies and events had less
emphasis on state protocol.[62] In the capital, Harry unveiled a series
of commemorative stamps issued by the Belize Postal Service,[63]
attended the city's street festival, and dedicated a street as Queen
Elizabeth II Boulevard,[64] where he delivered a speech on the
sovereign's behalf.
Canada
The official emblem of the Queen of Canada's Diamond Jubilee
Planning
Forethought
on the anniversary began as early as April 2007, when then-Secretary of
State for Canadian Heritage Jason Kenney requested the various
lieutenant governors begin preparations for the jubilee.[65] Three years
later, the question of a national holiday to mark the jubilee was
raised in the media and a series of official announcements were made by
the Minister of Canadian Heritage.[66]
The
Secretary to the Queen, Kevin S. MacLeod, was charged by the Governor
General-in-Council to head the Diamond Jubilee Committee (DJC)—a
14-member group of individuals drawn from the provincial and territorial
governments, non-governmental organisations, officials from the
Departments of Citizenship and Immigration, National Defence, and
Canadian Heritage (DCH), and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police[67]—that
oversaw the organisation of the country's fêtes for Elizabeth II's 60
years as Queen of Canada.[68] Similarly, Premier of Alberta Ed Stelmach
in February 2011 tasked the Alberta Chief of Protocol and the Private
Secretary to the Lieutenant Governor of Alberta to form and head a
committee to develop plans for the province's Diamond Jubilee
celebrations.[69] As with other royal events, the DCH played a large
role in organisation and planning. $7.5 million of resources, granted to
the DCH in the previous budget approved by the federal parliament, was
allocated for federal jubilee celebrations, education and awareness, and
distribution to community groups; $2 million was for events in the
Queen's honour and $3.7 million was allocated for the Diamond Jubilee
medal.[67] The total amount was reduced by Minister of Canadian Heritage
James Moore from the DJC's original estimate of $8.8 million.[67]
Pre-events
The
Diamond Jubilee Window in the Senate foyer in the Centre Block of
Canada's parliament. It depicts Elizabeth II along with Queen Victoria,
who also celebrated a diamond jubilee.
The Queen, on 3 July
2010, dedicated the Queen Elizabeth II Gardens outside her official
residence in Manitoba and there planted an Amber Jubilee Ninebark shrub,
the cultivar having been created specifically for the Diamond
Jubilee.[70] At Rideau Hall in Ottawa, she also, on 30 June, unveiled a
commemorative stained glass window depicting herself and Queen Victoria
with their respective royal cyphers and renditions of the Centre Block
of the Canadian parliament during the reign of each monarch.[71][72][73]
The window, a gift from the Canadian Senate, was installed above the
Senate entrance to the Centre Block and dedicated by Governor General
David Johnston on 7 February 2012.[74]
A corbel
within the Sovereigns' Arches of the Senate foyer was sculpted into a
rendition of the Queen and unveiled on 9 December 2010 by the Governor
General.[75] The Royal Canadian Mint also issued an "extensive set" of
coins to mark the anniversary.[76] Further, the Royal Regiment of
Canadian Artillery (RRCA) in 2011 presented the Queen, their
captain-general since 1952, with a diamond and gold brooch, made by
Birks & Mayors in the form of the regiment's cap badge, and
announced the creation of The Captain General's Diamond Jubilee Bursary
Award for educational activities of members of the RRCA and family.[77]
Diamond Jubilee Week
Diamond
Jubilee Week began on Accession Day (6 February) 2012.[78] That day,
the monarch's personal standard for Canada was unfurled at Rideau Hall
and on Parliament Hill, as well as at provincial royal residences and
legislatures across the country;[79][80][81][82] permission was granted
by the Queen to break the usual protocol of flying the banner only where
the sovereign is physically present.[83] At noon on the same day, the
Peace Tower carillon played a tribute to Elizabeth II.[n 1][84] The
Prime Minister and the leader of the Liberal Party of Canada issued
statements commending the Queen for her six decades of "dedicated
service to our country, to the Commonwealth and to the world."[85][86]
The
royal standard of Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada, which was flown at
various locations across Canada during Diamond Jubilee Week.
Also
on 6 and 7 February, the first of the 60,000 Canadian Queen Elizabeth
II Diamond Jubilee Medals to be distributed to citizens and permanent
residents were handed out by lieutenant governors,[87]
commissioners,[82] and other dignitaries across the country; 60
individuals were given theirs personally by the Governor General at
Rideau Hall.[81][83][88] All federal Members of Parliament (MPs)
received the award automatically and a few refused, some because they
belonged to the Quebec separatist Bloc Québécois,[89] and one because he
felt the money being spent by the Crown on jubilee events and markers
was a waste.[90] Citizens for a Canadian Republic claimed that day that
the government's spending of money on the Queen's jubilee was to be
expected "from the personality cult dynasties of North Korea or
Syria".[91] The Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society claimed it would stage
"counter-celebrations".[89]
In Nova Scotia, the
provincial government announced the establishment of educational
programmes related to the Queen and her role in Canadian government and
the one-time award of the $2000 Diamond Jubilee Award Scholarship to 60
Grade 12 students in the province.[92] There and in other provinces and
territories, various events were held on Accession Day, other days
during Diamond Jubilee Week, and past its end.[n 2] The Speaker of the
Senate, Noël Kinsella, and Speaker of the House of Commons, Andrew
Scheer, were received by the Queen at Buckingham Palace on 21 February
2012, where they presented a loyal address to the sovereign.[96] The
Canadian Postal Museum also opened on 19 March the exhibition Designed
for a Queen, which displayed 645 postal portraits of the Queen from
Canada, other Commonwealth of Nations countries, and British Overseas
Territories.[97]
Royal tour
Charles,
Prince of Wales, speaks to the public outside of the Ontario
Legislative Building during his tour of Canada for the Diamond Jubilee
Charles,
Prince of Wales, and Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall, toured parts of the
country in May,[78] making stops in New Brunswick, Ontario, and
Saskatchewan.[98] In an editorial he wrote for The Globe and Mail,
Charles stated he wanted his activities during the tour to reflect the
jubilee's "central theme of service to others" and expressed that he was
"returning to Canada in this special Jubilee year, to renew my own
pledge of service and to encourage others to consider how they might
contribute their own particular talent".[99] In that vein, he in all
three provinces visited with people associated with his organisation The
Prince's Charities Canada and presented Diamond Jubilee Medals to
recipients.
The couple arrived at Saint John
Airport on the evening of 20 May.[100] The following day, they were
formally welcomed by the Governor General and met at Canadian Forces
Base Gagetown with young Canadian Forces veterans and mentors involved
in the Military Entrepreneurship program before moving on to Saint John.
There, they undertook a walking tour of Prince William Street to
observe heritage projects and meet the 2002 Committee for the Prince of
Wales Municipal Heritage Leadership Prize, participated in a citizenship
ceremony, attended Victoria Day events, and opened the Diamond Jubilee
IT Centre at Hazen-White-St. Francis School.[100] They then flew on to
Toronto to meet with emergency workers and their families and observe
the annual fireworks show at Ashbridges Bay that marks Victoria Day and
the Queen's official Canadian birthday.
On 22
May, the couple attended an event hosted by the Lieutenant Governor of
Ontario, David Onley, at Queen's Park. After, the Duchess visited The
Queen's Own Rifles of Canada, of which she is colonel-in-chief,[101]
laying at the armoury a wreath in memory of fallen Canadian soldiers,
while the Prince of Wales saw the Digital Media Zone at Ryerson
University, toured the construction site of the athletes' village for
the 2015 Pan American Games (where Premier of Ontario Dalton McGuinty
announced a portion of Front Street running through the village would be
named Diamond Jubilee Promenade[102]), visited the Yonge Street
Mission, and met with the national leadership of the Assembly of First
Nations. The couple also attended a luncheon hosted by the government of
Ontario and participated in a Canadian Forces event at Fort York
commemorating the 200th anniversary of the War of 1812,[100] the Prince
there wearing his uniform of a lieutenant-general of the Canadian Army.
The
Saskatchewan Legislative Building in 2012. The building's centenary was
marked by Charles, Prince of Wales, and Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall,
as part of their Canadian royal tour earlier that year.
They
arrived in Regina on 23 May and marked the centenary of Saskatchewan's
legislative building, participated in a reception held by the Lieutenant
Governor of Saskatchewan at Government House, toured the First Nations
University of Canada, and visited an environmentally friendly water
purification plant. In the evening, the Prince and Duchess attended at
the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) Depot Division Drill Hall a
performance of the Regina Symphony Orchestra, of which Prince Charles is
patron.[100][103] There, the Prime Minister announced that Charles was
to be appointed Honorary Commissioner of the RCMP, taking the post from
his mother, the Queen, who became the RCMP's Commissioner-in-Chief.[104]
New
Democratic Party MP Pat Martin, an open anti-monarchist, stated in the
House of Commons that the tour was "a bread-and-circuses routine"
intended to distract from cuts to the federal civil service.[105] The
Minister of Canadian Heritage, James Moore, said the tour would be the
"least expensive for taxpayers" of those that had taken place since
2009.[106]
Events through June
At the
Queen's request,[107] members of the RCMP's Musical Ride, after
performing in the Diamond Jubilee Pageant at Windsor Castle, took part
in the Changing of the Guard on 23 May as they formed the Queen's Life
Guard outside Buckingham Palace for 24 hours.[108] Said by the
contingent's commander to be a "way for Canada and the Mounties to
salute her Majesty the Queen in her Diamond Jubilee year",[107] it was
the second time the RCMP had performed the task since doing so as a part
of the Diamond Jubilee celebrations for Queen Victoria in 1897.[109]
We,
Your Majesty's loyal and dutiful subjects, the House of Commons of
Canada in Parliament assembled, beg to offer our sincere congratulations
on the happy completion of the sixtieth year of Your reign.
In
this, the Diamond Jubilee year of your reign as Queen of Canada, we
trust that Your gracious and peaceful reign may continue for many years
and that Divine Providence will preserve Your Majesty in health, in
happiness and in the affectionate loyalty of Your people.[110]
Parliament of Canada, 2012
In
the federal parliament on 31 May, a loyal address to the Queen was
passed.[110] The Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba held a Diamond Jubilee
garden party at the province's Government House on 26 May.[111] The
Royal British Columbia Museum on 1 June opened an exhibition of
approximately 100 Cecil Beaton photographs of Elizabeth II throughout
her life.[112]
Mount Barbeau in Nunavut
A
team of Canadian and British mountaineers reached the summit of Mount
Barbeau, in Canada's arctic, by 3 June and there held a tea party in
celebration of the jubilee. From the summit, they sent a loyal greeting
to the Queen via satellite, to which the monarch promised to reply.[113]
The next day, a group from the Royal Canadian Dragoons stationed in
Afghanistan climbed with British soldiers to the peak of the 7,000 foot
mountain Gharib Ghar, within the Kabul Military Training Center, "as
part of the Diamond Jubilee celebrations for Queen Elizabeth II."[114]
In
the United Kingdom, Canada House held a Big Jubilee Lunch on 3 June and
two beacons were lit on the building's roof the following evening,[115]
the night of the Diamond Jubilee Concert. Johnston attended both events
and Harper was at the latter.[116][117] Another reception was held at
Canada House on the evening of 6 June, at which the Governor General and
Prince Andrew, Duke of York, were present.[118] Harper was granted an
audience with the Queen at Buckingham Palace on 5 June.[117] Also at the
palace, the Governor General, the Prime Minister, and the Queen
unveiled a new portrait of the sovereign commissioned by the federal
Crown-in-Council and painted by Canadian painter Phil Richards. The
creation of the portrait became the subject of a National Film Board of
Canada (NFB) documentary directed by Hubert Davis and released in the
fall of 2012 as part of the NFB's Queen's Diamond Jubilee Collector's
Edition.[119][120] The painting was on 25 June installed in the ballroom
at Rideau Hall. Dedicated at the same time by the Governor General were
new bronze and glass handrails, with detailing evoking the Diamond
Jubilee, flanking the ceremonial staircase in Rideau Hall's main
entrance foyer.[121]
On 12 June 2012, the
government of the Northwest Territories (NWT) and the City of
Yellowknife held at the Northern Arts and Cultural Centre a garden party
with barbecue, concert, and other activities. On 14 June, Amber Jubilee
Ninebark shrubs were planted on the grounds of the NWT legislative
assembly.[82] Four days later, a gala concert was held at Roy Thomson
Hall in Toronto, at which 600 diamond jubilee medals were awarded to
members of the Order of Canada and Order of Ontario. The event, hosted
by the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario, was attended by the Governor
General and his wife and performers included the Famous People Players,
Susan Aglukark, Molly Johnson, Ben Heppner, and Gordon Lightfoot, who
conceived the idea of the event.[122]
Further events
The Queen's Beasts on display at the Canadian Museum of Civilization during Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee
The
Lieutenant Governor of Saskatchewan held a garden party at Government
House on Canada Day and,[123] in the Northwest Territories, the Canada
Day parade was themed to celebrate the jubilee and numerous jubilee
medal presentation ceremonies took place.[82] Also on 1 July, the
Canadian Museum of Civilization opened the exhibit A Queen and Her
Country, showing artefacts from the Crown Collection relating to Queen
Elizabeth II and her role as Queen of Canada, including the Queen's
Beasts from her coronation.[124] At Rideau Hall on 11 September, a
reception, attended by the Governor General; his wife; Prince Edward,
Earl of Wessex; Sophie, Countess of Wessex; and others, was held for the
Royal Victorian Order Association of Canada and to "honour of the 60th
anniversary of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II’s accession to the
Throne."[125] The Earl also distributed Diamond Jubilee Medals to
recipients in Toronto and to members of the RCMP in Iqaluit,
Nunavut.[126][127] The government of the Northwest Territories held
through September an essay contest for youth to explain "how the Queen
is important to First Nations and Métis people."[82]
A
conference on the Canadian Crown was conducted in Saskatchewan on 25
October.[128] The Governor General the following day unveiled a plaque
identifying the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Trail, a part of the
Trans Canada Trail between the West Block on Parliament Hill and the
Supreme Court of Canada.[129] In Nova Scotia, highway 106 was renamed as
Jubilee Highway.[130] Communities across Canada also held events to
mark the jubilee,[131][132][133][134][135] as did the federal government
until the jubilee celebration ended on Accession Day 2013.
Jamaica
On
Accession Day, Governor-General Sir Patrick Allen sent a congratulatory
message to the Queen in which he said that the Queen's reign was marked
by "wisdom, dedication and integrity". Allen said that the Queen had an
"extraordinary knowledge and interest in Commonwealth and Caribbean
Affairs", which he greatly admires.[136]
On 3
June, a boat parade and yacht race at the north side of the Kingston
Harbour was held to celebrate the Queen's Diamond Jubilee. The event was
organised by the Royal Jamaica Yacht Club to coincide with the Thames
Diamond Jubilee Pageant in London.[137]
On 4
June, communities across Western Jamaica celebrated the Queen's Diamond
Jubilee, at the Montego Bay Civic Centre, in Sam Sharpe Square, St.
James. Tributes included popular and gospel songs, and performances by
schoolchildren. The Custos of St. James, Ewen Corrodus, described the
occasion as fitting for "an icon who has been a part of Jamaica's life
for 60 years". A Jubilee beacon was also lit by Corrodus. The mayor of
Montego Bay, Councillor Glendon Harris, congratulated the Queen on her
Diamond Jubilee said that the Jubilee should be used for forgiveness and
reconciliation between individuals and communities, and called for
continued growth for Jamaica.[138][139]
On 4
June, four beacons were lit at central points across Jamaica, in
celebration of the Queen's Diamond Jubilee. The beacons were lit at St.
William Grant Park in Kingston; Montego Bay Civic Centre, St. James;
Seville Heritage Park, St. Ann; and at the Port Antonio town centre in
Portland.[137] At the beacon lighting in Kingston, Prime Minister
Simpson-Miller paid tribute to the Queen and said that during the times
when the Queen graced the Jamaican shores, the people of Jamaica found
in her a truly "royal personality" filled with warmth and good wishes
for the people of Jamaica.[140] The beacons were designed by the Jamaica
Defence Force and built by students from the Caribbean Maritime
Institute (CMI). All beacons were lit simultaneously at 10:00 p.m. at
each location, and remained lit for 24 hours.[137]
On
10 June, a church service was held at the St. Andrew Parish Church. A
Diamond Jubilee Prayer, which was written at the Queen's direction, was
used at the church service in Jamaica.[137]
An
exhibition was held in June, which showcased the Queen's visits to
Jamaica, the recipients of awards presented by the Queen, and other
things.[137]
Commemorative Diamond Jubilee
Medals were awarded by Governor-General Allen to members of the armed
forces, emergency services and prison service personnel of
Jamaica.[137][141]
Jamaicans from all ages were invited to attend all the Diamond Jubilee events in Jamaica.[137][142]
The
Governor-General and his wife travelled to London to participate in
various events there in June, including a reception held by the High
Commissioner of Jamaica to the UK.[143] Jamaica's Diamond Jubilee
celebrations proceeded despite Portia Simpson-Miller's ongoing work to
have the country become a republic.[144]
Royal visit
Prince
Harry toured Jamaica between 5 and 8 March 2012,[145][146]
participating in various events marking his grandmother's Diamond
Jubilee. During the tour, the Prince partook in military exercises with
the Jamaica Defence Force, visited Bustamante Hospital for Children and,
in Trelawny Parish, visited Water Square, Falmouth Pier, and the
William Knibb Baptist Church, where he paid respect at the William Knibb
memorial.[147][148] The Prince attended an event for the charity Rise
Life,[149] ran with Usain Bolt at the latter's training ground at the
University of the West Indies, Mona. There, he was also named an
Honorary Fellow of the university.[150] A Jamaica Night reception was
held at the Royal Caribbean Hotel in Montego Bay and Governor-General of
Jamaica Sir Patrick Allen hosted a dinner at King's House as a combined
celebration of the Diamond Jubilee and Jamaica's 50th anniversary of
independence. The Prime Minister, Portia Simpson Miller, stated the tour
was intended to "highlight the country's tourism developments on the
North Coast and the important work being done in the area of youth and
children."[145]
New Zealand
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Zealand [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]. You can help by adding to it. (April 2022)
Sir
Jerry Mateparae, the Governor-General of New Zealand, unveiled New
Zealand's Diamond Jubilee emblem on 27 November 2011, and announced at
that time that a full programme would be forthcoming.[151]
Emblem
The official emblem of the Queen of New Zealand's Diamond Jubilee[151]
The
diamond shape of the emblem is an allusion to the Queen's Diamond
Jubilee, and the colour alludes to New Zealand's highly prized pounamu.
The emblem features the Queen's royal cypher, and koru (which often
features in Māori art) is used in the form of those on the chain of The
New Zealand Order of Merit. The chain links represents the role of the
Sovereign as a part of the New Zealand constitution and the historic
links between the Crown and Maori.[151]
The
gold in the emblem represents value and achievement, whereas the manuka
flowers relate to the Badge of The Queen's Service Order (QSO) which is
based on stylised representation of this flower. Manuka and manuka honey
are well known for their health enhancing properties.[151]
Commemoration
New
Zealand Post and the Reserve Bank of New Zealand issued a silver proof
dollar coin to celebrate the jubilee in February 2012, and in the same
month the Ministry for Culture and Heritage added Crown-related entries
to Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand and an essay on the jubilee
to NZ.History.net.nz.[152][153] The New Zealand post also issued sets of
Diamond Jubilee stamps showing images of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince
Philip throughout her reign.[154]
Official Diamond Jubilee portrait of the Queen of New Zealand
Prime
Minister John Key moved a motion in the House of Representatives
congratulating the Queen on her Diamond Jubilee on 7 February.[155] The
Governor-General-in-Council also launched, two days later, via the
Ministry of Health, the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Research
Grant, "seeking to purchase research projects that transfer knowledge
from initiatives with proven effectiveness, into practice in the health
sector".[156]
The New Zealand Army Band took
part in the Diamond Jubilee Pageant held at Windsor Castle and also took
part in the changing of guard ceremony at Buckingham Palace. In New
Zealand, New Zealand Herald opinion columnist Jim Hopkins was critical
of the jubilee celebrations held over the Queen's Birthday weekend,
calling it a "missed opportunity".[157] He was also critical of TVNZ's
lack of jubilee related content in its daily news broadcast.[157]
A
royal tour was undertaken by Charles, Prince of Wales, and Camilla,
Duchess of Cornwall, between 10 and 16 November 2012.[39][158]
travelling to Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, and Manawatu. Their
programme is to focus on excellence and innovation in business,
agriculture, community service, and sports, as well as children's
literacy and animal health.[39]
Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinean version of the Queen's Diamond Jubilee Medal, 2012
Charles, Prince of Wales, and Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall, toured Papua New Guinea between 3 and 5 November.[39]
The
Prince of Wales spoke to crowds in Port Moresby in the pidgin language
of Tok Pisin, referring to himself as 'namawan pikinini bilong misis
kwinn' (the number one child of The Queen). He and delivered greetings
from The Queen in Tok Pisin: "Mi bringim bikpela tok hamamas bilong
mejesti kwin Papua Niugini na olgeta haus lain bilong mi lon dispela
taim bilong Diamon Jubili misis kwin. Mi tokpisin olrite?" (I bring you
greetings from Her Majesty the Queen of Papua New Guinea and from all my
family members during this celebration of the Diamond Jubilee of the
Queen. Was my Pisin correct?).[159]
During
their time in the country, the Prince and the Duchess met church,
charity, and community volunteers, cultural groups, and members of the
Papua New Guinea Defence Force in and near Port Moresby.[39]
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Historical
re-enactments were put on in Saint Kitts and Nevis for the Earl and
Countess of Wessex, who arrived on 3 March 2012.[160] There, the couple
met with Governor-General Sir Cuthbert Sebastian, Prime Minister Denzil
Douglas, and other dignitaries, watched cultural shows (including the
performance of a calypso song about the Queen), and the Earl unveiled a
plaque commemorating the Diamond Jubilee and officially designated the
Basseterre Valley Park as the Royal Basseterre Valley Park. They also
visited Brimstone Hill Fortress National Park and the children's ward of
the JNF Hospital and the Children's Home before attending a state
dinner and fireworks display at Port Zante.[161]
Saint Lucia
The Earl and Countess of Wessex arrived in Saint Lucia on 21 February 2012.[162]
Governor-General
Dame Pearlette Louisy hosted a Charity Banquet and Ball at Government
House on 9 June to celebrate the Queen's Diamond Jubilee. The event
included a gourmet charity dinner, followed by dancing to the
accompaniment of a full orchestra by the Royal Saint Lucia Police Band.
The event was held under the theme "A Diamond Moment In Time?". The
proceeds of the event went towards several charities supported by
Government House.[163]
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
In
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, a Diamond Jubilee Celebrations
Committee was established to oversee events staged to mark, between
February and June 2012, the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II. The
committee head, former Minister of Culture Rene Baptiste, stated the aim
was to "showcase what we have to offer, as well as our loyalty to the
Parliament..." The Earl and Countess of Wessex, aboard RFA Fort Rosalie,
arrived for their tour of country on 25 February and visited the
restored Botanic Gardens St. Vincent and planted a Pink Poui tree,
attended an official lunch at Government House, and planted Royal Palms
on the Grenadines.
Trade unionist Noel Jackson
said he heard displeasure expressed by Vincentians towards the royal
tour and that "a lot of people were cursing." Senator Julian Francis,
the General Secretary of the governing Unity Labour Party, stated the
public reaction to the presence of the royal couple "confirmed to me
that we could not have won the 2009 referendum on a republic. The
outpouring of the people in St. Vincent to come and greet Prince Edward
yesterday confirmed to me that people, in the majority in St. Vincent,
still want the monarchy... It was like a carnival in town
yesterday."[164]
A Diamond Jubilee Lecture was
delivered in March, a flower show and tea party was held at Government
House on 4 and 5 May, a stamp exhibition was mounted at the National
Trust headquarters and an exhibition of photographs of the Queen in
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines was displayed at the National Public
Library. A Queen's Birthday parade took place, as did a Diamond Jubilee
Beacon Event on 4 June, part of the wider plan to light such beacons at
the same time across the Commonwealth.[165]
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom's Diamond Jubilee logo
Sea Containers House decorated with a large photograph of her Silver Jubilee
One of Warrington's Own Buses adorned in special diamond jubilee livery to mark the Queen's Diamond Jubilee
Planning
As
with the Golden Jubilee in 2002, the Department for Culture, Media and
Sport was responsible for coordinating the Cabinet-led aspects of the
celebrations.[166][167] Events were planned so as to keep the use of tax
money to a minimum; most funds used to fund celebrations were drawn
from private donors and sponsors. Only the cost of security was by Her
Majesty's Treasury.[8] The British logo for the Diamond Jubilee was
selected through a contest held by the BBC children's programme Blue
Peter; the winning design, announced in February 2011, was created by
ten-year-old Katherine Dewar.[168][169]
Extended weekend
On
5 January 2010, the Lord President of the Council and Business
Secretary Lord Mandelson announced that an extra bank holiday would take
place on 5 June 2012.[170][171] Moving the Spring Bank Holiday (the
last Monday in May) to 4 June resulted in a four-day holiday in honour
of the Diamond Jubilee.[170][172] As national holidays are a devolved
matter, Scotland's first minister confirmed that the bank holiday would
be held on 5 June in Scotland. Some economists later theorised that the
holiday could reduce the country's gross domestic product by 0.5% in the
second quarter of the year, though this would be partially offset by
increased sales for the hospitality and merchandise sectors.[173]
The Queen travelling by car to St Paul's Cathedral for the service of thanksgiving on 5 June
Many
events were staged in London during the bank holiday weekend.[172] The
River Thames Diamond Jubilee Pageant was held on 3 June; a maritime
parade of 1,000 boats from around the Commonwealth—the largest flotilla
seen on the river in 350 years—together with other celebrations along
the river banks.[174][175][176] Heavy rain started during the event and
the commemorative airforce flyover at the end was cancelled due to very
low cloud base and bad visibility at ground level. Along with almost all
members of the royal family, various governors-general from the
Commonwealth realms other than the UK were in attendance.[116][143] The
Diamond Jubilee Concert, with a preceding afternoon picnic in the palace
gardens for the 10,000 concert ticket holders,[177][178][179] was held
the following day, in front of Buckingham Palace, and featured acts
representing each decade of the Queen's 60-year reign.
Street
parties were permitted to take place across the country.[180] Special
community lottery grants, called The Jubilee People's Millions, are
being offered by the Big Lottery Fund and ITV.[181]
Members
of the royal family, governors-general, and prime ministers from the
Commonwealth realms were present at various functions held on 4 and 5
June: A reception took place at Buckingham Palace before the Diamond
Jubilee Concert and a national service of thanksgiving was conducted the
following day at St. Paul's Cathedral, also attended by 2,000 other
guests.[182] Will Todd's anthem "The Call of Wisdom", commissioned
specially for this event, was performed by the Diamond Choir, made up of
about 40 children from around the UK.[183][184] The Archbishop of
Canterbury dedicated his sermon to the Queen, during which he noted her
"lifelong dedication" and stated that she "has made her 'public' happy
and all the signs are that she is herself happy, fulfilled and at home
in these encounters."[185] Afterwards, a formal lunch was held in
Westminster Hall. The Queen returned to Buckingham Palace at 2:20 pm, in
an open top carriage procession and escorted by The Household Cavalry
Regiment.[186] Another reception was held at London's Guildhall and a
luncheon took place at Lancaster House, hosted by the British Secretary
of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs.[8][116] A reception
solely for governors-general was held by the Queen at Buckingham
Palace.[116]
Flypast by the Red Arrows over Buckingham Palace on 5 June
The
weekend of celebrations ended with a balcony appearance at Buckingham
Palace. The Queen appeared on the balcony with the Prince of Wales, the
Duchess of Cornwall, the Duke of Cambridge, the Duchess of Cambridge,
and Prince Harry in front of cheering crowds outside the palace and
along The Mall. There followed a feu de joie and a flypast by the Red
Arrows and historic aircraft,[186] including the last flying Lancaster
bomber in Britain.[citation needed] Several media commentators commented
on the significance of only senior members of the royal family
appearing on the balcony. BBC royal correspondent Peter Hunt remarked
that it "sent a message demonstrating both continuity and restraint at a
time of austerity".[186]
Permanent tributes
While
the sands of culture shift and the tides of politics ebb and flow, Her
Majesty has been a permanent anchor, bracing Britain against the storms,
grounding us in certainty. Crucially, simultaneously, she has moved the
monarchy forward. It has been said that the art of progress is to
preserve order amid change and change amid order, and in this the Queen
is unparalleled. She has never shut the door on the future; instead, she
has led the way through it, ushering in the television cameras, opening
up the royal collection and the palaces and hosting receptions and
award ceremonies for every area of public life. It is easy now to take
these things for granted, but we should remember that they were her
initiatives. She was broadcasting to the nation every Christmas day 30
years before we let cameras into this House.
David Cameron, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, 2012[187]
To
mark the jubilee, the Queen bestowed Royal Borough status on Greenwich,
in southeast London.[170][188] In addition, a competition was held to
grant in 2012 city status to towns and either a lord mayoralty or lord
provostship to one city.[n 3][190] City status was awarded to Chelmsford
in England, Perth in Scotland and St Asaph in Wales. Armagh, Northern
Ireland, was awarded the Lord Mayoralty.[191]
The
Olympic Park in East London, created for the 2012 London Olympics, was
named the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park following the Olympics.[192] The
Queen Elizabeth II Fields Challenge (Queen Elizabeth Fields Challenge in
Scotland) was a project of the charity Fields in Trust to safeguard
parks and green spaces as public recreation land in perpetuity for
future generations to enjoy, and to provide a permanent legacy of the
Diamond Jubilee and the Olympics.[193] The Woodland Trust planned to
establish 60 Jubilee woodlands during 2011 and 2012, one of almost 500
acres – Flagship Diamond Wood, Leicestershire – and the remainder 60
acres each.[194]
A stained glass window, paid
for by MPs and members of the House of Lords, was unveiled in the
Queen's presence at Westminster Hall in March 2012.[195] In addition, a
majority of MPs endorsed the renaming of the clock tower of Westminster
Palace that houses Big Ben, to the Elizabeth Tower.[196]
The Royal Jubilee Bells in St James Garlickhythe before being hung in the church's tower
The
Royal Jubilee Bells, made for the Jubilee and a feature of the Thames
Diamond Jubilee Pageant, were delivered to the church of St James
Garlickhythe in the City of London on 15 June 2012 and arranged along
the central aisle. They were dedicated by the Rt Revd John Waine on
Sunday 17 June and hanging commenced in the tower shortly thereafter.
They were rung for the first time in the church on 4 July.[197]
The
Royal Mint issued a number of coins including an official £5 coin, a
5oz coin and a kilo coin.[198] A five-pound sterling silver coin was
issued by the Government of Gibraltar to mark the occasion.[199]
In
October 2012 it was announced that the Queen would bestow the honorary
title of Regius Professorship to up to six university chairs in the
United Kingdom, to recognise "excellence in teaching and research";[200]
the number was chosen to represent the decades of the Queen's
reign.[201] The full list was announced on 29 January 2013 and comprised
twelve new chairs, in recognition of the "exceptionally high quality"
of the departments considered.[202]
Kew Gardens
announced that the Main Gate, the entrance to the gardens from Kew
Green, was to be renamed Elizabeth Gate in honour of the Queen. Princess
Alexandra attended the naming ceremony on 21 October 2012.[203]
On
18 December 2012, the British Foreign Office announced that a portion
of the British Antarctic Territory was to be named Queen Elizabeth Land
in honour of Her Majesty in her diamond jubilee year.[204]
A
seemingly less permanent tribute that gained widespread popularity was a
work provided by street artist Banksy. His "Slave Labour" stencil on a
north London wall offered pointed criticism of the jubilee celebrations
and the conditions that support British nationalism.[205] The mural's
removal and subsequent attempted sale at auction in February 2013
sparked international controversy, highlighting the piece's worth to
local and regional residents.[206] Its title, perhaps coincidentally,
conjured another contentious part of the celebrations where unemployed
workers, bussed into London on an allegedly unpaid trial to staff
security for the event, were made to work under what some described as
"appalling" conditions.[207]
Other events
Diamond Jubilee medals
On
Accession Day, 6 February, a 62-gun salute was mounted on the banks of
the River Thames, near the Tower of London and the Queen made a visit to
Norfolk, one of the first places the monarch visited after acceding to
the throne.[63] Later in the month, Queen Elizabeth attended a
multi-faith (Bahá'í, Buddhist, Christian, Hindu, Jain, Jewish, Muslim,
Sikh, and Zoroastrian) reception held at the residence of the Archbishop
of Canterbury, Lambeth Palace, in honour of the jubilee.[208]
The
Queen addressed both houses of parliament in Westminster Hall on 20
March 2012.[209] Also in March, the Royal Commonwealth Society launched
the Jubilee Time Capsule to mark the jubilee.[210] The British
Broadcasting Corporation and Andrew Marr created the television
documentary The Diamond Queen, in which various members of the royal
family and current and former politicians spoke about the sovereign and
her life. The documentary was criticised by the campaign group Republic,
which argued that it breached BBC guidelines on impartiality.[211]
At
Buckingham Palace, a display of the Queen's diamonds was opened to the
public.[8] On 4 June, the bells in each of the 34 church bell towers
along the River Welland valley rang in succession, ending with the
ringing of the bell at Fosdyke 60 times.[212]
On
19 May, the Queen attended the Diamond Jubilee Armed Forces Parade and
Muster, the British Armed Forces' own tribute to the monarch, in Windsor
Castle and nearby Home Park. The first time all three services had
assembled for the Queen for such an event at the same time, it featured
military reviews and a 2,500 strong military parade through the town, as
well as a military flypast featuring 78 aircraft.[213]
A
Nowka Bais competition in Oxford was dedicated to the Diamond Jubilee.
The Queen issued a statement on the event and expressed her interest
about the Bengali sporting tradition to the event organisers.[214]
Overseas territories
[icon]
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Jubilee Flotilla and other details about the celebrations (link). You
can help by adding to it. (June 2021)
The Earl and Countess of Wessex at the Queen's Birthday Parade, Grand Casemates Square, Gibraltar, June 2012
Prince
Richard, Duke of Gloucester, toured the British Virgin Islands (BVI) in
March 2012. On Montserrat, he met participants in the Sailability BVI
programme, including Special Olympics medallists, and staff and
associates of the Eslyn Henley Ritchie Learning Centre, BVI Technical
and Vocational Institute, BVI Services, and the Department of Youth
Affairs and Sports.[215]
Prince Edward, Earl of
Wessex, and Sophie, Countess of Wessex, visited the British Overseas
Territory of Gibraltar, between 11 and 13 June 2012,[216] and
Montserrat.[when?][37] The Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs and
Cooperation expressed "upset and concern" about the couple's tour of
Gibraltar, which Spain claims as Spanish territory.[216]
Other realms
Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, and Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge, visited the Solomon Islands and Tuvalu.[37]
The
Queen's realms throughout the Caribbean and West Indies planned a
number of Diamond Jubilee events. Using RFA Fort Rosalie, Prince Edward,
Earl of Wessex, and Sophie, Countess of Wessex, visited other Caribbean
realms, including: Antigua and Barbuda, Grenada, Montserrat and Saint
Lucia.[37][217][218]
Other Commonwealth countries
The Duke of Cambridge in Malaysia as part of a tour to mark the Queen's Diamond Jubilee, September 2012
Visits
were planned by Princess Anne to Zambia and Mozambique, while the Duke
of Gloucester made official visits to Uganda and Malta. In Asia, Prince
Andrew, Duke of York, visited India, while Prince William and Catherine,
the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge, visited Malaysia, Singapore, Solomon
Islands and Tuvalu.[219]
Prince Edward, Earl
of Wessex, and Sophie, Countess of Wessex, visited Trinidad and
Tobago,[220] as did Governor General of Canada David Johnston.
India
The
British High Commission in Delhi held a large Jubilee reception, which
the Duke of York also attended. Children took a ride on an elephant
named Rupa draped in the Union Jack, during the Jubilee events in New
Delhi. The British Jubilee Tea Party received high amounts of media
coverage, so also did Rupa the elephant.[221][222]
Kenya
In
Nairobi, the High Commission commemorated the Queen's Diamond Jubilee
by lighting a beacon at Treetops Lodge, the location where Princess
Elizabeth learned of her father's death and her immediate accession to
the throne in 1952.[223] The celebrations also featured items such as
the car used by the Queen in 1952 and an exhibition featuring radio
broadcasts and photographs from that time.[221]
Pakistan
In
Pakistan, the British High Commission organised an event with local
school children, in which they buried a time capsule, to be dug out on
25 years later. The children were asked to draw about their families,
community, country, and connections between the United Kingdom and
Pakistan. Coins, newspapers, magazines, and pictures of Pakistani
landmarks with signatures and messages for the Queen by the children
were also put in the time capsule. The event received a lot of positive
media coverage.[221][224]
South Africa
The
British Consulate in Cape Town, in conjunction with the Hout Bay and
Llandudno Heritage Trust, hosted a firing of ancient muzzle-loading
cannons at East Fort in Hout Bay. The Hout Bay and Llandudno Heritage
Trust restored the Fort's original Swedish made 18-pounder
muzzle-loading cannons, dating from 1752, and fired two rolling salvo
salutes, of six cannon shots each, in the Queen's honour and each
representing a decade of her reign. Members of the public were also
invited to join in lighting of a Jubilee Beacon.[221] The South African
Navy Band was in attendance and the guns were fired by VIPs who were
guided by gunners of the "Honourable Order of Hout Bay Artillerymen".
At
the Victoria and Alfred Waterfront of the Port of Cape Town, a flotilla
from the Royal Cape Yacht Club sailed past the Hildebrand Ristorante
and into-the Victoria Basin and the Cape Town Highlanders marched from
Ferryman's to Nobel Square. British Consul General Chris Trott lit a
beacon, followed by a further six-gun salute and both South African
national anthem and "God Save the Queen".[citation needed]
Other areas
Belgium
On
5 June 2012, about 500 eminent personalities from various fields
gathered in Brussels on the island in Bois de la Cambre to celebrate the
Queen's Jubilee. A ferry transported guests to the island, which
showcased British brands and products. This was followed by a visit from
HMS Edinburgh.[221]
Brazil
The
British Embassy held a Jubilee week in São Paulo and Brasilia, with
prominent areas in both cities being dressed with Union flags. Cultural
exhibitions were set up and images (60 photos for 60 years) and films,
highlighting the Royal visits to Brazil, were showcased. There were many
activities for children, including making model boats for a
mini-flotilla and a Big Jubilee Lunch. Local cinemas and restaurants
showed Jubilee-themed films and served special Jubilee dishes.[221]
Hong Kong
Hong
Kong, a British dependent territory until 1997 and the most populous
one, had The Big Jubilee Lunch on 3 June 2012, organised by the Royal
Commonwealth Society in Hong Kong. On 5 June 2012, there was a service
of thanksgiving at the territory's Anglican Cathedral Church of St. John
the Evangelist.[225]
Italy
The
Embassy in Rome and Consulate in Milan held multiple events to celebrate
the Queen's Diamond Jubilee, including UK-Italy in the pages of
Corriere della Sera, an exhibition organised by Fondazione Corriere
della Sera and the British Council. It was held from 7 June to 21 June
in Milan.[226] A multimedia Symphonic concert was held by the Orchestra
Italiana del Cinema with the support of Lazio Regional Council, which
was dedicated to British and Italian cinematography. A documentary
series on the royal family, titled 'London Calling', was broadcast by
BBC Knowledge. Milan also used their Jubilee activity to supplement
events highlighting high end British jewellery design.[221]
Japan
In
Tokyo, the British Embassy hosted a Vivienne Westwood collection launch
to commemorate the Queen's Diamond Jubilee. The event was attended by
800 guests, where they saw the World Premiere of Vivienne Westwood's
2012-13 spring summer collection fashion show. There was a display of 13
British manufactured cars and motorbikes worth £1.3 million. In a
surprise guest appearance, Tomoyasu Hotei played his signature tune from
"Kill Bill". The garden marquee provided a special Jubilee menu of the
finest British food and drink. The event was featured on Japan's premier
evening and breakfast news shows, reaching an estimated audience of
21.5 million viewers.[221]
Mexico
A
series of events were held in Mexico City to celebrate the Queen's
Diamond Jubilee. The British Embassy held a reception showcasing British
brands, the BBC provided Diamond Jubilee programming, and Wedgewood and
Twinings set up a British Tea House experience. The reception was
attended by over 1000 guests and the Ambassador gave a number of
interviews around the Jubilee and events both in the UK and Mexico.[221]
United Arab Emirates
In
the UAE, a number of events were held to celebrate the Queen's Diamond
Jubilee. In Abu Dhabi, the British Embassy held a 'Great British Car
Rally', the first of its kind in the UAE. The Rally, which was organised
by the Embassy and the Yas Marina Circuit, started at the Embassy in
Abu Dhabi at 6pm, and travelled along Abu Dhabi's Corniche en route to
the Yas Marina Circuit, where the participants first did a loop of the
F1 race track before mixing and mingling at a reception at the Circuit's
main pit garages. At the reception, the guests were shown the
Rolls-Royce that the Queen travelled in during her first visit to the
UAE in 1979.[221]
Various glimpses of the Great British Car Rally
Great British Car Rally - A rally fit for a Queen (7179408781).jpg
Great British Car Rally - A rally fit for a Queen (7179409213).jpg
Great British Car Rally - A rally fit for a Queen (7179411171).jpg
Great British Car Rally - A rally fit for a Queen (7364639876).jpg
The
Embassy in Dubai opened up its lawns up to the British and
International community who then picnicked there. The people also saw
the live transmission of the Diamond Jubilee Pageant down the River
Thames.[221] The Dubai Offshore Sailing Club held a "Jubilee Pursuit
Race", to mark the Queen's Jubilee.[227]
United States
President Obama's message for the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II
In
a video message, President Obama offered the Queen the "heartfelt
congratulations of the American people" on the occasion of her Diamond
Jubilee, and said that the Queen was a "living witness" to the power of
the special relationship between the US and UK, and the "chief source of
its resilience." He added, "May the light of Your Majesty’s crown
continue to reign supreme for many years to come".[228]
In
New York City, around 700 people were invited to run through Central
Park for six kilometers, one for every decade of her reign on 31
May.[229] The run raised $14,000 for two charities: St. George's Society
and Disabled Sports USA. Sex and the City star Kim Cattrall started the
race and the music was provided by a Beatles tribute band.[221]
Uzbekistan
The
British Embassy in Tashkent, Uzbekistan celebrated the Queen's Diamond
Jubilee with a Big Jubilee Lunch on 1 June 2012.[229] The Embassy also
used the example of the Queen to engage with businesswomen, who were
having an increasingly important impact on the Uzbek economy but remain
unrecognised.[221]
See also
icon Monarchy portal
flag United Kingdom portal
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flag Australia portal
flag New Zealand portal
Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal
2012 Diamond Jubilee Honours
Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II
Ruby Jubilee of Elizabeth II
Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II
Sapphire Jubilee of Elizabeth II
Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II
List of monarchs in Britain by length of reign
List of jubilees of British monarchs
Notes
This
included the tunes "O Canada", "Westminster" (for carillon),
"Jerusalem", "This Canada of Ours", "Andante" (from Sonata for 47
Bells), and "God Save the Queen".[84]
Gordie Gosse, the
Speaker of the House of Assembly of Nova Scotia, held a youth event at
Province House.[93] Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia Steven Point
hosted a tea and later formal reception at Government House.[94] A
public official reception was held by the territorial commissioner at
the Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories on 7 February, at
which a pictorial display with the theme of past royal tours of the
territory was opened.[82] A ceremony, attended by the Lieutenant
Governor, Premier, and parliamentary officials was held in conjunction
with the opening of the British Columbia legislature on 14 February.[94]
And Lieutenant Governor of Ontario David Onley mounted at the viceregal
suite at the Ontario Legislative Building an exhibition entitled 60 in
60, to "show six decades of Her Majesty's devotion and service to
Canada."[95]
The towns that bid for city status were:[189]
Bolton, Bournemouth, Chelmsford, Colchester, Coleraine, Corby,
Craigavon, Croydon, Doncaster, Dorchester, Dudley, Dumfries, Gateshead,
Goole, Luton, Medway, Middlesbrough, Milton Keynes, Perth, Reading,
Southend, St Asaph, St Austell, Stockport, Tower Hamlets, and Wrexham.
The cities that bid for a Lord Mayoralty or Lord Provostship were:[189]
Armagh, Cambridge, Derby, Gloucester, Lancaster, Newport, Peterborough,
Salford, Southampton, St Albans, Sunderland, and Wakefield.
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Queen Elizabeth II: how will the Commonwealth mark her death, will King Charles become next head of state?
The reign of King Charles III has begun after Queen Elizabeth II died at the age of 96,
Her
Majesty’s death comes months after she marked her Platinum Jubilee. She
had reigned for 70 years and was the longest serving British monarch.
Her
passing was confirmed on Thursday 8 September, shortly after Buckingham
Palace announced that she was under medical supervision at Balmoral as
doctors were concerned for her health.
The
Queen, who was known for her sense of duty and her devotion to a life of
service, had been a figurehead for the UK and the Commonwealth since
she first ascended to the throne in 1952. This was just one of the many
roles at duties she had as Queen.
Here’s everything you need to know about what will happen to the Commonwealth now.
Prince
Charles may become head of state following the death of Queen Elizabeth
II. He is pictured speaking at the formal opening of the Commonwealth
Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM) at Buckingham Palace in London on
April 19, 2018
The Commonwealth, sometimes
called the Commonwealth of Nations, is a free association of sovereign
states - including the United Kingdom and a number of other countries -
who have chosen to maintain ties of friendship and practical
cooperation.
Founded in 1931, the Commonwealth
is a voluntary association of 54 countries in Africa, Asia, the
Americas, Europe and the Pacific, with around 2.6 billion people as
members.
What was the Queen’s role in the Commonwealth?
The Queen was head of state in 15 of the member countries as five countries have their own monarch and 34 are republics.
It
was a role that her father King George VI adopted when all countries
were under his rule, and although the job was not hereditary upon her
coronation, it was a position Her Majesty assumed.
Each
Commonwealth country functioned independently from the Queen, with its
own elected laws and governors, therefore as head of state Her Majesty
played a rather neutral role; although she is recognised as the
ceremonial ruler of the association.
The Queen often took trips to many of the Commonwealth countries and retained a neutral position.
Will Prince Charles become the new head of state?
In 2018, Prince Charles, Prince of Wales, was appointed the Queen’s designated successor for head of state in the Commonwealth.
The ceremony took place at Windsor Castle, and the decision was made by leaders following the Queen’s wish.
Since
then, he has stood in for his mother at Commonwealth receptions and
events, including formally opening the Commonwealth Games in Birmingham
earlier this year.
As being head of the
Commonwealth is an entirely ceremonial role, it is not an automatic
right that the new monarch becomes head of Commonwealth.
King
Charles III has, however, become head of the Commonwealth after the
passing of Queen Elizabeth II as he was officially designated as Her
Majesty’s successor four years ago.
What will happen to the Commonwealth now the Queen has died?
The
Commonwealth has known its fair share of crises over the years,
including Barbados removing Queen Elizabeth II as its head of state and
becoming a republic, and so it is unclear what will happen now.
Member
states have expressed dissatisfaction with a ceremonial head at the
helm when there is an elected Secretary General responsible for its
representation, Rt Hon Patricia Scotland QC.
What happens is mainly dependent on who is in power in the relevant nations and what they would prefer to do.
Speaking
about the role the Commonwealth has played in his life, Charles said in
2018: “The Commonealth has been a fundamental feature of my life for as
long as I can remember, beginning with my first visit to Malta when I
was just five years old.”
Earlier this year,
Charles III said, however, that Commonwealth countries were free to
forge their futures away from the Commonwealth.
He said: “Our Commonwealth family is – and will always remain – a free association of independent self-governing nations.
“We
meet and talk as equals, sharing our knowledge and experience for the
betterment of all citizens of the Commonwealth and, indeed, the wider
world.
“The Commonwealth contains within it
countries that have had constitutional relationships with my family,
some that continue to do so, and increasingly those that have had none.’
He
added: “I want to say clearly, as I have said before, that each
member’s constitutional arrangement, as republic or monarchy, is purely a
matter for each member country to decide.
“The benefit of long life brings me the experience that arrangements such as these can change, calmly and without rancour.”