Thanks for Looking and Best of Luck with the Bidding!!
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The sixpence coin is a long-standing British symbol of good luck, prosperity, and good fortune. Its association with luck stems from various traditions and folklore, most notably in weddings and at Christmas, dating back to the Victorian era and earlier.
Key Traditions and History
Bridal Tradition: The most famous tradition is captured in the classic Victorian rhyme: "Something old, something new, something borrowed, something blue, and a silver sixpence in her shoe". The father of the bride would traditionally place the sixpence (which was sterling silver until 1947) in her left shoe as a wish for financial prosperity, happiness, and to ward off evil spirits in her marriage.
Christmas Pudding: Families traditionally gathered on "Stir Up Sunday" (the last Sunday before Advent) to make the Christmas pudding, and a sixpence was stirred into the mixture. It was believed that the person who found the coin in their portion on Christmas Day would have wealth and good luck for the coming year.
Folklore and Superstition: Beyond these specific events, the coin was generally considered a lucky talisman. Some folklore suggested that fairies would leave a sixpence in the shoes of tidy maids. Soldiers also sometimes kept a sixpence for luck before heading into battle.
Christening Gifts: The tradition of giving coins at christenings can be traced back to the biblical story of the Three Wise Men. Over time, the silver sixpence became a popular gift to wish a newborn child well and help set up a small "nest egg".
History of the Coin
First Minted: The sixpence coin was first struck in 1551 during the reign of Edward VI.
Composition: It was originally made of sterling silver (92.5%) for centuries. The silver content was reduced to 50% in 1920, and the coin became cupro-nickel in 1947.
Demonetization: The sixpence remained a popular coin in British pre-decimal coinage for over 400 years and continued to be legal tender after decimalization in 1971, valued at 2.5 new pence. It was finally withdrawn from circulation in 1980, but its legacy as a lucky charm endures.
Today, while no longer everyday currency, sixpences are still popular as commemorative items, keepsakes, and gifts for special occasions like weddings and landmark birthdays, continuing the tradition of wishing good fortune.
Luck
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Luck (disambiguation).
"Good luck" redirects here. For other uses, see Good luck (disambiguation).
"Good fortune" redirects here. For other uses, see Good Fortune.
A four-leaf clover, a rare variant of the shamrock, is often considered to bestow good luck.
Luck is a phenomenon or belief that humans may associate with experiencing improbable events, especially improbably positive or negative events.[1][2][3] Philosophical naturalism, eschewing any supernatural explanations, might suggest that positive or negative events may happen at any time (due to both random and non-random natural and artificial processes), and that even improbable events can happen by random chance.[a] In this view, the epithet "lucky" or "unlucky" is a descriptive label that refers to an event's positivity, negativity, or improbability.
Supernatural interpretations of luck consider it to be an attribute of a person or object, or the result of a favorable or unfavorable view of a deity upon a person. These interpretations often prescribe how luckiness or unluckiness can be obtained, such as by carrying a lucky charm or offering sacrifices or prayers to a deity. Saying someone is "born lucky" may hold different meanings, depending on the interpretation: it could simply mean that they have been born into a good family or circumstance; or that they habitually experience improbably positive events, due to some inherent property, or due to the lifelong favor of a god or goddess in a monotheistic or polytheistic religion.
Many superstitions are related to luck, though these are often specific to a given culture or set of related cultures, and sometimes contradictory. For example, lucky symbols include the number 7 in Christian-influenced cultures and the number 8 in Chinese-influenced cultures. Unlucky symbols and events include entering and leaving a house by different doors or breaking a mirror[5] in Greek culture, throwing rocks into a whirlwind in Navajo culture,[6] and ravens in Western culture. Some of these associations may derive from related facts or desires. For example, in Western culture opening an umbrella indoors might be considered unlucky partly because it could poke someone in the eye, whereas shaking hands with a chimney sweep might be considered lucky partly because it is a kind but unpleasant thing to do given the dirty nature of their work. In Chinese and Japanese culture, the association of the number 4 as a homophone with the word for death may explain why it is considered unlucky. Extremely complicated and sometimes contradictory systems for prescribing auspicious and inauspicious times and arrangements of things have been devised, for example feng shui in Chinese culture and systems of astrology in various cultures around the world.
Many polytheistic religions have specific gods or goddesses that are associated with luck, both good and bad, including Fortuna and Felicitas in the Ancient Roman religion (the former related to the words "fortunate" and "unfortunate" in English), Dedun in Nubian religion, the Seven Lucky Gods in Japanese mythology, mythical American serviceman John Frum in Polynesian cargo cults, and the inauspicious Alakshmi in Hinduism.
Etymology and definition
1927 advertisement for lucky jewellery. "Why Be Unlucky?".
The English noun luck appears comparatively late, during the 1480s, as a loan from Low German, Dutch or Frisian luk, a short form of gelucke (Middle High German gelücke). Compare to old Slavic word lukyj (лукый) - appointed by destiny and old Russian luchaj (лучаи) - destiny, fortune. It likely entered English as a gambling term, and the context of gambling remains detectable in the word's connotations; luck is a way of understanding a personal chance event. Luck has three aspects:[7][8][9]
Luck is good or bad.[10]
Luck is the result of chance.[11]
Luck applies to a sentient being.
Before the adoption of luck at the end of the Middle Ages, Old English and Middle English expressed the notion of "good fortune" with the word speed (Middle English spede, Old English spēd); speed besides "good fortune" had the wider meaning of "prosperity, profit, abundance"; it is not associated with the notion of probability or chance but rather with that of fate or divine help; a bestower of success can also be called speed, as in "Christ be our speed" (William Robertson, Phraseologia generalis, 1693).
The notion of probability was expressed by the Latin loanword chance, adopted in Middle English from the late 13th century, literally describing an outcome as a "falling" (as it were of dice), via Old French cheance from Late Latin cadentia "falling". Fortuna, the Roman goddess of fate or luck, was popular as an allegory in medieval times, and even though it was not strictly reconcilable with Christian theology, it became popular in learned circles of the High Middle Ages to portray her as a servant of God in distributing success or failure in a characteristically "fickle" or unpredictable way, thus introducing the notion of chance.[citation needed]
Interpretations
Luck is interpreted and understood in many different ways.
Lack of control
Luck refers to that which happens to a person beyond that person's control. This view incorporates phenomena that are chance happenings, a person's place of birth for example, but where there is no uncertainty involved, or where the uncertainty is irrelevant. Within this framework, one can differentiate between three different types of luck:
Constitutional luck, that is, luck with factors that cannot be changed. Place of birth and genetic constitution are typical examples.
Circumstantial luck—with factors that are haphazardly brought on. Accidents and epidemics are typical examples.
Ignorance luck, that is, luck with factors one does not know about. Examples can be identified only in hindsight.
Circumstantial luck with accidental happenstance of favorable discoveries and/or inventions is serendipity.
Fallacy
Another view holds that "luck is probability taken personally." A rationalist approach to luck includes the application of the rules of probability and an avoidance of unscientific beliefs. The rationalist thinks that the belief in luck is a result of poor reasoning or wishful thinking. To a rationalist, a believer in luck who asserts that something has influenced his or her luck commits the "post hoc ergo propter hoc" logical fallacy: that because two events are connected sequentially, they are connected causally as well. In general, this fallacy is that:
A luck-attracting event or action happens;
Then a positive outcome happens;
Therefore, the event or action influenced the outcome.
More contemporary authors writing on the subject believe that the definition of good destiny is: One who enjoys good health; has the physical and mental capabilities of achieving his goals in life; has good appearance, and; has happiness in mind and is not prone to accidents.[12]
In the rationalist perspective, probability is only affected by confirmed causal connections.
The gambler's fallacy and inverse gambler's fallacy both explain some reasoning problems in common beliefs in luck. They involve denying the unpredictability of random events: "I haven't rolled a seven all week, so I'll definitely roll one tonight".
Philosopher Daniel Dennett wrote that "luck is mere luck" rather than a property of a person or thing.[13]
Essence
Maneki-neko with Seven Lucky gods
There is also a series of spiritual, or supernatural beliefs regarding fortune. These beliefs vary widely from one to another, but most agree that luck can be influenced through spiritual means by performing certain rituals or by avoiding certain circumstances.
Luck can also be a belief in an organization of fortunate and unfortunate events. Luck is a form of superstition which is interpreted differently by different individuals. Carl Jung coined the term synchronicity, which he described as "a meaningful coincidence".
Abrahamic religions believe God controls future events; belief in luck or fate is criticised in Isaiah 65:11–12:
But you who forsake the Lord,
who forget my holy mountain,
who set a table for Fortune
and fill cups of mixed wine for Destiny,
I will destine you to the sword,
and all of you shall bow down to the slaughter
Belief in the extent of Divine Providence varies; most acknowledge providence as at least a partial, if not complete influence on luck. Christianity, in its early development, accommodated many traditional practices which at different times, accepted omens and practiced forms of ritual sacrifice in order to divine the will of their supreme being or to influence divine favoritism. The concepts of "Divine Grace" or "Blessing" as they are described by believers closely resemble what is referred to as "luck" by others.
Mesoamerican religions, such as the Aztecs, Mayans and Incas, had particularly strong beliefs regarding the relationship between rituals and the gods, which could in a similar sense to Abrahamic religions be called luck or providence. In these cultures, human sacrifice (both of willing volunteers and captured enemies), as well as self-sacrifice by means of bloodletting, could possibly be seen as a way to propitiate the gods and earn favor for the city offering the sacrifice. An alternative interpretation[14] would be that the sacrificial blood was considered as a necessary element for the gods to maintain the proper working order of the universe, in the same way that oil would be applied to an automobile to keep it working as designed.
Many traditional African practices, such as voodoo and hoodoo, have a strong belief in superstition. Some of these religions include a belief that third parties can influence an individual's luck. Shamans and witches are both respected and feared, based on their ability to cause good or bad fortune for those in villages near them.
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Some evidence supports the idea that belief in luck acts like a placebo, producing positive thinking and improving people's responses to events.
In personality psychology, people reliably differ from each other depending on four key aspects: beliefs in luck, rejection of luck, being lucky, and being unlucky.[15] People who believe in good luck are more optimistic, more satisfied with their lives, and have better moods.[15] People who believe they are personally unlucky experience more anxiety, and less likely to take advantage of unexpected opportunities.[16] One 2010 study found that golfers who were told they were using a "lucky ball" performed better than those who were not.[16]
Some people intentionally put themselves in situations that increase the chances of a serendipitous encounter, such as socializing with people who work in different fields.[16]
Social aspects
Wheel of fortune as depicted in Sebastian Brant's book, author Albrecht Dürer
Games
Main article: Game of chance
The philosopher Nicholas Rescher has proposed that the luck of someone's result in a situation of uncertainty is measured by the difference between this party's yield and expectation: λ = Y - E. Thus skill enhances expectation and reduces luck. The extent to which different games will depend on luck, rather than skill or effort, varies considerably. For example, chess does not involve any random factors (beyond the determination of which player moves first), while the outcome of Snakes and Ladders is entirely based on random dice rolls. In poker, especially games with a communal board, pure luck may decide a winning hand. Luck in games involving chance is defined as the change in a player's equity after a random event such as a die roll or card draw.[17] Luck is positive (good luck) if the player's position is improved and negative (bad luck) if it is worsened. A poker player who is doing well (playing successfully, winning) is said to be "running good".[18]
Almost all sports contain elements of luck. A statistical analysis in the book The Success Equation attempted to elucidate the differing balance between skill and luck with respect to how teams finished in the major North American sports leagues. This analysis concluded that, on a luck-skill continuum, the NBA had the most skill-dependant result while that of the NHL was most luck-dependant.[19]
Lotteries
Main article: Lottery
A defining feature of a lottery is that winners are selected purely by chance. Marketing and other discussions regarding lotteries often mention luck but tend to underplay the actual prospects of winning, which are usually millions to one against.[20]
Means of resolving issues
"Leaving it to chance" is sometimes a way of resolving issues for example, where there are two possible outcomes, flipping a coin may determine the outcome. This practice has gone on for thousands of years, a common contemporary example is the coin toss at the start of a sporting event which may determine who goes first.[21]
Numerology
Main article: Numerology
See also: Triskaidekaphobia
Most cultures consider some numbers to be lucky or unlucky. This is found to be particularly strong in Asian cultures, where the obtaining of "lucky" telephone numbers, automobile license plate numbers, and household addresses (such as those which contain the digit 6 or 8) are actively sought, sometimes at great monetary expense.
Numerology, as it relates to luck, is closer to an art than to a science, yet numerologists, astrologists or psychics may disagree. It is interrelated to astrology, and to some degree to parapsychology and spirituality and is based on converting virtually anything material into a pure number, using that number in an attempt to detect something meaningful about reality, and trying to predict or calculate the future based on lucky numbers. Numerology is folkloric by nature and started when humans first learned to count. Through human history it was, and still is, practiced by many cultures of the world from traditional fortune-telling to on-line psychic reading. Dudley describes numerology as, "the delusion that numbers have power over events."[22]
Science
Different thinkers like Thomas Kuhn have discussed the role of chance in scientific discoveries. Richard Wiseman did a ten-year scientific study into the nature of luck that has revealed that, to a large extent, people make their own good and bad fortune. His research revealed that "Lucky people generate their own good fortune via four basic principles. They are skilled at creating and noticing chance opportunities, making lucky decisions by listening to their intuition, creating self-fulfilling prophecies via positive expectations, and adopting a resilient attitude that transforms bad luck into good."[23] Researchers have suggested that good luck and good mood often co-occur (Duong & Ohtsuka, 2000)[24] and that people who believe themselves to be lucky are often comparatively happy and optimistic whereas people who believe themselves to be unlucky may feel comparatively anxious and depressed (Day & Maltby, 2003; Wiseman, 2003).[23][25] Luck can also correlate with superstitious behaviors that increase opportunities of good fortune occurring like avoiding walking under ladders or blowing left and right for safe travels before crossing train tracks, which inadvertently increases your chances of seeing an oncoming train.[26][27]
Although previous studies have explored the antecedents and consequences of luck using attribution theory (e. g., Fischoff, 1976; Weiner et al., 1987),[28][29] personality variables (Darke & Freedman, 1997a;b),[30] and more recently a cognitive priming approach (DeMarree et al., 2005; Kramer & Block, 2008) research on the underlying mechanism of how luck influences consumer judgment and behavior has been noticeably absent in the extant literature. Moreover, in much of this previous work, luck is manipulated in a way that is very likely to elicit positive affect as well. Thus, it is difficult to articulate whether the observed effects of luck are due to chronic beliefs about luck, temporary changes in how lucky people feel, or because of changes caused by the positive affect that is experienced. Their research showed that priming participants subliminally with luck-related stimuli made them feel luckier and happier. It was also found that the effects of priming luck using subliminal messages increased participants' estimates of the likelihood of favorable events, their participation in lotteries, the amount of money they invested in relatively risky financial options and these effects appeared to be mediated by temporary changes in perceptions of luck rather than by affect.[31][32]
In religion and mythology
Buddhism
Gautama Buddha, the founder of Buddhism, taught his followers not to believe in luck. He taught that all things which happen must have a cause, either material or spiritual, and do not occur due to luck, chance or fate. The idea of moral causality, karma (Pali: kamma), is central in Buddhism. In the Sutta Nipata, the Buddha is recorded as having said the following about selling luck:
Whereas some religious men, while living of food provided by the faithful make their living by such low arts, such wrong means of livelihood as palmistry, divining by signs, interpreting dreams ... bringing good or bad luck ... invoking the goodness of luck ... picking the lucky site for a building, the monk Gautama refrains from such low arts, such wrong means of livelihood. D.I, 9–12[33]
Belief in luck is prevalent in many predominantly Buddhist countries. In Thailand, Buddhists may wear verses (takrut) or lucky amulets which have been blessed by monks for protection against harm.[34]
Christianity and Judaism
The book of Proverbs 16:33 states that "the lot is cast into the lap, but its every decision is from the Lord". Ecclesiastes 9:11 states (in a passage that describes events with different outcomes - e.g. a race, a battle, the gaining of wealth and favour) that "time and chance happeneth to them all". Whilst the latter passage from Ecclesiastes suggests no things in human affairs are certain, the extract from Proverbs indicates that the outcome of something as apparently random as the rolling of dice or the tossing of a coin remains subject to God's will or sovereignty. In his book God, Chance and Purpose: Can God have it both ways?,[35] Bartholomew argues that chance is part of God's creation but that not even God can accurately predict what chance will do.[36]
God's sovereignty involves two aspects. God's active will or sovereignty would involve something God causes to happen such as the leading of wicked King Ahab into battle (2 Chronicles 18:18-19). Ahab's death was not merely the result of a randomly shot arrow, but as 2 Chronicles 18 reveals, God actively directed the events that led Ahab into battle and used that randomly shot arrow to accomplish his intended will for Ahab that day.[37]
God's passive will involves God allowing, rather than causing, something to happen. Chapter 1 of the book of Job illustrates this in what God allowed Satan to do in the life of Job.[38] It is also involved in the evil that God allowed Joseph's brothers to do to Joseph in order to accomplish a greater good, a good not apparent to Joseph until years later (Genesis 50:20).[39]
Hinduism
In Hinduism the Bhagavad-Gita values "Purushartha" more than mere Luck or Fate.
The Gita says; "Set thy heart upon selfless performance of thy natural duty (Svakarma, Svadharma), but never on its reward. Work not for a reward; but never cease to do thy work" (Gita, 2.47).[40]
There are five causes of all actions as given in the Samkhya wisdom; says Gita—
"The physical body (adhisthana), the lower 'I am' (karta), the means of perception (karanam), the varied multiple efforts (vividhasch pruthak cheshta) and the Cosmic Wheel of Action (daivam), these five sources together are responsible for success or failure of any action" ( Gita, 18 . 14–15 ).[41]
Here the word "daivam" does not mean luck, fate, fortune, providence, or destiny. None of these English words are the exact synonym for the Sanskrit word "Daivam" here. "Daivam" is the Cosmic Wheel of Action (Kshara-gati, Apara-Prakriti, Maya) that keeps the perfect account of our past and present actions.
A man who says "Nothing is impossible for me; I am the only hero of all these achievements; who else is there like me?" He is a man of clouded vision and he does not see the Truth.
Islam
The definition which is much closer to the concept of luck in Islam is "a force that brings good fortune or adversity" Quran 17:13: "And (for) every man We have fastened to him his fate (fortune) in his neck, and We will bring forth for him (on the) Day (of) the Resurrection a record which he will find wide open". A very long discussion continues on how this prefixed destiny, fortune or luck defines attitudes and living behavior and so as to how much amends one can make in this predetermined fate by one's own contribution through positive actions in accordance with the teachings of Islam. There is no concept of luck in Islam other than actions determined by Allah based on the merit of the choice made by human beings. It is stated in the Qur'an (Sura: Adh-Dhariyat (The Winds that Scatter) verse:22) that one's sustenance is pre-determined in heaven when the Lord says: "And in the heaven is your provision and that which ye are promised." One should supplicate to Allah to better one's life rather than hold faith in un-Islamic acts such as using "lucky charms". In the Arabic language there is a word which directly means "luck", which is حظ ḥaẓẓ, and a related word for "lucky", محظوظ maḥẓūẓ. It is also forbidden to believe in luck or anything else related to luck, as it is classified as shirk (associating partners to Allah or giving any share of any attribution which belongs to Allah and Allah alone).[citation needed]
The Tunisians retain some native beliefs of Berber origin such as the evil eye.[42] A number of practices, such as shutters painted blue are also used to repel evil spirits.[43]
Belief measurement
A horseshoe on a door is regarded a protective talisman in some cultures.
Darke and Freedman (1997)[44] were the first researchers systematically to address directly both the concept and the measurement of belief in luck as a deterministic and personal attribute. They define luck belief as the perception that good luck is "a somewhat stable characteristic that consistently favors some people but not others".[44] They define disbelief in luck as "a tendency to agree with the rational view of luck as random and unreliable" (p. 490). To capture their unidimensional definition of irrational luck belief, Darke and Freedman developed a 12-item measure.[44] Unfortunately, they found their measure "does not seem particularly good at distinguishing between people who [say] they [are] typically lucky from those who [say] they [are] typically unlucky".[44] They also found factor analyses of their measure produced a multi-component solution,[44] as did Prendergast and Thompson (2008).[45]
André (2006)[46] proposed a model of luck-related perceptions that includes separate positive and negative beliefs. She found the positive and negative components of personal luck beliefs correlate highly, suggesting they are conceptually very close or in fact the same. Maltby et al. (2008)[47] proposed a six-dimensional model of beliefs around luck, but empirical analyses supported only a four-dimensional model: belief in being personally lucky; belief in being personally unlucky; general belief in luck; and rejection of belief in luck.[citation needed]
A barnstar, mounted on a wall, is seen as a lucky symbol in some parts of North America.
Thompson and Prendergast (2013)[48] clarified the concepts of belief in luck and belief in personal luckiness. They addressed the logical problem that nobody who disbelieves in luck could consider themselves lucky by differentiating between belief in luck as a deterministic phenomenon that affects the future, on one hand, and on the other, belief in personal luckiness as an appraisal of how fortunately or otherwise chance events in the past might have turned out. They developed and validated an internationally applicable scale to measure, respectively, belief in luck and personal luckiness constructs. They found no correlation between the constructs and no evidence of a distinction between positive and negative aspects of each, suggesting they represent two discrete and unidimensional constructs. Belief in luck and personal luckiness were also found to correlate differently with personality and psychological variables, such as the Big Five and affect.[citation needed]
See also
Hamingja
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Randomness
List of lucky symbols
List of bad luck signs
Jinx
Sailors' superstitions
Bibliography
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Hartman, Robert (ed.), Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy and Psychology (London: Routledge, 2019).
Mlodinow, Leonard. "The Drunkard's Walk: How Randomness Rules Our Lives" Penguin Group, 2008. ISBN 0375424040
Mauboussin, Michael. "The Success Equation: Untangling Skill and Luck in Business, Sports, and Investing." Harvard Business Review Press, 2012 ISBN 9781422184233
Rosenthal, Jeff, Knock on Wood: Luck, Chance, and the Meaning of Everything, HarperCollins, 2018 ISBN 1443453072
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Sauder, M. (2020). A Sociology of Luck. Sociological Theory.
Taleb, Nassim N. "Fooled by Randomness: The Hidden Role of Chance in Life and in the Markets" Random House 2001 ISBN 0812975219
Notes
"In real life, we see more random processes than deterministic processes.[4]
References
Rescher, Nicholas (2 June 2015) [2014]. "The Machinations of Luck". In Pritchard, Duncan; Whittington, Lee John (eds.). The Philosophy of Luck. John Wiley & Sons. p. 172. ISBN 9781119030577. Retrieved 24 October 2025. "Luck (by definition) is a matter of eventuations due to pure chance [...]."
Elliott, Andrew C. A. (28 November 2022) [2021]. What are the Chances of That?: How to Think About Uncertainty. Oxford University Press. p. https://books.google.com/books?id=s0WeEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT124. ISBN 9780198883661. Retrieved 24 October 2025. "[...] perhaps attitude plays a role in how we define luck. After all, luck, whether good or bad, is a matter of how we interpret the chance occurrences of our lives."
Gunther, Max (11 August 2020) [1977]. "The Blessed and the Cursed". The Luck Factor. Harriman Classics. Petersfield (Hampshire): Harriman House Limited. p. https://books.google.com/books?id=4SjyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT20. ISBN 9780857198815. Retrieved 24 October 2025. "There are dozens of definitions of this burdened little word. [...] Dictionaries are only of limited help in this quandary. Each dictionary definition can be argued with [...]. [...] I've looked for a definition that everyone can accept – one that simply states the facts and leaves the explanations and analyses behind. And so: Luck: events that influence your life and are seemingly beyond your control."
Pushpalatha Naveenkumar; Vandana Sharma; Gunapriya Devarajan; Azween Abdullah; Elngar, Ahmed A., eds. (2 September 2025). Handbook of AI-Based Mechatronics Systems and Smart Solutions in Industrial Automation. Intelligent Manufacturing and Industrial Engineering. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. p. https://books.google.com/books?id=Q06NEQAAQBAJ&pg=PT221. ISBN 9781040408230. Retrieved 29 October 2025.
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CHANCE News 4.15 Archived 2017-06-18 at the Wayback Machine ...the definition in the Oxford English dictionary: "the fortuitous happening of an event favorable or unfavorable to the interest of a person"
Rescher, N., Luck: the brilliant randomness of everyday life p. 28. "Luck is a matter of having something good or bad happen that lies outside the horizon of effective foreseeability."
Rescher, N., Luck: the brilliant randomness of everyday life p. 32. "Luck thus always incorporates a normative element of good or bad: someone must be affected positively or negatively by an event before its realization can properly be called lucky."
Rescher, N., Luck: the brilliant randomness of everyday life p. 32. ..."that as a far as the affected person is concerned, the outcome came about "by accident." "
Sumit Kumar Sirkar, Pothi (2010). "How to be Lucky and Successful in Life". Pothi.com. p. 5. Retrieved 2012-10-04.
Elbow Room by Daniel Clement Dennett, p. 92. "We know it would be superstitious to believe that "there actually is such a thing as luck" - something a rabbits' foot might bring - but we nevertheless think there is an unsuperstitious and unmisleading way of characterising events and properties as merely lucky."
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Shortland, Edward (2011). Traditions and superstitions of the New Zealanders : with illustrations of their manners and customs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-10908-6. OCLC 820719167.
Fischoff, B. (1976). Attribution theory and judgment under uncertainty. In J. H. Harvey, W. J. Ickes, & R. F. Kidd (Eds.), New directions in attribution research (Vol. 1, 421−452). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Weiner, B., Frieze, I., Kukla, A., Reed, L., Rest, S., & Rosenbaum, R. M.(1987). Perceiving the causes of success and failure. In Edward E. Jones, David E. Kanouse, Harold H. Kelley, Richard E. Nisbett, Stuart Valins, & Bernard Weiner (Eds.), Attribution: Perceiving the causes of behaviors pp. 95−120. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Darke, P. R., & Freedman, J. L. (1997a). The belief in good luck scale. Journal of Research in Personality, 2, 486−511.
DeMarree, K. G., Wheeler, S. C., & Petty, R. E. (2005). Priming a new identity: Self-monitoringmoderates the effects of nonself primes on self-judgments and behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(5), 657−671.
Kramer, T., & Block, L. (2008). Conscious and non-conscious components of superstitious beliefs in judgment and decision making. Journal of Consumer Research, 34(6), 783−793.
"A Basic Buddhism Guide: Good Luck and Fate". Buddhanet.net. Retrieved 2011-05-13.
Thai Amulets (2007-02-09). "Thai Amulets". Thailand Life. Retrieved 2011-05-13.
Bartholomew, David J. (2008). God, chance, and purpose : can God have it both ways?. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-38723-4. OCLC 249076888.
Dembski, William (2003), "The Chance of the Gaps", GOD AND DESIGN, Abingdon, UK: Taylor & Francis, pp. 251–274, doi:10.4324/9780203398265_chapter_14, ISBN 978-0-203-40002-9, retrieved 2021-09-05
Hamilton, Mark W. (2019). "Riddles and Revelations: Explorations into the Relationship between Wisdom and Prophecy in the Hebrew Bible ed. by Mark J. Boda, Russell L. Meek, and William R. Osborne". The Catholic Biblical Quarterly. 81 (4): 753–755. doi:10.1353/cbq.2019.0191. ISSN 2163-2529. S2CID 204517104.
Giberson, Karl W. (2015). "Chance, Divine Action and the Natural Order of Things". Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies. 27 (1): 100–109. doi:10.5840/jis2015271/27. ISSN 0890-0132.
Katzoff, Charlotte (1998). "Divine Causality and Moral Responsibility in the Story of Joseph and His Brothers". Iyyun: The Jerusalem Philosophical Quarterly / עיון: רבעון פילוסופי. 47: 21–40. ISSN 0021-3306. JSTOR 23352599.
Mukundananda, Swami. "Chapter 2, Verse 47 – Bhagavad Gita, The Song of God – Swami Mukundananda". www.holy-bhagavad-gita.org. Retrieved 2022-01-21.
Mukundananda, Swami. "Chapter 18, Verse 15-16 – Bhagavad Gita, The Song of God – Swami Mukundananda". www.holy-bhagavad-gita.org. Retrieved 2022-01-21.
"La Tunisie de A à Z, Khomsa". Saisons tunisiennes. Archived from the original on October 20, 2009. Retrieved September 10, 2009.
Pagès, Jean-Louis (2005). Tunisie-Plus (in French). Limoges: éd. Solilang. p. 33.
Darke P.R. & Freedman J.L. (1997). The belief in good luck scale. Journal of Research in Personality, 31, 486–511.
Prendergast, G.P. & Thompson, E.R.(2008). Sales promotion strategies and belief in luck. Psychology & Marketing, 25 (11), 1043–1062.
Andre, N. (2006). Good fortune, luck, opportunity and their lack: How do agents perceive them? Personality and Individual Differences,40 (7), 1461–1472.
Maltby, J., Day, L., Gill, P., Colley, A., & Wood, A. M. (2008). Beliefs around luck: Confirming the empirical conceptualization of beliefs around luck and the development of the Darke and Freedman Beliefs Around Luck scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 45, 655–660.
Thompson, E. R., & Prendergast, G. P. (2013). Belief in Luck and Luckiness: Conceptual Clarification and Measure Validation. Personality and Individual Differences, 54(4), 501-506.
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to Luck.
Look up good luck in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Look up luck in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Fieser, James; Dowden, Bradley (eds.). "Luck". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ISSN 2161-0002. OCLC 37741658.
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the atomic model, see Plum pudding model. For the novel by Nancy Mitford, see Christmas Pudding (novel).
Christmas pudding
A Christmas pudding decorated with skimmia rather than holly
Alternative names Plum pudding, pud
Type Pudding cake
Place of origin England
Serving temperature Warm or cold
Main ingredients Breadcrumbs, dried fruit, sugar, treacle, suet, spices
Cookbook: Christmas pudding
Media: Christmas pudding
Christmas pudding is sweet boiled or steamed pudding traditionally served as part of Christmas dinner in Britain and other countries to which the tradition has been exported. It has its origins in medieval England, with early recipes making use of dried fruit, suet, breadcrumbs, flour, eggs and spice, along with liquid such as milk or fortified wine. Later, recipes became more elaborate. In 1845, cookery writer Eliza Acton wrote the first recipe for a dish called "Christmas pudding".
The dish is sometimes known as plum pudding[1][2] (though this can also refer to other kinds of boiled pudding involving dried fruit). The word "plum" was used then for what has been called a "raisin" since the 18th century,[3] and the pudding does not contain plums in the modern sense of the word.
Basics
A traditional bag-boiled Christmas pudding still showing the "skin"
Christmas pudding
Some households have their own recipes for Christmas pudding, which may be handed through families for generations. Essentially the recipe brings together what traditionally were expensive or luxurious ingredients — notably the sweet spices that are so important in developing its distinctive rich aroma, and usually made with suet. The pudding is very dark, almost black in appearance due to the dark sugars and black treacle in most recipes, and its long cooking time. The mixture can be moistened with the juice of citrus fruits, brandy and other alcohol (some recipes call for dark beers such as mild, stout or porter).
Christmas puddings are often dried out on hooks for weeks prior to serving in order to enhance the flavour. This pudding has been prepared with a traditional cloth rather than a basin.
Prior to the 19th century, the English Christmas pudding was boiled in a pudding cloth, and often represented as round.[1] The Victorian era fashion involved putting the mixture into a basin and then steaming it, followed by unwrapping the pudding, placing it on a platter, and decorating the top with a sprig of holly.[1]
Initial cooking usually involves steaming for many hours. Most pre-twentieth century recipes assume that the pudding will then be served immediately, but in the second half of the twentieth century, it became more usual to reheat puddings on the day of serving, and recipes changed slightly to allow for maturing.[4] To serve, the pudding is reheated by steaming once more, and may be dressed with warm brandy which is set alight.[5] It can be eaten with hard sauce (usually brandy butter or rum butter), cream, lemon cream, ice cream, custard, or sweetened béchamel, and is sometimes sprinkled with caster sugar.
History
Legends
There is a popular myth that plum pudding's association with Christmas goes back to a custom in medieval England that the "pudding should be made on the 25th Sunday after Trinity, that it be prepared with 13 ingredients to represent Christ and the 12 apostles, and that every family member stir it in turn from east to west to honour the Magi and their journey in that direction".[1][6] However, recipes for plum puddings appear mainly, if not entirely, in the 17th century and later. One of the earliest plum pudding recipes is given by Mary Kettilby in her 1714 book A Collection of above Three Hundred Receipts in Cookery, Physick and Surgery.[7] There is a popular and wholly unsubstantiated myth[citation needed] that in 1714, George I of Great Britain (sometimes known as the Pudding King)[1] requested that plum pudding be served as part of his royal feast in his first Christmas in England.[1]
Ancestors
Christmas pudding's possible ancestors include savoury puddings such as those in Harley MS 279, croustades,[8] malaches whyte,[9] creme boiled (a kind of stirred custard), and sippets. Various ingredients and methods of these older recipes appear in early plum puddings. An early example of a bag pudding (without fruit) is "fraunche mele" in the Liber Cure Cocorum[10] Pudding "had the great merit" of not needing to be cooked in an oven, something "most lower class households did not have".[11] Pudding predecessors often contained meat, as well as sweet ingredients, and prior to being steamed in a cloth the ingredients may have been stuffed into the gut or stomach of an animal, like haggis or sausages.[12]
As techniques for meat preserving improved in the 18th century, the savoury element of both the mince pie and the plum pottage diminished as the sweet content increased. People began adding dried fruit and sugar. The mince pie kept its name, though the pottage was increasingly referred to as plum pudding. As plum pudding, it became widespread as a feast dish, not necessarily associated with Christmas, and usually served with beef. It makes numerous appearances in 18th century satire as a symbol of Britishness, including the Gilray cartoon, The Plumb-pudding in danger.
Victorian era
It was not until the 1830s that a boiled cake of flour, fruits, suet, sugar and spices, all topped with holly, made a definite appearance, becoming more and more associated with Christmas. In her bestselling 1845 book Modern Cookery for Private Families,[13] the East Sussex cook Eliza Acton was the first to refer to it as "Christmas Pudding". The pudding became popular in the UK partially due to Charles Dickens 1843 novel a Christmas carol. [14]
British Empire
Main article: Empire Christmas pudding
The custom of eating Christmas pudding was carried to many parts of the world by British colonists.[15] It is a common dish in Australia,[16] New Zealand,[17][18] Canada, and South Africa.[citation needed] Throughout the colonial period, the pudding was a symbol of unity throughout the British Empire, a message that was widely promoted through the media.[19]
In 1927, the Empire Marketing Board (EMB) wrote a letter to the Master of the Royal Household, requesting a copy of the recipe used to make the Christmas pudding for the royal family. The King and Queen granted Leo Amery, the head of the EMB, permission to use the recipe in a publication in the following November. The royal chef, Henry Cédard, provided it. In order to distribute the recipe, the EMB had to overcome two challenges: size and ingredients. First, the original recipe was measured to serve 40 people, including the entire royal family and their guests. The EMB was challenged to rework the recipe to serve only 8 people. Second, the ingredients used to make the pudding had to be changed to reflect the ideals of the Empire. The origins of each ingredient were carefully manipulated to represent some of the Empire's many colonies. Brandy from Cyprus and nutmeg from the West Indies, which had been inadvertently forgotten in previous recipes, made special appearances. However, there were a number of colonies that produced the same foodstuffs. The final recipe included Australian currants, South African stoned raisins, Canadian apples, Jamaican rum and English Beer, among other ingredients all sourced from somewhere in the Empire. After finalising the ingredients, the royal recipe was sent out to national newspapers and to popular women's magazines. Copies were also printed and handed out to the public for free. The recipe was a phenomenal success, as thousands of requests for the recipe flooded the EMB office.[20]
In 1931, an annual Christmas market for the People's Dispensary for Sick Animals was held at the Royal Albert Hall on 24 and 25 November. A 10-ton Christmas pudding, the largest ever created up until that time, was featured. The recipe became known as the "Prince of Wales' Empire Christmas Pudding". The Times newspaper noted "The Lord Mayor of London has promised to give the pudding its first 'stir'. He will be followed by the High Commissioners of the Dominions, and afterwards the general public will have the chance of stirring it". The Prince of Wales (later Edward VIII) was then a patron of the PDSA charity.[21] It was then divided up into 11,208 smaller puddings, which were distributed amongst the poor throughout the country. Manchester and Salford, for example, received 512 each.[22]
United States
In America, the tradition of the Christmas pudding had already arrived in pre-independence days.[12] A book entitled The Williamsburg Art of Cookery[23] by Helen Bullock was published in the U.S. as early as 1742. Among the ingredients she includes a pound of each of a variety of dried fruits and sugar, plus half a pound each of candied peel (citron, orange and lemon). She also adds one pint of brandy and 12 eggs.
Jane Cunningham Croly published a 19th-century recipe for plum pudding contributed to Jennie June's American Cookery Book by the American poet sisters Alice Cary and Phoebe Cary. It was made as bread pudding, by soaking stale bread in milk then adding suet, candied citron, nutmeg, eggs, raisins and brandy. It was a moulded dessert, cooked in boiling water for several hours, and served with a sweet wine sauce.[24]
Wishing and other traditions
Traditionally, every member of the household stirs the pudding, while making a wish.
A Christmas pudding being flamed after brandy has been poured over it
It was in the late Victorian era that 'Stir up Sunday' (the fifth Sunday before Christmas) began to be associated with the making of Christmas pudding. The collect this Sunday in the Church of England's Book of Common Prayer begins with the words "Stir up, we beseech thee, O Lord, the wills of thy faithful people; that they, plenteously bringing forth the fruit of good works...". This led to the custom of preparing Christmas puddings on that day which became known as Stir-up Sunday, associated with the stirring of the Christmas pudding.[25]
Initially probably a schoolchild joke, latterly the day became known as "Stir-up Sunday".[26]
It was common practice to include small silver coins in the pudding mixture, which could be kept by the person whose serving included them.[1] The usual choice was a silver threepence or a sixpence. The coin was believed to bring wealth in the coming year, and came from an earlier tradition of putting tokens in a cake, which had died out by the twentieth century (see Twelfth Cake).
Other tokens are also known to have been included, such as a tiny wishbone (to bring good luck), a silver thimble (for thrift) or an anchor (to symbolise safe harbour).[1]
Once turned out of its basin, decorated with holly, doused in brandy (or occasionally rum), and flamed (or "fired"), the pudding is traditionally brought to the table ceremoniously, and greeted with a round of applause. In 1843, Charles Dickens describes the scene in A Christmas Carol:
Mrs. Cratchit left the room alone – too nervous to bear witnesses – to take the pudding up and bring it in... Hallo! A great deal of steam! The pudding was out of the copper. A smell like a washing-day! That was the cloth. A smell like an eating-house and a pastrycook's next door to each other, with a laundress's next door to that! That was the pudding! In half a minute Mrs. Cratchit entered – flushed, but smiling proudly – with the pudding, like a speckled cannon-ball, so hard and firm, blazing in half of half-a-quartern of ignited brandy, and bedight with Christmas holly stuck into the top.[27]
See also
Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/module on
Christmas Pudding
iconChristianity portal
Figgy pudding
Christmas cake
Fruitcake
Frumenty, an early English dish made with wheat, fruits, and nuts, sometimes served on holidays
Mincemeat, another common Christmas food incorporating suet
Panettone
Stollen
List of Christmas dishes
List of steamed foods
The Adventure of the Christmas Pudding, an Agatha Christie story
Portals:
icon Food
icon Holidays
icon Liquor
References
Broomfield, Andrea (2007) Food and cooking in Victorian England: a history Archived 27 December 2022 at the Wayback Machine pp.149-150. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007
"Plum duff updated". The Southland Times. 25 May 2009. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
The Oxford English Dictionary cites this use as early as 1653 by John Lilburne and also, inter alia, in Samuel Johnson's Dictionary of 1755.
"Christmas, Victorian Bakers - BBC Two". BBC. Retrieved 21 August 2018.
Darran McGrady Eating Royally: Recipes and Remembrances from a Palace Kitchen Archived 27 December 2022 at the Wayback Machine p.180. Thomas Nelson Inc, 2007
Day, Ivan (7 February 2012). "Food History Jottings: $1000 Reward for Lost Pudding Decree". Food History Jottings. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
Lepard, Dan (21 November 2011). "How to perfect your Christmas pudding". British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
"Medieval Recipe Translations: Crustade". James L. Matterer. Retrieved 23 December 2008.
Hieatt, Constance; Sharon Butler (1985). Curye on Inglysch. Early English Text Society. p. 133. ISBN 0-19-722409-1.
Morris, Richard (1862). Liber cure Cocorum. A. Asher & Co. p. 36.
Pool, Daniel (1993). What Jane Austen Ate and Charles Dickens Knew: From Fox-Hunting to Whist - the Facts of daily Life in 19th Century England. New York: Simon & Schuster ( Touchstone). pp. 208. ISBN 0671882368.
Dixon, Angela (2016). The king of puddings. Spider Books. ISBN 9780956108432. OCLC 973718613.
Harlan Walker Oxford Symposium on Food & Cookery, 1990: feasting and fasting : proceedings pp.36, 45. Prospect Books, 1991
"How Christmas pudding tried tomsave the British empire".
"How Christmas pudding tried tomsave the British empire".
McIntyre, Julie. "How Christmas pudding evolved with Australia". The Conversation. Retrieved 25 December 2016.
Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. "Easter, Christmas and New Year". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 11 December 2024.
Clarke, Alison (2007). Holiday Seasons: Christmas, New Year and Easter in Nineteenth-Century New Zealand. Auckland: Auckland University Press. ISBN 9781869403829.
"The Christmas Pudding: A Symbol of the British Empire (by Kelly Harper) – History @ Bham". blog.bham.ac.uk. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
O'Connor, Kaori (2009). "The King's Christmas Pudding: globalization, recipes, and the commodities of the empire". Journal of Global History. 4: 127–155. doi:10.1017/S1740022809002988. S2CID 154347413.
Griffin, Matt (10 December 2013). "From the archives: Making a record-breaking Christmas pudding at the Royal Albert Hall, 1931". www.royalalberthall.com. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
"Giant pudding was royal Christmas treat". phys.org. University of Manchester. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
Bullock, Helen Duprey (1983) [1966]. The Williamsburg art of cookery, or, Accomplish'd gentlewoman's companion : being a collection of upwards of five hundred of the most ancient & approv'd recipes in Virginia cookery... and also a table of favorite Williamsburg garden herbs... Parks, William, -1750., Blackeby, Harold W.,, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. Williamsburg [Va.]: Colonial Williamsburg. ISBN 0910412308. OCLC 28154426.
Scharnhorst, Gary. Literary Eats. McFarland. p. 30.
Oxford English Dictionary. Second edition, 1989 (first published in New English Dictionary, 1917). "Stir-up Sunday (colloq.): the Sunday next before Advent: so called from the opening words of the Collect for the day. The name is jocularly associated with the stirring of the Christmas mincemeat, which it was customary to begin making in that week."
Gary Cleland (24 November 2007). "Home-made Christmas puddings die out". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
Charles Dickens A Christmas Carol, the Chimes, and the Cricket on the Hearth Digireads.com Publishing, 2008
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Christmas pudding.
The Spruce Eats: Traditional Christmas Pudding Recipe
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Dishes
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16th century
Exemplars
Richard Pynson (The Boke of Cokery, 1500) Thomas Dawson (The Good Huswifes Jewell, 1585)
Dishes
Black pudding Fruit fool Pancake Scones Syllabub Trifle (without jelly)
17th century
Exemplars
Elinor Fettiplace (Receipt Book, 1604) Gervase Markham (The English Huswife, 1615) Robert May (The Accomplisht Cook, 1660) Hannah Woolley (The Queen-like Closet or Rich Cabinet 1670) John Evelyn (Acetaria: A Discourse of Sallets 1699) Kenelm Digby (The Closet Opened 1699)
Dishes
Battalia pie Currant bun Queen of Puddings Sponge cake Sussex pond pudding Sweet and sour Tea
18th century
Exemplars
Mary Kettilby (A Collection of Above Three Hundred Receipts in Cookery, Physick and Surgery 1714) Mary Eales (Mrs Mary Eales's Receipts 1718) John Nott (The Cooks and Confectioners Dictionary, 1723) Eliza Smith (The Compleat Housewife 1727) Hannah Glasse (The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy 1747) Ann Cook (Professed Cookery, 1754) Martha Bradley (The British Housewife 1758) Primitive Cookery (1767) Elizabeth Raffald (The Experienced English Housekeeper 1769) Richard Briggs (The English Art of Cookery 1788) William Augustus Henderson (The Housekeeper's Instructor 1791)
Dishes
Bread and butter pudding Christmas pudding Chutney Curry
In UK Cottage or Shepherd's pie Cumberland rum nicky Eccles cake Jellied eels Jugged hare Ketchup Marmalade Parkin Piccalilli Pork pie Roast beef Sandwich Scouse Suet pudding Toad in the hole Trifle (with jelly) Welsh rarebit Yorkshire pudding
19th century
Exemplars
Maria Rundell (A New System of Domestic Cookery 1806) Martha Brotherton (Vegetable Cookery 1812) Eliza Acton (Modern Cookery for Private Families 1845) Charles Elmé Francatelli (The Modern Cook 1846) Isabella Beeton (Mrs. Beeton's Book of Household Management 1861)
Dishes
Bubble and squeak Cauliflower cheese Cobbler Devilled kidneys Faggots Fish and chips Full English breakfast HP Sauce Ice cream cone Lancashire hotpot Potted shrimps Sausage roll Steak and kidney pudding Battenberg cake Eton mess Eve's pudding Jam roly-poly Lardy cake Madeira cake Summer pudding Windsor soup Worcestershire sauce
20th century
Exemplars
Florence Petty Elizabeth David (A Book of Mediterranean Food 1950) Dorothy Hartley (Food in England 1954) Constance Spry Fanny Cradock Marguerite Patten Jane Grigson Delia Smith Rick Stein Nigel Slater Keith Floyd Marco Pierre White Nigella Lawson Jamie Oliver Fergus Henderson (The Whole Beast 1999) Gordon Ramsay Gary Rhodes Mary Berry
Dishes
Bakewell tart Beef Wellington Carrot cake Chicken tikka masala Coronation chicken Crumble Knickerbocker glory Ploughman's lunch Salad cream Sticky toffee pudding Steak Diane
21st century
Exemplars
Heston Blumenthal (The Fat Duck) Lizzie Collingham Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall (River Cottage) Rachel Khoo Michel Roux Jr. (Le Gavroche) Antony Worrall Thompson Clarissa Dickson Wright (A History of English Food 2011)
Dishes
Coronation quiche Platinum Pudding
Related
List of English dishes List of English cheeses List of savoury puddings List of sweet puddings Rationing in the United Kingdom
Categories:
British dessertsBritish puddingsChristmas foodChristmas traditionsEnglish cuisineAustralian cuisineFlambéed foodsChristmas in EnglandSteamed foodsFoods with alcoholic beveragesIrish cuisineNew Zealand cuisineNew Zealand dessertsNational dishesCanadian dessertsSouth African cuisineVictorian cuisine
1926
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
1926JanuaryFebruaryMarchAprilMayJuneJulyAugustSeptemberOctoberNovemberDecember
From top to bottom, left to right: The 1926 Miami hurricane devastates southern Florida and parts of the Caribbean, killing hundreds and causing massive destruction; the 1926 United Kingdom general strike brings the nation to a standstill as millions of workers walk out in support of coal miners; the Northern Expedition is launched by the Kuomintang to unify China under its rule, marking a turning point in the Chinese Civil War; the Cristero War erupts in Mexico as Catholic rebels take up arms against the government’s anti-clerical policies; the May Coup sees Marshal Józef Piłsudski overthrow the government in a three-day military coup; and Hirohito ascends the throne as Emperor of Japan, beginning the Shōwa era.
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1926 by topic
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AfghanistanAustraliaBelgiumBrazilBulgariaCanadaChinaDenmarkFranceGermanyIndiaIrelandIranItalyJapanMexicoNew ZealandNorwayPalestine MandatePhilippinesPortugalSouth AfricaSoviet UnionSpainSwedenTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States
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Birth and death categories
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1926 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar 1926
MCMXXVI
Ab urbe condita 2679
Armenian calendar 1375
ԹՎ ՌՅՀԵ
Assyrian calendar 6676
Baháʼí calendar 82–83
Balinese saka calendar 1847–1848
Bengali calendar 1332–1333
Berber calendar 2876
British Regnal year 16 Geo. 5 – 17 Geo. 5
Buddhist calendar 2470
Burmese calendar 1288
Byzantine calendar 7434–7435
Chinese calendar 乙丑年 (Wood Ox)
4623 or 4416
— to —
丙寅年 (Fire Tiger)
4624 or 4417
Coptic calendar 1642–1643
Discordian calendar 3092
Ethiopian calendar 1918–1919
Hebrew calendar 5686–5687
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat 1982–1983
- Shaka Samvat 1847–1848
- Kali Yuga 5026–5027
Holocene calendar 11926
Igbo calendar 926–927
Iranian calendar 1304–1305
Islamic calendar 1344–1345
Japanese calendar Taishō 15 / Shōwa 1
(昭和元年)
Javanese calendar 1856–1857
Juche calendar 15
Julian calendar Gregorian minus 13 days
Korean calendar 4259
Minguo calendar ROC 15
民國15年
Nanakshahi calendar 458
Thai solar calendar 2468–2469
Tibetan calendar ཤིང་མོ་གླང་ལོ་
(female Wood-Ox)
2052 or 1671 or 899
— to —
མེ་ཕོ་སྟག་ལོ་
(male Fire-Tiger)
2053 or 1672 or 900
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1926.
1926 (MCMXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1926th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 926th year of the 2nd millennium, the 26th year of the 20th century, and the 7th year of the 1920s decade.
Events
January
Main article: January 1926
January 3 – Theodoros Pangalos declares himself dictator in Greece.[1]
January 8
Ibn Saud is crowned ruler of the Kingdom of Hejaz.[2]
Crown Prince Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thuy ascends the throne as Bảo Đại, the last monarch of the Nguyễn dynasty of the Kingdom of Vietnam.
January 16 – A British Broadcasting Company radio play by Ronald Knox about workers' revolution in London causes a panic among those who have not heard the preliminary announcement that it is a satire on broadcasting.[3]
January 21 – The Belgian Parliament accepts the Locarno Treaties.
January 26 – Scottish inventor John Logie Baird demonstrates a mechanical television system at his London laboratory for members of the Royal Institution and a reporter from The Times.
January 31 – British and Belgian troops leave Cologne.
February
Main article: February 1926
February 1 – Land on Broadway and Wall Street in New York City is sold at a record $7 per sq inch; it is only affordable for four more years.
February 12 – The Irish minister for Justice, Kevin O'Higgins, appoints the Committee on Evil Literature.
February 20 – The Berlin International Green Week, a food and agriculture fair, debuts in Germany.
February 25 – Francisco Franco becomes General in Spain.
March
Main article: March 1926
March 16: Goddard with rocket in 1926.
March 6
The Shakespeare Memorial Theatre in Stratford-upon-Avon (England) is destroyed by fire.[4]
The first commercial air route from the United Kingdom to South Africa is established by Alan Cobham.
March 14 – The El Virilla train accident occurs in Costa Rica killing 248 people and injuring 93.[5]
March 16 – Robert H. Goddard launches the first liquid-fuel rocket, at Auburn, Massachusetts.
March 23 – Éamon de Valera organises the political party Fianna Fáil in Ireland.
April
Main article: April 1926
April 4 – Greek dictator Theodoros Pangalos wins the presidential election, with 93.3% of the vote; turnout is light, as the result is considered a foregone conclusion.[6]
April 6 – Aarón Joaquín has a vision in the Nuevo León state of Mexico, origin of La Luz del Mundo, a nontrinitarian charismatic restorationist Christian church.[7]
April 7 – An assassination attempt against Italian Fascist leader Benito Mussolini fails.[8]
April 17 – Zhang Zuolin's army captures Beijing.[9]
April 24 – Treaty of Berlin: Germany and the Soviet Union each pledge neutrality in the event of an attack on the other by a third party, for the next five years.
April 25 – Reza Khan is crowned Shah of Iran, under the name "Pahlevi".
April 30 – A state of emergency is proclaimed in the United Kingdom under the Emergency Powers Act 1920 on account of the "threat of cessation of work in Coal Mines".[10]
May
Main article: May 1926
May 4 – The United Kingdom general strike begins at midnight, in support of a strike by coal miners.
May 9
The French navy bombards Damascus, because of Druze riots.
Explorer Richard E. Byrd and co-pilot Floyd Bennett claim to be the first to fly over the North Pole in the Josephine Ford monoplane, taking off from Spitsbergen, Norway and returning 15 hours and 44 minutes later. Both men are immediately hailed as national heroes, though some experts have since been skeptical of the claim, believing that the plane was unlikely to have covered the entire distance and back in that short an amount of time.[11] An entry in Byrd's diary, discovered in 1996, suggests that the plane actually turned back 150 miles short of the North Pole, due to an oil leak.[12]
May 10 – Planes piloted by Major Harold Geiger and Horace Meek Hickam, students at the United States Air Corps Tactical School, collide in mid-air at Langley Field, Virginia.
May 12
Roald Amundsen and his crew fly over the North Pole, in the airship Norge.
The United Kingdom general strike is called off by the trade unions, although miners remain on strike.
May 12–14 – May Coup: Józef Piłsudski takes over in Poland.
May 18 – Evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson disappears, while visiting a Venice, California beach. She reappears nearly a month later claiming to have been kidnapped.
May 20 – The United States Congress passes the Air Commerce Act, licensing pilots and planes.[13]
May 23 – The first Lebanese constitution is established.
May 26 – The Rif War ends, when Rif rebels surrender in Morocco.
May 28 – The 1926 coup d'état, commanded by Manuel Gomes da Costa in Portugal, installs the Ditadura Nacional (National Dictatorship), followed by António de Oliveira Salazar's Estado Novo.
June
Main article: June 1926
June 4 – Ignacy Mościcki becomes president of Poland.
June 7 – Liberal politician Carl Gustaf Ekman succeeds Rickard Sandler as Prime Minister of Sweden.
June 12 – Lithuanian Radio launches its service from Kauno radiofonas.
June 29 – Arthur Meighen briefly returns to office as Prime Minister of Canada during the King-Byng Affair.
July
Main article: July 1926
July 1 – The Kuomintang begins the Northern Expedition, a military unification campaign in northern China.
July 3 – A Caudron C.61 aircraft, operated by Compagnie Internationale de Navigation Aérienne, crashes in Czechoslovakia.
July 9 – In Portugal, General Óscar Carmona takes power in a military coup.
July 10 – A bolt of lightning strikes Picatinny Arsenal in New Jersey; the resulting fire causes several million pounds of explosives to blow up in the next 2–3 days.
July 15 – Bombay Electric Supply and Transport Company in India introduces motor buses.
July 26 – The United States National Bar Association is incorporated.
August
Main article: August 1926
August 1 – In Mexico, the entry into force of anticlerical measures stipulated in the Constitution of 1917 causes the Cristero War from August 3.
August 2 – The short-lived Western Australian Secession League is founded.[14]
August 5 – In New York, the Warner Brothers' Vitaphone system is experienced by audiences for the first time, in the movie Don Juan, starring John Barrymore.[15]
August 6 – American Gertrude Ederle becomes the first woman to swim the English Channel, from France to England.[16]
August 18 – In the United States, a weather map is televised for the first time, sent from NAA Arlington to the Weather Bureau office in Washington, D.C.
August 22 – In Greece, Georgios Kondylis ousts Theodoros Pangalos.
August 25 – Pavlos Kountouriotis announces that dictatorship has ended in Greece, and he is now the president.
September
Main article: September 1926
September 1 – Lebanon under the French Mandate gets its first constitution, thereby becoming a republic, with Charles Debbas as its president.[17]
September 8 – The German Weimar Republic joins the League of Nations.
September 11 – In Rome, Italy, Gino Lucetti throws a bomb at Benito Mussolini's car, but Mussolini is unhurt.[18]
September 14 – The Locarno Treaties of 1925 are ratified in Geneva, and come into effect.
September 18 – Great Miami Hurricane: A strong hurricane devastates Miami, leaving over 100 dead and causing several hundred million dollars in damage (equal to nearly $100 billion in the modern day).
September 19 – Giuseppe Meazza (San Siro) Stadium, well known among sports venues in Italy, officially opens in Milan.[19]
September 20 – The North Side Gang attempts to assassinate Al Capone, at the apex of his power at this time, spraying his headquarters in Cicero, Illinois with over a thousand rounds of machine gun fire in broad daylight, as Capone is eating there. Capone escapes harm.[20][21]
September 21 – French war ace René Fonck and three others attempt to fly the Atlantic, in pursuit of the Orteig Prize. Before the newsreel cameras at Roosevelt Field New York, the modified Sikorsky S-35 crashes on take-off and bursts into flames. Fonck survives, but two of his men are killed.
September 23 – Gene Tunney defeats Jack Dempsey to become heavyweight boxing champion of the world.
September 25
The League of Nations Slavery Convention abolishes all types of slavery.
William Lyon Mackenzie King returns to office as Prime Minister of Canada, after winning the Canadian federal election.
Henry Ford announces the 8-hour, 5-day work week.
October
Main article: October 1926
October 2 – Józef Piłsudski becomes prime minister of Poland.
October 12 – British miners agree to end their strike.
October 14 – A. A. Milne's children's book Winnie-the-Pooh is published in London, featuring the eponymous bear.
October 16 – An ammunition explosion on troopship Kuang Yuang near Jiujiang, China, kills 1,200.[22]
October 19 – The 1926 Imperial Conference opens in London.
October 20 – A hurricane kills 650 in Cuba.
October 23
Leon Trotsky and Lev Kamenev are removed from the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
A decree in Italy bans women from holding public office.
The Fazal Mosque, the first purpose-built in London and the first Ahmadiyya mosque in Britain, is completed.
October 31 – Magician Harry Houdini dies of gangrene and peritonitis that has developed after his appendix ruptured.
November
Main article: November 1926
November 10 – In San Francisco, a necrophiliac serial killer named Earle Nelson (dubbed "Gorilla Man") kills and then rapes his 9th victim, a boarding house landlady named Mrs. William Edmonds.
November 11 – The United States Numbered Highway System, including U.S. Route 66, is established.
November 15
The NBC Radio Network opens in the United States with 24 stations (formed by Westinghouse, General Electric and RCA).
The Balfour Declaration is approved by the 1926 Imperial Conference, making the Commonwealth dominions equal and independent.
November 24
The village of Rocquebillier, in the French Riviera, is almost destroyed in a massive hailstorm.
Sri Aurobindo retires, leaving "The Mother" to run the Sri Aurobindo Ashram in Puducherry, India.
November 25 – The death penalty is re-established in Italy.
November 26 – All Italian Communist deputies are arrested.
November 27 – The restoration of Colonial Williamsburg begins in Williamsburg, Virginia, United States.
December
Main article: December 1926
December 25: Emperor Hirohito
December 2 – British prime minister Stanley Baldwin ends the state of emergency that had been declared due to the miners' strike.
December 3 – English detective story writer Agatha Christie disappears from her home in Surrey; on December 14 she is found under her husband's mistress's surname at a Harrogate hotel.
December 7 – The Council for the Preservation of Rural England, later the Campaign to Protect Rural England (CPRE), is founded by Patrick Abercrombie to limit urban sprawl and ribbon development.
December 13 – Miina Sillanpää becomes Finland's first female government minister.
December 17 – 1926 Lithuanian coup d'état: A democratically elected government is overthrown in Lithuania; Antanas Smetona assumes power.
December 23 – Nicaraguan President Adolfo Díaz requests U.S. military assistance in the ongoing civil war. American peacekeeping troops immediately set up neutral zones in Puerto Cabezas and at the mouth of the Rio Grande to protect American and foreign lives and property.[23][24]
December 26
In the history of Japan, the Shōwa period begins from this day, due to the death of Emperor Taishō on the day before. His son Hirohito will reign as Emperor of Japan until 1989.[25]
World première of Finnish composer Jean Sibelius's tone poem Tapiola by Walter Damrosch and the New York Philharmonic, the last substantial composition to be made public by the composer for the remaining 30 years of his life.[26]
Date unknown
Muthulakshmi Reddi becomes the first woman to be appointed to a legislature in India, the Madras Legislative Council.
Stephen H. Langdon begins excavations in Jemdet Nasr, finding proto-cuneiform clay tablets (3100–2900 BCE).
Phencyclidine (PCP, angel dust) is first synthesized.
Earl W. Bascom, rodeo cowboy and artist, designs and marks rodeo's first high-cut rodeo chaps at Stirling, Alberta, Canada.
The International African Institute is founded in London.
Industrial output surpasses the level of 1913 in the USSR after a period of economic downturn.[clarification needed] [27]
Births
Births
January · February · March · April · May · June · July · August · September · October · November · December
January
Sir George Martin
Ahmad Fuad Mohieddin
Patricia Neal
Salah Zulfikar
Abdus Salam
January 1
Blanca Rodríguez, First Lady of Venezuela during the 1970s-1990s (d. 2020)[28]
Claudio Villa, Italian singer (d. 1987)[29]
January 3
Mohamed Yaacob, Malaysian lawyer, judge and Menteri Besar of Kelantan (d. 2009)
Sir George Martin, English record producer (d. 2016)
January 5 – Joshua Benjamin Jeyaretnam, Singaporean lawyer and politician (d. 2008)[30]
January 6 – Mickey Hargitay, Hungarian actor, bodybuilder (d. 2006)
January 7 – Kim Jong-pil, South Korean politician (d. 2018)[31]
January 8 – Evelyn Lear, American soprano (d. 2012)
January 10 – Júlio Pomar, Portuguese painter (d. 2018)[32]
January 11
Lev Dyomin, Soviet cosmonaut (d. 1998)
Ahmad Fuad Mohieddin, 42nd Prime Minister of Egypt (d. 1984)
January 12
Ray Price, American country music singer and songwriter (d. 2013)[33]
Morton Feldman, American composer (d. 1987)
January 13 – Michael Bond, English fiction writer, creator of Paddington Bear (d. 2017)
January 14 – Tom Tryon, American actor and novelist (d. 1991)
January 15 – Maria Schell, Austrian actress (d. 2005)
January 17
Antonio Domingo Bussi, Argentine Army general, former Governor of Tucuman (d. 2011)
Moira Shearer, Scottish actress, dancer (d. 2006)
January 18
Hannie van Leeuwen, Dutch politician (d. 2018)
Salah Zulfikar, Egyptian actor and film producer (d. 1993)[34]
January 19 – Fritz Weaver, American actor (d. 2016)[35]
Jose Alfredo Jimenez, Mexican singer-songwriter (d. 1973)
January 20 – Patricia Neal, American actress (d. 2010)[36]
January 21
Steve Reeves, American actor (d. 2000)
Roger Taillibert, French architect (d. 2019)
January 23 – Bal Thackeray, Indian politician (d. 2012)
January 26 – Franco Evangelisti, Italian composer (d. 1980)
January 27 – Ingrid Thulin, Swedish actress (d. 2004)
January 28 – Amin al-Hafez, 22nd Prime Minister of Lebanon (d. 2009)
January 29
Bob Falkenburg, American tennis player and entrepreneur (d. 2022)
Abdus Salam, Pakistani physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1996)
January 30 – Vasily Arkhipov, Soviet naval officer (d. 1998)
February
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
Garret FitzGerald
Leslie Nielsen
February 1
Nancy Gates, American actress (d. 2019)
Vivian Maier, American street photographer (d. 2009).[37]
February 2
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, President of France (d. 2020)[38]
Miguel Obando y Bravo, Nicaraguan Roman Catholic prelate (archbishop of Managua, cardinal) (d. 2018)
February 3 – Hans-Jochen Vogel, German politician (d. 2020)
February 4 – Gyula Grosics, Hungarian footballer (d. 2014)
February 7
Konstantin Feoktistov, Soviet cosmonaut (d. 2009)
Estanislao Esteban Karlic, Argentine cardinal (d. 2025)
Keiko Tsushima, Japanese actress (d. 2012)
February 8
Neal Cassady, American writer (d. 1968)
Birgitte Reimer, Danish actress (d. 2021)
February 9 – Garret FitzGerald, Irish lawyer, politician, and 7th Taoiseach of Ireland (d. 2011)
February 10
Carmen Romano, First Lady of Mexico (d. 2000)
Danny Blanchflower, Northern Irish footballer, football manager (d. 1993)
February 11
Paul Bocuse, French chef (d. 2018)
Leslie Nielsen, Canadian-American actor (d. 2010)
February 12 – Charles Van Doren, American professor, subject of film Quiz Show (d. 2019)
February 14 – Alfred Körner, Austrian footballer (d. 2020)
February 15 – Muhammad al-Badr, King of Yemen (d. 1996)
February 16 – John Schlesinger, British film director (d. 2003)
Joebaar Ajoeb, Indonesian writer and organizator (d. 1996)
February 17 – John Meyendorff, French-born American Orthodox scholar, protopresbyter and educator (d. 1992)
February 18 – Jeanne Wilson, American swimmer (d. 2018)
February 19 – György Kurtág, Hungarian composer and academic
February 20
Richard Matheson, American author (d. 2013)[39]
Bob Richards, American track and field athlete[40] (d. 2023)
Gillian Lynne, English ballerina, dancer, choreographer, actress, and theatre-television director (d. 2018)
María de la Purísima Salvat Romero, Spanish nun, saint (d. 1998)
February 22
Kenneth Williams, English actor (d. 1988)
Bud Yorkin, American television writer and producer (d. 2015)
February 24 – Knut Kleve, Norwegian philologist (d. 2017)
February 26 – Henry Molaison, American memory disorder patient (d. 2008)
February 27 – David H. Hubel, Canadian neuroscientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2013)[41]
February 28 – Svetlana Alliluyeva, Russian author (d. 2011)
March
Andrzej Wajda
Ralph Abernathy
Jerry Lewis
Siegfried Lenz
March 2 – Murray Rothbard, American economist (d. 1995)[42]
March 3
Craig Dixon, American athlete (d. 2021)[43]
James Merrill, American poet (d. 1995)[44]
March 4 – Prince Michel of Bourbon-Parma, French royal, businessman (d. 2018)
March 6
Alan Greenspan, American economist, Federal Reserve Chairman
Yoshimi Osawa, Japanese judoka (d. 2022)
Andrzej Wajda, Polish film director (d. 2016)[45]
March 8 – Sultan Salahuddin of Selangor (d. 2001)
March 9 – Kemal Horulu, Turkish sprinter and pornographic film director (d. 1991)
March 10 – Aleksandr Zatsepin, Soviet and Russian composer
March 11
Ralph Abernathy, African-American civil rights leader (d. 1990)
Thomas Starzl, American physician (d. 2017)[46]
March 13 – Carlos Roberto Reina, President of Honduras (d. 2003)
March 14 – Carlos Heitor Cony, Brazilian journalist, writer (d. 2018)
March 16
Edwar al-Kharrat, Egyptian novelist, writer and critic (d. 2015)
Jerry Lewis, American comedian, humanitarian and philanthropist (known for The Nutty Professor) (d. 2017)
March 17 – Siegfried Lenz, German writer (d. 2014)
March 18
Peter Graves, American actor (d. 2010)
Tan Chin Nam, Malaysian businessman and racehorse owner (d. 2018)
March 21 – Heikki Hasu, Finnish Olympic cross-country skier (d. 2025)
March 23 – Berta Loran, Polish-born Brazilian actress (d. 2025)
March 24
Dario Fo, Italian author, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2016)
Desmond Connell, Irish cardinal (d. 2017)
March 25
László Papp, Hungarian boxer (d. 2003)
Gene Shalit, American Film Critic
March 26 – Aldo Tarlao, Italian Olympic rower (d. 2018)[47]
March 28 – Cayetana Fitz-James Stuart, 18th Duchess of Alba, Spanish aristocrat (d. 2014)
March 30
Ingvar Kamprad, Swedish businessman, founder of IKEA (d. 2018)[48]
Peter Marshall, American singer, television host (Hollywood Squares) (d. 2024)
Sydney Chaplin, American actor (d. 2009)
March 31 – John Fowles, English writer (d. 2005)
April
Gus Grissom
Ian Paisley
Hugh Hefner
Elizabeth II
Harper Lee
Cloris Leachman
April 1
Charles Bressler, American tenor (d. 1996)
Anne McCaffrey, American-born Irish author (d. 2011)
April 2
Jack Brabham, Australian racing driver (d. 2014)
Omar Graffigna, Argentine Air Force officer (d. 2019)
April 3 – Gus Grissom, American astronaut (d. 1967)[49]
April 5
Roger Corman, American filmmaker, producer, actor and businessman (d. 2024)
Ri Kun-mo, North Korean politician (d. 2001)
April 6
Jeanne Martin Cissé, Guinean teacher, nationalist politician (d. 2017)
Sergio Franchi, Italian tenor, actor (d. 1990)
Ian Paisley, Northern Irish politician (d. 2014)
April 8 – Jürgen Moltmann, German theologian and academic (d. 2024)
April 9 – Hugh Hefner, American magazine editor (Playboy) (d. 2017)
April 10 – Gustav Metzger, German-born stateless auto-destructive artist (d. 2017)
April 12 – Jane Withers, American actress (d. 2021)
April 13
John Spencer-Churchill, 11th Duke of Marlborough, British peer (d. 2014)
Egon Wolff, Chilean playwright, author (d. 2016)
April 14
Frank Daniel, Czech-born writer, producer, director, and teacher (d. 1996)
Gloria Jean, American actress and singer (d. 2018)
George Robledo, Chilean soccer player (d. 1989)
Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo, Spanish politician (d. 2008)
April 15 – Jurriaan Schrofer, Dutch sculptor, designer, and educator (d. 1990)[50]
April 19 – Rawya Ateya, Egyptian politician, first female parliamentarian in the Arab world (d. 1997)
April 21
Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom (d. 2022)[51]
Arthur Rowley, English footballer (d. 2002)
Alexander Lyudskanov, Bulgarian translator, semiotician and mathematician (d. 1976)
April 22
Ted Hibberd, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2017)
Charlotte Rae, American actress, singer (d. 2018)
James Stirling, Scottish architect (d. 1992)
April 24 – Thorbjörn Fälldin, twice Prime Minister of Sweden (d. 2016)[52]
April 27
Tim LaHaye, American evangelist, speaker and author (d. 2016)[53]
Vladimír Černý, Czechoslovakian modern pentathlete (d. 2016)
April 28 – Harper Lee, American novelist (To Kill a Mockingbird) (d. 2016)[54]
April 29 – Paul Baran, American internet pioneer (d. 2011)[55]
April 30
Alda Neves da Graça do Espírito Santo, Santomean poet (d. 2010)
Cloris Leachman, American actress (d. 2021)[56]
Christian Mohn, Norwegian ski jumper and sports official (d. 2019)
May
Sir David Attenborough
Don Rickles
Miles Davis
May 1 – Peter Lax, Hungarian-American mathematician, academic (d. 2025)
May 3
Matt Baldwin, Canadian curler (d. 2023)
Ema Derossi-Bjelajac, Croatian politician (d. 2020)
May 5 – Ann B. Davis, American actress (d. 2014)
May 7 – Rebiha Khebtani, French Algerian politician (d. 2006)
May 8
Sir David Attenborough, British broadcaster, naturalist, and producer
David Hurst, German actor (d. 2019)
Don Rickles, American stand-up comedian, actor (d. 2017)
May 10 – Hugo Banzer, 51st President of Bolivia (d. 2002)
May 14 – Eric Morecambe, English comedian, author (d. 1984)
May 15
Anthony Shaffer, English novelist, playwright (d. 2001)
Sir Peter Shaffer, English playwright (d. 2016)
May 17
Prince Dimitri Romanov, Russian prince, banker, philanthropist and author (d. 2016)
Franz Sondheimer, German-born British chemist (d. 1981)
Dietmar Schönherr, Austrian film actor (d. 2014)
May 18 – Niranjan Bhagat, Indian poet (d. 2018)
May 21 – Robert Creeley, American poet (d. 2005)
May 23 – Aileen Hernandez, African-American union organizer, civil rights activist, and women's rights activist (d. 2017)
May 24 – Stanley Baxter, Scottish actor and screenwriter
May 25
Claude Akins, American actor (d. 1994)
Bill Sharman, American basketball player, coach (d. 2013)[57]
May 26 – Miles Davis, African-American Jazz musician (d. 1991)
May 27 – Rashidi Kawawa, 1st Prime Minister of Tanzania (d. 2009)
May 29 – Abdoulaye Wade, 3rd President of Senegal
June
Andy Griffith
Marilyn Monroe
Allen Ginsberg
Efraín Ríos Montt
Mel Brooks
June 1
Andy Griffith, American actor, comedian, singer (d. 2012)
Marilyn Monroe, American actress (d. 1962)
June 3
Flora MacDonald, Canadian politician and humanitarian (d. 2015)
Allen Ginsberg, American poet (Howl) (d. 1997)[58]
Molly Lazechko, American politician (d. 2010).[59]
June 4 – Robert Earl Hughes, American who was the heaviest human being recorded in the history of the world during his lifetime (d. 1958)
June 5
Emile Capgras, Martinican politician (d. 2014)
Kerstin Gellerman, Swedish politician (d. 1987)
Paul Soros, Hungarian-born American mechanical engineer, inventor, businessman and philanthropist (d. 2013)
June 6 – Antônio Ribeiro de Oliveira, Brazilian Roman Catholic prelate (d. 2017)
June 7 – Jean-Noël Tremblay, Canadian politician (d. 2020)
June 10
June Haver, American actress and singer (d. 2005)
Lionel Jeffries, British film director and actor (d. 2010)
June 11
Carlisle Floyd, American composer and educator (d. 2021)[60]
Frank Plicka, Czech-born photographer (d. 2010)
June 12
Amadeo Carrizo, Argentine goalkeeper (d. 2020)
Gaspare di Mercurio, Italian doctor and author (d. 2001)
June 13
Satoru Abe, Japanese-American sculptor and painter (d. 2025)
June Krauser, American swimmer (d. 2014)[61]
June 16 – Efraín Ríos Montt, Guatemalan career military officer and politician (d. 2018)[62]
June 18
Avshalom Haviv, (d. 1947)
Allan Sandage, American astronomer (d. 2010)
June 19 – Erna Schneider Hoover, American mathematician and inventor[63]
June 21
Mona Baptiste, Trinidad and Tobago singer and actress (d. 1993)[64]
Washington Malianga, Zimbabwean politician (d. 2014)
Johanna Quandt, German businesswoman (d. 2015)
June 22
George Englund, American film editor, director, producer, and actor (d. 2017)
Elyakim Haetzni, Israeli lawyer (d. 2022)
Tadeusz Konwicki, Polish filmmaker (d. 2015)
Rachid Solh, 2-Time Prime Minister of Lebanon (d. 2014)
June 23
Yoshihiro Hamaguchi, Japanese freestyle swimmer (d. 2011)
Magda Herzberger, Romanian author, poet and composer, survivor of the Holocaust (d. 2021)
Annette Mbaye d'Erneville, Senegalese writer
Arnaldo Pomodoro, Italian sculptor (d. 2025)
June 24
Muslim Arogundade, Nigerian sprinter (d. 1991)
Barbara Scofield, American tennis player (d. 2023)
June 25
Ján Eugen Kočiš, Czech bishop (d. 2019)
Ingeborg Bachmann, Austrian writer (d. 1973)
Gordon Robertson, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2019)
Stig Sollander, Swedish alpine skier (d. 2019)
June 26
Raoul Abatchou, Central African politician and mining operator (d. 1968)[65]
Mahendra Bhatnagar, Indian poet (d. 2020)
Fernando Mönckeberg Barros, Chilean surgeon
Luis Molné, Andorran alpine skier
André Monnier, French ski jumper (d. 2023)
Fritz Zwazl, Austrian swimmer
June 27
Giambattista Bonis, Italian professional football player
Geza de Kaplany, Hungarian-born physician
Don Raleigh, American ice hockey player (d. 2012)
Bruce Tozer, Australian cricketer (d. 2021)
Galina Vecherkovskaya, Russian rower
June 28
Elisabeta Abrudeanu, Romanian artistic gymnast
George Booth, American cartoonist (d. 2022)
Mel Brooks, American actor, comedian, and screenwriter
June 30
Peter Alexander, Austrian actor and singer (d. 2011)
Paul Berg, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2023)[66]
Božena Moserová, Czech alpine skier (d. 2017)
July
Carl Hahn
Nuon Chea
Leopoldo Galtieri
Stef Wertheimer
Maunu Kurkvaara
Norman Jewison
July 1
Fernando J. Corbató, American computer scientist (d. 2019)[67]
Robert Fogel, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2013)
Carl Hahn, German automotive executive, chairman of Volkswagen (d. 2023)
Hans Werner Henze, German composer (d. 2012)
July 2
Liu Dajun, Chinese agricultural scientist, educator and an academician (d. 2016)
Alfons Oehy, Swiss swimmer (d. 1977)
Carlo Rolandi, Italian sailor (d. 2020)
July 3 – María Lorenza Barreneche, First Lady of Argentina (d. 2016)
July 4
Alfredo Di Stéfano, Argentine-born footballer (d. 2014)
Amos Elon, Israeli writer (d. 2009)
July 5
Salvador Jorge Blanco, President of the Dominican Republic (d. 2010)
Diana Lynn, American actress (d. 1971)
Anthony Purssell, English brewing executive and rower
Éliane Vogel-Polsky, Belgian lawyer and feminist (d. 2015)
July 6
Serge Roullet, French film director and screenwriter (d. 2023)
Dorothy E. Smith, British-born Canadian sociologist (d. 2022)
July 7
Armand Lemieux, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2015)
Thorkild Simonsen, Danish politician (d. 2022)
Nuon Chea, Cambodian politician, 31st Prime Minister of Cambodia (d. 2019)
Mel Clark, American Major League Baseball outfielder (d. 2014)
July 8
David Malet Armstrong, Australian philosopher (d. 2014)
Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, Swiss-American psychiatrist (d. 2004)
July 9
Jens Juul Eriksen, Danish cyclist (d. 2004)
Mathilde Krim, founding chairman of amfAR, the American Foundation for AIDS Research (d. 2018)
Ben Roy Mottelson, American-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2022)
July 10
Carleton Carpenter, American actor and dancer (d. 2022)
Donald Geary, American ice hockey player (d. 2015)
Fred Gwynne, American actor and author (d. 1993)
Harry MacPherson, American pitcher (d. 2017)
Aldo Tortorella, Italian journalist, politician and partisan (d. 2025)
July 11
Frederick Buechner, American author and theologian (d. 2022)
Joe Houston, American saxophonist (d. 2015)
July 12 – Siti Hasmah Mohamad Ali, spouse of Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad
July 13 – Cheng Chi-sen, Taiwanese sports shooter
July 14 – Harry Dean Stanton, American film and television actor (d. 2017)
July 15
Sir John Graham, 4th Baronet, English diplomat (d. 2019)
Leopoldo Galtieri, Argentine dictator (d. 2003)
Raymond Gosling, English physicist (d. 2015)
July 16
Emile Degelin, Belgian film director and novelist (d. 2017)
Michael Otedola, Nigerian politician (d. 2014)
Irwin Rose, American biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 2015)
Stef Wertheimer, German-born Israeli industrialist, investor, philanthropist and former politician (d. 2025)
July 17 – Édouard Carpentier, Canadian professional wrestler (d. 2010)
July 18
Maunu Kurkvaara, Finnish film director and screenwriter (d. 2023)
Bernard Pons, French politician and medical doctor (d. 2022)
July 19
Terry Cavanagh, Canadian politician (d. 2017)
Helen Gallagher, American actress, dancer, and singer (d. 2024)
July 20
Charles David Ganao, Congolese politician (d. 2012)
Odd Kallerud, Norwegian politician (d. 2016)
July 21
Otto Beyeler, Swiss cross country skier (d. 2004)
Norman Jewison, Canadian film director (d. 2024)
July 22 – Bryan Forbes, English film director (d. 2013)
July 24 – Hans Günter Winkler, German show jumping rider (d. 2018)
July 25
Yvonne Ciannella, American coloratura soprano in opera and concert (d. 2022)
Beatriz Segall, Brazilian actress (d. 2018)
Ray Solomonoff, American inventor (d. 2009)
July 26 – James Best, American actor and acting coach (d. 2015)
July 28 – Walt Brown, American presidential candidate
July 29 – Franco Sensi, Italian businessman (d. 2008)
July 30
Nina Kulagina, Russian psychic (d. 1990)
George Shanard, American politician and businessman (d. 2012)[68]
July 31
Bernard Nathanson, American medical doctor and activist (d. 2011)
Hilary Putnam, American philosopher, mathematician and computer scientist (d. 2016)
August
Tony Bennett
Fidel Castro
Konstantinos Stephanopoulos
Jiang Zemin
August 2
Sy Mah, Canadian marathoner (d. 1988)
George Habash, Palestinian Christian politician (d. 2008)
Igor Spassky, Russian scientist, engineer and businessman (d. 2024)
Hang Thun Hak, Cambodian radical politician, academic and playwright (d. 1975)
August 3
Rona Anderson, Scottish stage, film, and television actress (d. 2013)
Loris Campana, Italian road and track cyclist (d. 2015)
Tony Bennett, American singer (d. 2023)
Shun-ichi Iwasaki, Japanese engineer (d. 2025)
August 5 – Clifford Husbands, 6th Governor-General of Barbados (d. 2017)
August 6
Janet Asimov, American writer and psychiatrist (d. 2019)
János Rózsás, Hungarian writer (d. 2012)
Frank Finlay, English stage, film and television actor (d. 2016)
Elisabeth Beresford, British author (d. 2010)
Norman Wexler, American screenwriter (d. 1999)
August 7 – Stan Freberg, American author, recording artist and comedian (d. 2015)
August 8
Silvio Amadio, Italian film director and screenwriter (d. 1995)
Jimmy Brown, American trumpeter, saxophonist and singer (d. 2006)
Angelo Bonfietti, Brazilian basketball player (d. 2004)
August 9 – Frank M. Robinson, American science fiction and techno-thriller writer (d. 2014)
August 10
Marie-Claire Alain, French organist (d. 2013)[69]
Carol Ruth Vander Velde, American mathematician (d. 1972)[70]
Arthur Maxwell House, Canadian neurologist (d. 2013)
August 11
Ron Bontemps, American basketball player (d. 2017)
Aaron Klug, Lithuanian-English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2018)[71]
Claus von Bülow, Danish-British socialite (d. 2019)
John Gokongwei, Filipino billionaire businessman and philanthropist (d. 2019)
August 12
John Derek, American actor and film director (d. 1998)
Osamu Ishiguro, Japanese tennis player (d. 2016)
Hiroshi Koizumi, Japanese actor (d. 2015)
René Vignal, French footballer (d. 2016)
August 13
Fidel Castro, Cuban revolutionary and politician (d. 2016)
Valentina Levko, Russian opera and chamber singer (d. 2018)
Norris Bowden, Canadian figure skater (d. 1991)
August 14
Martin Broszat, German historian (d. 1989)
René Goscinny, French comic book writer (d. 1977)
Buddy Greco, American jazz and pop singer and pianist (d. 2017)
August 15
Sukanta Bhattacharya, Bengali poet and playwright (d. 1947)
Ivy Bottini, American activist and artist (d. 2021)
Julius Katchen, American concert pianist (d. 1969)
Sami Michael, Iraqi-Israeli author (d. 2024)
Konstantinos Stephanopoulos, former President of Greece (d. 2016)
August 16
Jack Britto, Pakistani Olympic field hockey player (d. 2013)
Eivind Hjelmtveit, Norwegian cultural administrator (d. 2017)
Yu Min, Chinese nuclear physicist (d. 2019)
August 17
Jean Poiret, French actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 1992)
Jiang Zemin, former General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (paramount leader) and President of China (d. 2022)
August 18 – Orlando Bosch, Cuban terrorist (d. 2011)
August 19 – Luis Bordón, Paraguayan musician and composer (d. 2006)
August 20 – Hocine Aït Ahmed, Algerian politician (d. 2015)
August 21
Marian Jaworski, Polish cardinal (d. 2020)
Kim Ja-rim, Korean playwright and essayist (d. 1994)
August 22 – Werner Spitz, German-American forensic pathologist (d. 2024)
August 23 – Clifford Geertz, American anthropologist (d. 2006)
August 29
Helene Ahrweiler, Greek historian and academic
Ramakrishna Hegde, Indian politician (d. 2004)
Betty Lynn, American actress (d. 2021)
September
Prince Claus
Masatoshi Koshiba
Donald A. Glaser
John Coltrane
Julie London
September 1
Stanley Cavell, American philosopher (d. 2018)
Abdur Rahman Biswas, 11th President of Bangladesh (d. 2017)
September 2 – Ibrahim Nasir, Maldivian president (d. 2008)
September 3
Uttam Kumar, Bengali actor (d. 1980)
Alison Lurie, American author and academic (d. 2020)
September 4
Elias Hrawi, 14th President of Lebanon (d. 2006)
Ivan Illich, Austrian philosopher and Catholic priest who founded the Centro Intercultural de Documentación in Cuernavaca, Mexico (d. 2002)[72]
September 5 – Mishaal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, Saudi prince (d. 2017)
September 6 – Claus van Amsberg, German born Prince Consort of the Netherlands (d. 2002)
September 7 – Ivone Ramos, Cape Verdean writer (d. 2018)
September 8 – Sergio Pininfarina, Italian automobile designer (d. 2012)[73]
September 9 – Yusuf al-Qaradawi, Egyptian Islamic theologian (d. 2022)
September 11 – Gerrit Viljoen, South African government minister (d. 2009)
September 13 – Emile Francis, Canadian ice hockey player and manager (d. 2022)
September 14
Dick Dale, American singer and musician (d. 2014)
Carmen Franco, 1st Duchess of Franco, Spanish noble (d. 2017)
John F. Kurtzke, American neurologist (d. 2015)
September 15 – Jean-Pierre Serre, French mathematician
September 17
Bill Black, American rock and roll musician and bandleader (d. 1965)
Andrea Kékesy, Hungarian figure skater (d. 2024)
September 19
Victoria Barbă, Moldovan animated film director (d. 2020)[74]
Masatoshi Koshiba, Japanese physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2020)
James Lipton, American television personality and writer (d. 2020)
September 21
Donald A. Glaser, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2013)
Noor Jehan, Pakistani singer and actress (d. 2000)
September 22 – Bill Smith, American clarinet player and composer (d. 2020)
September 23
Aage Birch, Danish competitive sailor and Olympic medalist (d. 2017)
John Coltrane, American jazz saxophonist (d. 1967)
Heng Freylinger, Luxembourgish wrestler (d. 2017)
September 25
Carlos Chasseing, Argentine politician (d. 2018)
John Ericson, German-American actor (d. 2020)
September 26
Tulsi Giri, former Prime Minister of Nepal (d. 2018)
Julie London, American actress and singer (d. 2000)
September 28
Bonnie Leman, American art historian, writer, and publisher of Quilter's Newsletter Magazine (d. 2010)[75]
Ozzie Van Brabant, Canadian baseball player (d. 2018)
September 30 – Frank O'Neill, Australian swimmer (d. 2024)
October
Thích Nhất Hạnh
Julie Adams
Chuck Berry
Jimmy Heath
Necmettin Erbakan
October 1 – Max Morath, American musician (d. 2023)
October 2
Jan Morris, born James Morris, British travel writer (d. 2020)[76]
John Ross, Austrian-born American chemist (d. 2017)
October 4 – Phar Lap, New Zealand-foaled racehorse (d. 1932)
October 7
Uri Lubrani, Israeli diplomat and military official (d. 2018)
Czesław Ryll-Nardzewski, Polish mathematician (d. 2015)
October 8 – Carmencita Lara, Peruvian singer (d. 2018)
October 9 – Ruth Ellis, British murderess (d. 1955)
October 11
Yvon Dupuis, Canadian politician (d. 2017)
Thích Nhất Hạnh, Vietnamese Thiền Buddhist monk and peace activist[77][78] (d. 2022)
Zohurul Hoque, Indian Islamic scholar (d. 2017)
Shin Sang-ok, South Korean film producer and director (d. 2006)
October 12 – César Pelli, Argentine-American architect (d. 2019)
October 13
Jesse L. Brown, first African-American aviator in the United States Navy (d. 1950)
Kazuo Nakamura, Japanese-Canadian painter, part of the Painters Eleven (d. 2002)
October 15
Michel Foucault, French philosopher (d. 1984)
Jean Peters, American actress (d. 2000)
Karl Richter, German conductor (d. 1981)
October 16 – Charles Dolan, American billionaire (d. 2024)
October 17
Julie Adams, American actress (d. 2019)
Beverly Garland, American actress and businesswoman (d. 2008)
October 18
Chuck Berry, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2017)
Klaus Kinski, German actor (d. 1991)
October 19 – Marjorie Tallchief, American ballerina (d. 2021)
October 20 – Vsevolod Murakhovsky, Ukrainian-Russian politician (d. 2017)
October 21 – Waldir Pires, Brazilian politician (d. 2018)
October 22 – Chan Sui-kau, Hong Kong industrialist and philanthropist (d. 2018)
October 25
María Concepción César, Argentine actress, singer and vedette (d. 2018)
Jimmy Heath, American jazz saxophonist and composer (d. 2020)
Galina Vishnevskaya, Russian soprano (d. 2012)
October 27 – Henri Fertet, French Resistance fighter (d. 1943)[79]
October 28 – Bowie Kuhn, American Commissioner of Baseball (d. 2007)
October 29
Necmettin Erbakan, 25th Prime Minister of Turkey (d. 2011)
Jon Vickers, Canadian operatic tenor (d. 2015)
October 30 – Richard Hu – Singaporean politician, Minister for Finance (d. 2023)
November
Valdas Adamkus
Jeffrey Hunter
Beji Caid Essebsi
November 1 – Betsy Palmer, American actress (d. 2015)
November 2
Myer Skoog, American basketball player (d. 2019)
Charlie Walker, American country music singer-songwriter (d. 2008)
November 3 – Valdas Adamkus, Lithuanian politician, 3rd President of Lithuania
November 4 – Laurence Rosenthal, American composer
November 5
John Berger, English art critic, novelist and painter (d. 2017)
Kim Jong-gil, South Korean poet (d. 2017)
November 7 – Dame Joan Sutherland, Australian soprano (d. 2010)
November 8
Sonja Bata, Swiss businesswoman and philanthropist (d. 2018)
Darleane C. Hoffman, American nuclear chemist (d. 2025)
Jack Mendelsohn, American writer-artist (d. 2017)
November 9 – Stu Griffing, American Olympic rower (d. 2021)
November 11
Maria Teresa de Filippis, Italian automobile racing driver (d. 2016)
Juan Jesús Posadas Ocampo, Mexican Roman Catholic cardinal (d. 1993)
José Manuel Caballero, Spanish poet and novelist (d. 2021)
November 15 – Helmut Fischer, German actor (d. 1997)
November 16 – Ton de Leeuw, Dutch composer (d. 1996)
November 17 – Christopher Weeramantry, Sri Lankan lawyer (d. 2017)
November 19 – Jeane Kirkpatrick, American ambassador (d. 2006)
November 20
Choi Eun-hee, South Korean actress (d. 2018)
Judith Magre, French actress
November 23
Sathya Sai Baba, Indian spiritual leader (d. 2011)
Vann Molyvann, Cambodian architect (d. 2017)
November 24 – Tsung-Dao Lee, Chinese physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2024)
November 25
Jeffrey Hunter, American actor (d. 1969)
Poul Anderson, American science fiction author (d. 2001)
November 26 – Rabi Ray, Indian politician (d. 2017)
November 28 – Umberto Veronesi, Italian oncologist and politician (d. 2016)
November 29 – Beji Caid Essebsi, Tunisian politician, 5th President and 18th Prime Minister of Tunisia (d. 2019)
November 30
Richard Crenna, American actor (d. 2003)
Teresa Gisbert Carbonell, Bolivian architect and art historian (d. 2018)
Andrew Schally, Polish-born American endocrinologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2024)
December
Raif Dizdarević
December 1
Allyn Ann McLerie, Canadian-American actress and dancer (d. 2018)
Kitty Hart-Moxon, Polish-English nurse and Holocaust survivor
Antonio Lamela, Spanish architect (d. 2017)
December 5 – Adetowun Ogunsheye, Nigerian academic and educator
December 9
Raif Dizdarević, Bosnian politician
Erhard Eppler, German politician (d. 2019)
Henry Way Kendall, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1999)
Lorenzo Wright, American athlete (d. 1972)[80]
December 10
Leon Kossoff, English painter and illustrator (d. 2019)
Guitar Slim, American New Orleans blues guitarist (d. 1959)
Giorgos Ioannou, Greek artist (d. 2017)
December 13 – George Rhoden, Jamaican athlete (d. 2024)
December 14 – María Elena Marqués, Mexican actress (d. 2008)
December 15
Nikos Koundouros, Greek film director (d. 2017)
Emmanuel Wamala, Ugandan cardinal
December 16 – A. N. R. Robinson, 3rd President and 3rd Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago (d. 2014)
December 17 – Patrice Wymore, American actress (d. 2014)
December 19 – Herbert Stempel, American game show contestant (d. 2020)
December 20
Geoffrey Howe, British politician (d. 2015)
Otto Graf Lambsdorff, German politician (d. 2009)
David Levine, U.S. caricaturist (d. 2009)
December 21
Champ Butler, American singer (d. 1992)[81]
Joe Paterno, American football player and coach (d. 2012)
December 22 – Alcides Ghiggia, Uruguayan footballer (d. 2015)
December 23
Jorge Medina, Chilean cardinal (d. 2021)
Metakse, Armenian poet, writer, translator and public activist (d. 2014)
December 24
Ronald Draper, South African cricketer (d. 2025)
Maria Janion, Polish scholar, critic and politician (d. 2020)
December 26 – Gina Pellón, Cuban painter (d. 2014)
December 29 – Amelita Ramos, First Lady of the Philippines
December 31 – Billy Snedden, Australian politician (d. 1987)
Deaths
January–March
Camillo Golgi
Kato Takaaki
Theodosius of Skopje
Jan Cieplak
Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
January 4 – Margherita of Savoy, Queen consort of Italy (b. 1851)
January 6 – John Bowers, British Anglican bishop (b. 1854)
January 12 – Sir Austin Chapman, Australian politician (b. 1864)
January 15
Giambattista De Curtis, Italian painter (b. 1860)
Louis Majorelle, French furniture designer (b. 1859)
Enrico Toselli, Italian pianist and composer (b. 1883)
January 21
Marie C. Brehm, American suffragette (b. 1859)
Camillo Golgi, Italian physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1843)
January 23 – Désiré-Joseph Mercier, Belgian Catholic cardinal and philosopher (b. 1851)
January 26
Bucura Dumbravă, Hungarian-born Romanian novelist, promoter, hiker and Theosophist (b. 1868)
Joseph Sarsfield Glass, American Roman Catholic prelate (b. 1874)
January 28
Katō Takaaki, Japanese politician, 24th Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1860)
Sir Ernest Troubridge, British admiral (b. 1862)
January 30 – Barbara La Marr, American film actress (b. 1896)
February 1 – Theodosius of Skopje, Bulgaria Orthodox religious leader and saint (b. 1846)
February 5 – Gustav Eberlein, German sculptor, painter and writer (b. 1847)
February 6 – Carrie Clark Ward, American stage and film character actress (b. 1862)
February 8 – William Bateson, British geneticist (b. 1861)
February 10 – Aqif Pasha Elbasani, Albanian political figure (b. 1860)
February 12 – Art Smith, American pilot (b. 1890)
February 13 – Francis Ysidro Edgeworth, Anglo-Irish philosopher and political economist (b. 1845)
February 14 – John Jacob Bausch, German-born American optician, co-founder of Bausch & Lomb (b. 1830)
February 17 – Jan Cieplak, Polish Roman Catholic priest, bishop and servant of God (b. 1857)
February 21 – Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, Dutch physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1853)
February 24 – Eddie Plank, American baseball player and MLB Hall of Famer (b. 1875)
March 3 – Eugenia Mantelli, Italian opera singer (b. 1860)
March 4 – Patriarch Macarius II (b. 1835)
March 11 – Maibelle Heikes Justice, American novelist and screenwriter (b. 1871)
March 12 – E. W. Scripps, American newspaper publisher (b. 1854)
March 16 – Sergeant Stubby, World War I American hero war dog (b. 1916)
March 17 – Aleksei Brusilov, Russian general (b. 1853)
March 19 – Friedrich Brodersen, German opera singer (b. 1873)
March 20
Krishna Govinda Gupta, Indian statesman, member of Indian Civil Service (b. 1851)
Louise of Sweden, Queen consort of Denmark (b. 1851)
March 24 – Sizzo, Prince of Schwarzburg (b. 1860)
March 26 – Constantin Fehrenbach, German politician and 13th Chancellor of Germany (b. 1852)
March 28 – Prince Philippe, Duke of Orleans (b. 1869)
March 29 – Charles Williamson Crook, British teacher, trade unionist and politician (b. 1862)
April–June
Emperor Sunjong
Sultan Mehmed VI
Antoni Gaudí
Mary Cassatt
Jón Magnússon
April 1 – Jacob Pavlovich Adler, Russian actor (b. 1855)
April 4 – Thomas Burberry, English businessman and inventor (b. 1835)
April 7 – Giovanni Amendola, Italian journalist and politician (b. 1882)
April 9 – Henry Miller, British-born American stage actor and producer (b. 1859)
April 10 – Ōshima Yoshimasa, Japanese general (b. 1850)
April 11 – Luther Burbank, American biologist, botanist and agricultural scientist (b. 1849)
April 14 – Otto Stark, American painter (b. 1859)
April 17 – Antonio Adolfo Pérez y Aguilar, Salvadorian Roman Catholic archbishop (b. 1839)
April 19 – Alexander Alexandrovich Chuprov, Soviet statistician (b. 1874)
April 20 – Billy Quirk, American actor (b. 1873)
April 22 – Federico Gana, Chilean writer and diplomat (b. 1867)
April 24 – Sunjong, last Emperor of Korea (b. 1874)
April 25 – Ellen Key, Swedish feminist writer (b. 1849)
April 26 – Jeffreys Lewis, English-born stage actress (b. 1852)
April 28 – Kawamura Kageaki, Japanese field marshal (b. 1850)
April 30 – Bessie Coleman, American pilot (b. 1892)
May 3 – Victor, Prince Napoleon (b. 1862)
May 7 – Lillian Lawrence, American actress (b. 1868)
May 9 – J. M. Dent, British publisher (b. 1849)
May 10
Alton B. Parker, American judge and political candidate (b. 1852)
Giacinto Menotti Serrati, Italian politician (b. 1874)
May 16 – Mehmed VI, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1861)
May 18 – Count Nikolaus Szécsen von Temerin (b. 1857)
May 22 – Tomás Arejola, Filipino lawyer, legislator, diplomat and writer (b. 1865)
May 26
Frank Nelson Cole, American mathematician (b. 1861)
Symon Petliura, Ukrainian independence fighter (b. 1879)
May 27 – Michele Comella, Italian painter (b. 1856)
June 4 – Fred Spofforth, Australian cricketer (b. 1853)
June 8
Emily Hobhouse, British welfare campaigner (b. 1860)
Mariam Thresia Chiramel, Indian Catholic professed religious and stigmatist (b. 1876)
June 9 – Sanford B. Dole, President of Hawaii and 1st Territorial Governor of Hawaii (b. 1844)
June 10 – Antoni Gaudí, Spanish architect (b. 1852)[82]
June 13 – Nikolay Chkheidze, Soviet politician (b. 1864)
June 14
Mary Cassatt, American painter and printmaker (b. 1844)
Windham Wyndham-Quin, 4th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl, Anglo-Irish politician (b. 1841)
June 18 – Olga Constantinovna of Russia, Queen consort of Greece (b. 1851)
June 23 – Jón Magnússon, Icelandic politician, 1st Prime Minister of Iceland (b. 1857)
July–September
Mother Mary Alphonsa
King Ugyen Wangchuck
Rudolph Valentino
José María Orellana
July 1 – Carlo Luigi Spegazzini, Italian-born Argentine botanist and mycologist (b. 1858)
July 2
Émile Coué, French psychologist (b. 1857)
Kristján Jónsson, Minister for Iceland (b. 1852)
July 9 – Mother Mary Alphonsa, American Roman Catholic religious sister, social worker, foundress and venerable (b. 1851)
July 12
Gertrude Bell, British archaeologist, writer, spy and administrator; known as the "Uncrowned Queen of Iraq" (b. 1868)
John W. Weeks, American politician in the Republican Party (b. 1860)
July 14 – Roshanara, Anglo-Indian dancer (b. 1894)
July 17 – Bernard Coyne, Irish Roman Catholic clergyman (b. 1854)
July 18 – Tiburcio Arnáiz Muñoz, Spanish Roman Catholic priest and venerable (b. 1865)
July 22
Willard Louis, American actor (b. 1882)
Friedrich von Wieser, Austrian economist (b. 1851)
July 23
Charles Avery, American actor, director and screenwriter (b. 1873)
Fumiko Kaneko, Japanese anarchist and nihilist (b. 1903)
July 26
Ella Adayevskaya, Soviet composer (b. 1846)
Philippe Sudré Dartiguenave, Haitian political figure, 25th President of Haiti (b. 1863)
Robert Todd Lincoln, American statesman and businessman, son of 16th President Abraham Lincoln (b. 1843)
July 30 – Albert B. Cummins, American lawyer and politician (b. 1850)
July 31 – Bronislav Grombchevsky, Soviet army and explorer (b. 1855)
August 1 – Israel Zangwill, British novelist and playwright (b. 1864)
August 6 – Constantin Climescu, Romanian mathematician and politician (b. 1844)
August 14 – John H. Moffitt, American politician (b. 1843)
August 21 – Ugyen Wangchuck, King of Bhutan (b. 1861)
August 22
Charles W. Eliot, President of Harvard University (b. 1834)
Joe Moore, American actor (b. 1894)
August 23 – Rudolph Valentino, Italian actor (b. 1895)
August 27 – John Rodgers, American naval officer and naval aviation pioneer (b. 1881)
August 30 – Eddie Lyons, American actor (b. 1886)
September 15
Alexander Boyter, American stonemason (b. 1848)
Rudolf Christoph Eucken, German writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1846)
September 17 – Rashid Tali’a, 1st Prime Minister of Transjordan (b. 1877)
September 21 – Léon Charles Thévenin, French telegraph engineer (b. 1857)
September 25 – Herbert Booth, English Salvationist, third son of William and Catherine Booth (b. 1862)
September 26 – José María Orellana, Guatemalan political and military leader, 14th President of Guatemala (b. 1872)
October–December
Harry Houdini
Annie Oakley
Claude Monet
Nikola Pašić
Emperor Taishō
October 7 – Emil Kraepelin, German psychiatrist (b. 1856)
October 9
Vaso Abashidze, Georgian actor (b. 1854)
Josias von Heeringen, German general (b. 1850)
Evald Relander, Finnish teacher, agronomist and banker (b. 1856)[83]
October 11
Hymie Weiss, American gangster (b. 1898)
October 12
Edwin Abbott Abbott, English author and theologian (b. 1838)
Paul Puhallo von Brlog, Croatian Austro-Hungarian general (b. 1856)
October 16 – Princess Frederica of Hanover (b. 1848)
October 18 – José Maria Mora Cuban born portrait photographer (b. 1847)
October 19
Victor Babeș, Romanian bacteriologist (b. 1854)
Ludvig Karsten, German painter (b. 1876)
October 20 – Eugene V. Debs, American labor and political leader (b. 1855)
October 24 – Salomon Ehrmann, Czech-born Austrian dermatologist and histologist (b. 1854)
October 31
Harry Houdini, Hungarian-born American escapologist (b. 1874)[84]
Charles Vance Millar, Canadian businessman (b. 1853)
November 3 – Annie Oakley, American sharpshooter and entertainer (b. 1860)[85][86]
November 6 – Carl Swartz, Swedish politician, 14th Prime Minister of Sweden (b. 1858)
November 7 – Tom Forman, American actor and director (b. 1893)
November 10 – Lyubov Dostoyevskaya, Russian writer (b. 1869)
November 19 – Thomas Cusack, American entrepreneur, pioneer and politician (b. 1858)
November 21 – Joseph McKenna, American politician and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court (b. 1843)
December 2 – Gérard Cooreman, Belgian politician, 21st Prime Minister of Belgium (b. 1852)
December 3 – Siegfried Jacobsohn, German writer and critic (b. 1881)
December 4 – Ivana Kobilca, Slovenian painter (b. 1861)
December 5 – Claude Monet, French painter (b. 1840)[87]
December 10 – Nikola Pašić, Serbian and Yugoslav statesman, 33rd Prime Minister of Serbia and 4th Prime Minister of Yugoslavia (b. 1855)
December 16 – William Larned, American tennis champion (b. 1872)
December 17 – Lars Magnus Ericsson, Swedish inventor and founder of Ericsson (b. 1846)
December 20 – Narcisa Freixas, Spanish painter and sculptor (b. 1859)
December 22 – Mina Arndt, New Zealand painter (b. 1885)
December 24 – Johan Castberg, Norwegian Radical politician (b. 1862)
December 25
Oleksander Barvinsky, Ukrainian politician (b. 1847)
Emperor Taishō, Emperor of Japan, one of the leaders of World War I (b. 1879)
December 27 – Amalia Riégo, Swedish opera singer (b. 1850)
December 28 – Robert William Felkin, British-born medical missionary, explorer, anthropologist and occultist (b. 1853)
December 29 – Rainer Maria Rilke, Austrian poet (b. 1875)[88]
December 30 – Felice Napoleone Canevaro, Italian admiral (b. 1838)
Nobel Prizes
Physics – Jean Baptiste Perrin
Chemistry – Theodor Svedberg
Physiology or Medicine – Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger[89]
Literature – Grazia Deledda
Peace – Aristide Briand, Gustav Stresemann
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