Description
Poland 1860 (so called Kingdom of Congress Poland) !
10 Kopecks blue on pink "
Nice Cut Out tied Centrally by Numeral Postmark 1 = Warsaw !
Good old German Expert Sign "W. Engel)!
Taken from a Old Poland Collection !
Click on the images for larger photos !
NOTE: We have more nice Poland and other Stamps in our Store !
Shipping by trackable registered priority airmail !
We combine shipping charges !
10 Kopecks blue on pink "
Nice Cut Out tied Centrally by Numeral Postmark 1 = Warsaw !
Good old German Expert Sign "W. Engel)!
Taken from a Old Poland Collection !
Click on the images for larger photos !
NOTE: We have more nice Poland and other Stamps in our Store !
Shipping by trackable registered priority airmail !
We combine shipping charges !
Congress Poland or the Congress Kingdom of Poland, formally known as the Kingdom of Poland, was a semi-autonomous Polish state established in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna in personal union with the Russian Empire. Created from parts of Napoleon's Duchy of Warsaw, the kingdom gradually lost its political autonomy following uprisings in 1830 and 1863. Russian rule over the region effectively ended during World War I with the 1915 Russian withdrawal, after which the territory was occupied by the Central Powers.
Following the Partitions of Poland at the end of the 18th century, Poland ceased to exist as an independent nation for 123 years. The territory, with its native population, was split among the Habsburg monarchy, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Russian Empire. After 1804, an equivalent to Congress Poland within the Austrian Empire was the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, also commonly referred to as "Austrian Poland". The area incorporated into Prussia initially also held autonomy as the Grand Duchy of Posen outside of the German Confederation, but was later demoted to a mere Prussian province (the Province of Posen), which was subsequently annexed in 1866 into the North German Confederation, the predecessor of the German Empire.
The Congress Kingdom of Poland was theoretically granted considerable political autonomy by the liberal constitution. However, its rulers, the Russian emperors, generally disregarded any restrictions on their power. It was, therefore, little more than a puppet state in a personal union with the Russian Empire. The autonomy was severely curtailed following the 1830–1831 uprising and effectively dismantled after the 1863 uprising. The territory was subsequently integrated directly into the Russian Empire and increasingly referred to in official use as Vistula Land. Thus, Polish autonomy was gradually reduced.
The capital was located in Warsaw, which, towards the beginning of the 20th century, became the Russian Empire's third-largest city after Saint Petersburg and Moscow. The moderately multicultural population of Congress Poland was estimated at 9,402,253 inhabitants in 1897. It was mostly composed of Poles, Polish Jews, ethnic Germans, Ukrainians, Lithuanians, and a small Russian minority. The predominant religion was Roman Catholicism and the official language used within the state was Polish until the failed January Uprising (1863) when Russian became co-official as a consequence. Yiddish and German were widely spoken by their native speakers.
The territory of Congress Poland roughly corresponds to modern-day Kalisz Region and the Lublin, Łódź, Masovian, Podlaskie and Holy Cross Voivodeships of Poland as well as southwestern Lithuania and a small part of the Grodno District of Belarus.
The Kingdom of Poland effectively came to an end with the Great Retreat of Russian forces in 1915 and was succeeded by the Government General of Warsaw, established by the Germans. In 1916, it was succeeded by the short-lived Kingdom of Poland, a client state of the Central Powers, which had a Regency Council instead of a king. (Source: Wikipedia)
Following the Partitions of Poland at the end of the 18th century, Poland ceased to exist as an independent nation for 123 years. The territory, with its native population, was split among the Habsburg monarchy, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Russian Empire. After 1804, an equivalent to Congress Poland within the Austrian Empire was the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, also commonly referred to as "Austrian Poland". The area incorporated into Prussia initially also held autonomy as the Grand Duchy of Posen outside of the German Confederation, but was later demoted to a mere Prussian province (the Province of Posen), which was subsequently annexed in 1866 into the North German Confederation, the predecessor of the German Empire.
The Congress Kingdom of Poland was theoretically granted considerable political autonomy by the liberal constitution. However, its rulers, the Russian emperors, generally disregarded any restrictions on their power. It was, therefore, little more than a puppet state in a personal union with the Russian Empire. The autonomy was severely curtailed following the 1830–1831 uprising and effectively dismantled after the 1863 uprising. The territory was subsequently integrated directly into the Russian Empire and increasingly referred to in official use as Vistula Land. Thus, Polish autonomy was gradually reduced.
The capital was located in Warsaw, which, towards the beginning of the 20th century, became the Russian Empire's third-largest city after Saint Petersburg and Moscow. The moderately multicultural population of Congress Poland was estimated at 9,402,253 inhabitants in 1897. It was mostly composed of Poles, Polish Jews, ethnic Germans, Ukrainians, Lithuanians, and a small Russian minority. The predominant religion was Roman Catholicism and the official language used within the state was Polish until the failed January Uprising (1863) when Russian became co-official as a consequence. Yiddish and German were widely spoken by their native speakers.
The territory of Congress Poland roughly corresponds to modern-day Kalisz Region and the Lublin, Łódź, Masovian, Podlaskie and Holy Cross Voivodeships of Poland as well as southwestern Lithuania and a small part of the Grodno District of Belarus.
The Kingdom of Poland effectively came to an end with the Great Retreat of Russian forces in 1915 and was succeeded by the Government General of Warsaw, established by the Germans. In 1916, it was succeeded by the short-lived Kingdom of Poland, a client state of the Central Powers, which had a Regency Council instead of a king. (Source: Wikipedia)
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