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Railways by Arthur N Evans
Railways by Arthur N Evans
Railways Cambridge Introduction to World History General Editor Trevor Cairns
Arthur N Evans
Soft Cover
48 pages
Copyright 1988
Contents
1 Beginnings p.4
Mines and railed ways p.4
The Surrey Iron Railway p.6
2 The locomotive pioneers p.7
Steam power p.7
Trevithick and the first successful locomotives p.8
Stephenson, 'the father of the railways' p.9
The Stockton & Darlington Railway p.10
The Liverpool & Manchester Railway p.11
3 Britain's railway boom p.14
The railway revolution p.14
Problems and opposition p.16
Parliament intervenes p.17
The rival gauges p.19
4 Technical developments on Britain's railways
1830-1914 p.20
The great steam locomotives p.20
Electric locomotion p.22
Rolling stock p.23
Railway stations p.25
Signalling p.25
Railways inside cities p.27
5 Railways and society in Britain 1830-1914 p.28
Building the railways p.28
Running the railways p.29
The impact on trade and industry p.29
Town, country, nation p.30
6 Railways around the world 1830-1914 p.32
Europe p.32
North America p.33
Australia and New Zealand p.34
South and Central America p.35
Asia p.36
Africa p.37
7 Railways and war p.38
8 Road begins to rival rail p.40
Between the World Wars p.40
The Second World War p.42
9 Railways after the Second World War p.43
Nationalisation and modernisation in Britain p.43
The Beeching Axe p.44
British railways since Beeching p.45
World railways since 1945 p.47
The gauge or width of these early waggonways was generally between 41/2 and 5 feet (1.4 and 1.5 m). This had been the common width of carts and chariots since before Roman times; it was convenient for harnessing the horses and for the horses to walk between the planks. The problem was how to keep the wheels from slipping off the planks. It appears that by about 1600 typical planks were only 31/2-41/2 inches (9-11 cm) wide. The answer was to put flanges on the waggon wheels. A second problem was how to stop the planks wearing unevenly; this was partly solved by fixing them to sleepers (heavy timbers 'lying down') buried just below the surface of the ground.
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