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In Indiana, Late Archaic artifacts include a variety of stone tools like projectile points, adzes, and knives, as well as less familiar items such as awls, beads, and hooks. These artifacts are often made of less high-quality, local chert and may be less finely crafted compared to earlier periods. Notable sites like the Bluegrass site and the McCain site offer insights into Late Archaic subsistence, settlement, and burial practices, including the presence of shell mounds and ritualistic burial treatments.
Key Characteristics of Late Archaic Artifacts in Indiana:
- Late Archaic points are often characterized by being stemmed or side-notched, and may be made from less fine-grained chert than earlier points. The points might also exhibit a thicker medial ridge and lack basal edge grinding.
- Besides projectile points, tools like adzes, knives, awls, beads, and hooks are also found. Adzes were used for woodworking, and knives for processing food.
- Late Archaic artifacts, especially projectile points, are often made from local cherts, which may be less fine-grained than materials used in earlier periods.
- While some Late Archaic points are well-made, others may appear less refined or less carefully crafted than earlier examples.
- Late Archaic sites in Indiana are diverse, ranging from small camps to large base camps, and are found in various habitats including swamps, rivers, and uplands. Shell mounds, like Crib Mound, Breeden, and Bono, are characteristic of Late Archaic settlements along major streams and rivers.
Examples of Late Archaic Sites and Artifacts:
- Bluegrass site: Features evidence of human and dog burials, trash pits, and hearths.
- McCain site: Yielded information about subsistence, settlement patterns, and burials.
- Crib Mound: A notable shell mound site.
- Breeden site: Another example of a shell mound site.
- Bono site: A shell mound site.
Context: The Late Archaic period (roughly 4000 to 1000 BC) in Indiana represents a time of adaptation and resource utilization, with people engaging in seasonal rounds to exploit various habitats and resources. The presence of shell mounds, along with other tool types and settlement patterns, provides insights into the culture and lifeways of these early inhabitants.
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