The Nuremberg trials were held by the Allies against representatives of the defeated Nazi Germany for plotting and carrying out invasions of other countries across Europe and atrocities against their citizens in World War II.

Between 1939 and 1945, Nazi Germany invaded many countries across Europe, inflicting 27 million deaths in the Soviet Union alone. Proposals for how to punish the defeated Nazi leaders ranged from a show trial (the Soviet Union) to summary executions (the United Kingdom). In mid-1945, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States agreed to convene a joint tribunal in Nuremberg, occupied Germany, with the Nuremberg Charter as its legal instrument. Between 20 November 1945 and 1 October 1946, the International Military Tribunal (IMT) tried 22 of the most important surviving leaders of Nazi Germany in the political, military, and economic spheres, as well as six German organizations. The purpose of the trial was not just to convict the defendants but also to assemble irrefutable evidence of Nazi crimes, offer a history lesson to the defeated Germans, and delegitimize the traditional German elite.

The IMT verdict followed the prosecution in declaring the crime of plotting and waging aggressive war "the supreme international crime" because "it contains within itself the accumulated evil of the whole". Most of the defendants were also charged with war crimes and crimes against humanity, and the systematic murder of millions of Jews in the Holocaust was significant to the trial. Twelve further trials were conducted by the United States against lower-level perpetrators, which focused more on the Holocaust. Controversial at the time for their retroactive criminalization of aggression, the trials' innovation of holding individuals responsible for violations of international law is considered "the true beginning of international criminal law".

REAR COVER

From November 20, 1945 until October 1,

1946, the International Military Tribunal (IMT)

convened in the principal courtroom lor criminal cases (room No. 600) in the Nuremberg Palace Of Justice. At the conferences in Moscow (1943), Tehran (1943), Jalta (1945) and Potsdam (1945), the Big Three Powers (U.S.A., USSR and Great Britain) had agreed to try and to punish those responsible for war crimes.

Designated by President Harry S. Truman as U.S. representative and chief counsel at the IMT Supreme Court Justice Robert H. Jackson planned and organised the trial procedure and served as Chief Prosecutor for the U.S.A.

He recommended Nuremberg as site for the trials for several reasons. The Palace Of Justice was spacious - it had 22,000 m of space with about 530 offices and about 80 courtrooms; war damage to it was minimal; and a large, undestroyed prison was part of the complex.

The prosecution entered indictments against 24 "major war criminals" and against 6 criminal organisations; Hitler's Cabinet, the leadership corps of the Nazi Party, the SS (party police) and SD (security police), the Gestapo, the SA and the General Staff and High Command of the Army.