Tetricus II - Roman Caesar: 273-274 A.D. -
Bronze Antoninianus 17mm (1.89 grams)
Struck circa 273-274 A.D.
Reference: Possibly Unpublished
Radiate, cuirassed bust right.
 SALVSAVGG - Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar and holding rudder.

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In Greek and Roman mythology , Hygieia (also Hygiea or Hygeia, Greek Ὑγιεία or Ὑγεία, Latin Hygēa or Hygīa), was the daughter of the god of medicine, Asclepius , and Epione . She was the goddess/personification of health, cleanliness and sanitation.

Hygieia and her five sisters each performed a facet of Apollo 's art: Hygieia ("Hygiene" the goddess/personification of health, cleanliness, and sanitation), Panacea (the goddess of Universal remedy), Iaso (the goddess of recuperation from illness), Aceso (the goddess of the healing process).

Hygieia also played an important part in her father's cult . While her father was more directly associated with healing, she was associated with the prevention of sickness and the continuation of good health. Her name is the source of the word "hygiene". She was imported by the Romans as the Goddess Valetudo, the goddess of personal health, but in time she started to be increasingly identified with the ancient Italian goddess of social welfare, Salus ..

History

At Athens, Hygieia was the subject of a local cult since at least the 7th century BC. "Athena Hygieia" was one of the cult titles given to Athena , as Plutarch recounts of the building of the Parthenon (447-432 BC):

However, the cult of Hygieia as an independent goddess did not begin to spread out until the Delphic oracle recognized her, and after the devastating Plague of Athens (430-427 BC) and in Rome in 293 BC.

In the 2nd century AD, Pausanias noted the statues both of Hygieia and of Athena Hygieia near the entrance to the Acropoliss of Athens.

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Hygieia's primary temples were in Epidaurus , Corinth , Cos and Pergamon . Pausanias remarked that, at the Asclepieion of Titane in Sicyon (founded by Alexanor , Asclepius' grandson), statues of Hygieia were covered by women's hair and pieces of Babylonian clothes. According to inscriptions, the same sacrifices were offered at Paros .

Ariphron , a Sicyonian artist from the 4th century BC wrote a well-known hymn celebrating her. Statues of Hygieia were created by Scopas , Bryaxis and Timotheus , among others, but there is no clear description of what they looked like. She was often depicted as a young woman feeding a large snake that was wrapped around her body or drinking from a jar that she carried. These attributes were later adopted by the Gallo-Roman healing goddess, Sirona . Hygieia was accompanied by her brother, Telesphorus .

The Pythagoreans called the pentagram ὑγιεία Hugieia ("health"); also the Greek goddess of health, Hygieia and saw in the pentagram a mathematical perfection..

Caius Pius Esuvius Tetricus (also seen as Gaius Pius Esuvius Tetricus but better known in English as Tetricus II) was the son of Tetricus I , Emperor of the Gallic Empire (270-274).

In 273, he was raised to the rank of Caesar , with the title of princeps iuventutis , and in January 274 he started his first consulship , together with his father. After the defeat and deposition of his father in the autumn of 274, he appeared as a prisoner in Aurelian 's triumph , but the emperor spared their lives. According to some sources, he even kept his senatorial rank.

The Gallic Empire (Latin: Imperium Galliarum) is the modern name for a breakaway realm that existed from 260 to 274. It originated during the Roman Empire 's Crisis of the Third Century .

It was founded by Postumus in 260 in the wake of barbarian invasions and instability in Rome, and at its height included the territories of Germania , Gaul , Britannia , and Hispania . After Postumus' assassination in 268 it lost much of its territory, but continued under a number of emperors and usurpers. It was retaken by Roman Emperor Aurelian after the Battle of Châlons in 274.

 History

 Origins

The Crisis of the Third Century began as Emperor Valerian was defeated and captured by the Sassanid Empire of Persia , leaving his son Gallienus in very shaky control. Shortly thereafter, the Palmyrene Empire , which came to encompass Egypt , Syria , Judea , and Arabia Petraea also broke away.

The governors in Pannonia staged unsuccessful local revolts. The emperor left to the Danube to attend to their disruption. This left Postumus , who was governor of Germania Superior and Inferior , in charge at the Rhine border. The imperial heir Saloninus and the praetorian prefect Silvanus remained at Colonia Agrippina (Cologne), to keep the young heir out of danger and perhaps also as a control on Postumus' ambitions. Before long, however, Postumus besieged Colonia Agrippina and put the young heir and his guardian to death. Postumus established his capital at Cologne.

The Gallic Empire had its own senate, two annually elected consuls (not all of the names of the consuls have survived) and its own praetorian guard. Postumus himself seems to have held the office of consul five times.

Postumus successfully fended off Gallienus in 263, and was never challenged by him again. However, in early 268 he was challenged by Laelianus , probably one of his commanders, who was declared emperor at Mainz by his Legio XXII Primigenia . Postumus quickly retook Mainz and Laelianus was killed. However the success meant little and he was overthrown and killed by his own troops, reportedly because he did not allow them to sack the city.

 After Postumus

After the death of Postumus, the Gallic Empire began to fall apart. Roman Emperor Claudius Gothicus re-established Roman authority in Gallia Narbonensis and parts of Gallia Aquitania , and there is some evidence that the provinces of Hispania, which did not recognize the subsequent Gallic Emperors, may have re-aligned with Rome.

Marcus Aurelius Marius was instated upon Postumus' death, but died very shortly after; the literary sources say he reigned only two days, though it is more likely he reigned for a few months. Subsequently Victorinus came to power, being recognized as emperor in northern Gaul and Britania, but not in Hispania. Victorinus spent most of his reign dealing with insurgencies and attempting to recover the Gaulish territories taken by Claudius Gothicus. He was assassinated in 271, but his mother Victoria took control of his troops and used her power to influence the selection of his successor. With Victoria's support, Tetricus I was made emperor, and was recognized in Britannia and the parts of Gaul still controlled by the Empire. Tetricus fought off Germanic barbarians who had begun ravaging Gaul after the death of Victorinus, and was able to re-take Gallia Aquitania and western Gallia Narbonensis while Roman Emperor Aurelian was engaging Queen Zenobia 's Palmyrene Empire in the east. He established the imperial court at Trier , and in 273 he elevated his son, Tetricus II , to the rank of Caesar . The following year Tetricus II was made co-consul, but the Empire grew weak from internal strife, including a mutiny led by the usurper Faustinus . By that time Aurelian had defeated the Palmyrene Empire and had made plans to re-conquer the west. He moved into Gaul and defeated Tetricus at the Battle of Châlons in 274; according to the sources, Tetricus, weary of the in-fighting, offered to surrender in exchange for clemency for him and his son. This detail may be later propaganda, but either way, Aurelius was victorious, and the Gallic Empire was effectively dismantled.

 Causes

Beyond a mere symptom of chaos in the third century crisis, the Gallic Empire can be interpreted as a measure of provincial identification competing with the traditional sense of romanitas, of the cohesive loyalties of individual legions, and of the power accumulated by entrenched Romanized aristocratic kinship networks whose local power bases ranged from the Rhine to Baetica, although the extent of "Gaulish" self-identification that nationalist historians have inferred is probably inflated. Postumus declared his sole intention was to protect Gaul – this was his larger Imperial task – and in 261 he repelled mixed groups of Franks and Alamanni to hold the Rhine limes secure, though lands beyond the upper Rhine and Danube had to be abandoned to the barbarians within a couple of years.