Greek Coin of Seleukid Kingdom
Cleopatra Thea and Antiochos VIII - Co-rulers: 125-121 B.C.
Bronze 19mm (5.73 grams) Antioch on the Orontes mint, 123-121 B.C.
Reference: HGC 9, 1189; SC 2263
Diademed and radiate head of Antiochos VIII.
ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΣHΣ ΚΛΕΟΠΑΤΡΑΣ ΘΕΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ANTIOXOY, Owl standing
facing on fallen amphora.

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In Greek mythology , a Little Owl baby (Athene noctua) traditionally represents or accompanies Athena , the virgin goddess of wisdom, or Minerva , her syncretic incarnation in Roman mythology . Because of such association, the bird — often referred to as the "owl of Athena" or the "owl of Minerva" — has been used as a symbol of knowledge, wisdom, perspicacity and erudition throughout the Western world .

Some authors believe that, in early times, Athena was either an owl herself or a bird goddess in general: In the third Book of the Odyssey , she takes the form of a sea-eagle . These authors argue that she dropped her prophylactic owl-mask before she lost her wings. “Athena, by the time she appears in art,” Jane Ellen Harrison had remarked, “has completely shed her animal form, has reduced the shapes she once wore of snake and bird to attributes, but occasionally in black-figure vase-paintings she still appears with wings.

The modern West generally associates owls with wisdom . This link goes back at least as far as Ancient Greece , where Athens , noted for art and scholarship, and Athena , Athens' patron goddess and the goddess of wisdom, had the owl as a symbol. Marija Gimbutas traces veneration of the owl as a goddess, among other birds, to the culture of Old Europe , long pre-dating Indo-European cultures.

Owls, birds of the order Strigiformes, include about 200 species of mostly solitary and nocturnal birds of prey typified by an upright stance, a large, broad head, binocular vision and binaural hearing, and feathers adapted for silent flight. Exceptions include the diurnal northern hawk-owl and the gregarious burrowing owl . Owls hunt mostly small mammals , insects , and other birds, although a few species specialize in hunting fish. They are found in all regions of the Earth except Antarctica and some remote islands. Owls are divided into two families : the true owls , Strigidae; and the barn-owls , Tytonidae.

Cleopatra Thea (Greek: Κλεοπάτρα Θεά, which means "Cleopatra the Goddess") (c. 164 – 121 BC) surnamed Eueteria (i.e., "good-harvest/fruitful season") was the ruler of the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire . She ruled the Seleukid Kingdom from 125 BC after the death of Demetrius II Nicator . She eventually ruled in co-regency with her son Antiochus VIII Grypus , who poisoned her in 121 or 120 BC.

Biography

Cleopatra Thea grew up in Egypt as the daughter of Ptolemy VI and Cleopatra II . She was probably born ca. 164 BC. She may have been engaged to her uncle Ptolemy VIII king of Cyrene in 154, but he eventually married her sister Cleopatra III . In 150 BC she married Alexander Balas in a sumptuous ceremony at Ptolemais Akko . The marriage produced a son named Antiochus VI Dionysus . In 145 BC her father invaded the Seleukid Kingdom, defeated Alexander Balas in battle and remarried her to Demetrius II , only to die a few days later. Demetrius set himself up as co-ruler with the young boy Antiochus VI, but may have killed him in 142 BC.

In 139 BC Demetrius II was captured fighting against the Parthians and was held prisoner by them until 129 BC. After Demetrius was captured, his younger brother, Antiochus VII Sidetes , who was raised in the city of Side in Pamphylia, came to the Seleukid Kingdom and took the throne, marrying Cleopatra Thea in 138 BC. Cleopatra Thea bore him at least one son, Antiochus IX Cyzicenus . The names of any other children are uncertain.

In 129 BC, the Parthians released Demetrius II, as a political manoeuvre against Sidetes, to claim his throne and his wife. That same year Sidetes was killed fighting the Parthians. Cleopatra had taken the precaution of sending Antiochus IX (her son by Antiochus VII) to Cyzicus in Asia Minor (hence his surname). Demetrius returned home and regained his throne, taking Cleopatra Thea as his wife by his side.

In 132/131 BC Cleopatra Thea's mother, Cleopatra II of Egypt rebelled against her brother Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II Tryphon. In 127 BC Cleopatra II fled to her son-in-law Demetrius' court in the Seleukid Kingdom.

Demetrius' elder son, Seleucus, became king with the name Seleucus V in 125 BC; however, his mother, Cleopatra Thea, had him murdered soon after. From 125 BC to 121 BC, Cleopatra ruled the Seleukid Kingdom and to legitimize her reign, she shared the throne with her son, Antiochus VIII Grypus . Antiochus VIII was married to Tryphaena, the daughter of Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra III.

Grypus became less controllable as he grew up and in 121 BC Cleopatra Thea decided to eliminate him. As he returned from a hunt one day, she offered him a cup of wine. Since this was not common behavior for her, Grypus was suspicious and forced her to drink the wine, which killed her.

Grypus re-organised the state and for the next eight years he provided stability and financial recovery. This period would end ca. 114 BC, when Cleopatra Thea's other son, Antiochus IX Cyzicenus, returned to the Seleukid Kingdom to claim the throne and civil war started again.

Family

Cleopatra Thea was a daughter of Ptolemy VI of Egypt and Cleopatra II . She had two brothers named Ptolemy Eupator and Ptolemy respectively. Her sister Cleopatra III was Queen of Egypt and married to Ptolemy VIII , an uncle. It is possible that Berenice, the fiancee of Attalus III , king of Pergamum is another sister.

Cleopatra Thea married three times:

• She married Alexander Balas (Greek: Ἀλέξανδρος Βάλας) in about 150 BC. This union produced Antiochus VI Dionysus . Alexander Balas was neither popular, nor an efficient ruler. The marriage was dissolved by her father. Alexander Balas died in battle against Demetrius II of the Seleukid Kingdom in 145 BC.
• Cleopatra Thea married Demetrius II Nicator , (Greek: Δημήτριος Νικάτωρ) in 145 BC. Cleopatra bore him two sons, who later grew up to be kings: Seleucus V Philometor , Antiochus VIII Grypus , and possibly a daughter Laodice. Demetrius became a captive of the Parthians from 139-129 BC. He was assassinated in Tyre in 125 BC at the orders of his wife Cleopatra Thea.
• Cleopatra Thea married Demetrius' younger brother, Antiochus VII Sidetes in 137 BC after Demetrius was captured by the Parthians. Cleopatra and Antiochus VII had several children: Antiochus IX Cyzicenus and likely Antiochus, Seleucus and one or two daughters named Laodice.

Antiochus VIII Epiphanes/Callinicus/Philometor, nicknamed Grypus (hook-nose), was crowned as ruler of the Greek Seleucid kingdom in 125 BC. He was the son of Demetrius II Nicator and Cleopatra Thea .

Biography

Antiochus Grypus was crowned as a teenager in 125 BC after his mother Cleopatra Thea had killed his elder brother Seleucus V Philometor , ruling jointly with her. After Antiochus defeated usurper Alexander II Zabinas in 123 BC his mother tried to poison him with wine, but the suspicious king forced her to drink the cup herself. (The story may have been inspired by the fact that Grypus was interested in toxicology; some poems about poisonous herbs believed to have been written by him are quoted by the famous physician Galen ).

Either he or his half brother Antiochus IX Cyzicenus is probably identical with the ephemeral child ruler Antiochus Epiphanes, who was crowned by Cleopatra Thea after the death of Antiochus VII but before Demetrius II returned to Antioch. The child Antiochus Epiphanes, who is known from coins, was deposed—but not killed—when Demetrius II was restored in 129 BC.

 

Despite political shortcomings, Grypus was a popular king. His ugly, lazy appearance on coins (common among the last Seleucids), together with stories of his lavish banquets, made posterity believe his dynasty was degenerated and decadent. This was however a conscious image, an invocation of the Hellenistic idea Tryphe - meaning good life, which the last Seleucids strove to be associated with, as opposed to the exhausting civil wars and feuds which troubled their reigns in reality.

A story of his luxurious parties claims he sent food home with guests who attended banquets, complete with a camel as beast of burden, as well as a with attendant to carry the guest himself. This should certainly have caused some strain on the already depleted treasury.

Family

He married the Ptolemaic princess Tryphaena , but in 116 BC his half-brother and cousin Antiochus IX Cyzicenus (see Antiochus VII Sidetes ) returned from exile and a civil war began. Cyzicenus' wife, also named Cleopatra , was a sister of Tryphaena and was eventually killed in a dramatic fashion in the temple of Daphne outside Antioch , on the order of Tryphaena. Cyzicenus eventually killed Tryphaena as revenge. The two brothers then divided the Seleukid Kingdom between them until Grypus was killed by his minister Heracleon in 96 BC.

Five of Grypus' sons later rose to kingship:

• Seleucus VI Epiphanes
• Antiochus XI Ephiphanes Philadelphus
• Philip I Philadelphus
• Demetrius III Eucaerus
• Antiochus XII Dionysus

This contributed to the confusion of civil war amid which the Seleucid empire ended.

He also had at least one daughter:

• Laodice VII Thea , married to king Mithridates I Callinicus of Commagene as part of a settlement by Mithridates' father Sames II Theosebes Dikaios to ensure peace between the Kingdom of Commagene and the Seleucid Empire . Laodice and Mithridates' son was king Antiochus I Theos of Commagene . This was a grandson to Grypus.

Seleucid Empire Σελεύκεια Seleúkeia

312 BC–63 BC ↓

The Seleucid Empire in 301 BC.

The Seleucid Empire  was a Hellenistic state ruled by the Seleucid dynasty founded by Seleucus I Nicator following the division of the empire created by Alexander the Great . Seleucus received Babylonia and, from there, expanded his dominions to include much of Alexander's near eastern territories. At the height of its power, it included central Anatolia , the Levant , Mesopotamia , Kuwait , Persia , Afghanistan , Turkmenistan , and northwest parts of India .

The Seleucid Empire was a major center of Hellenistic culture that maintained the preeminence of Greek customs where a Greek-Macedonian political elite dominated, mostly in the urban areas. The Greek population of the cities who formed the dominant elite were reinforced by emigration from Greece . Seleucid expansion into Anatolia and Greece was abruptly halted after decisive defeats at the hands of the Roman army . Their attempts to defeat their old enemy Ptolemaic Egypt were frustrated by Roman demands. Much of the eastern part of the empire was conquered by the Parthians under Mithridates I of Parthia in the mid-2nd century BC, yet the Seleucid kings continued to rule a rump state from the Seleukid Kingdom until the invasion by Armenian king Tigranes the Great and their ultimate overthrow by the Roman general Pompey .