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Turkey, Istambul
Abdul Hamid I AH1187 (1773-1789AD)
Ottoman coin measuring 15mm. in diameter. .42gm. Original Islamic coins. Not cleaned. Rare and interesting as
pictured. Authenticity guaranteed.
You are bidding on the exact ANCIENT
ISLAMIC coins pictured and described above.
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Coins are in good condition and very rare and nice inclusions to the finest collection. Mustafa
IV (/ˈmʊstəfə/; Ottoman Turkish: مصطفى رابع Muṣṭafā-yi rābi‘; 8
September 1779 – 16 November 1808) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
from 1807 to 1808.
Mustafa IV was born on 8 September 1779 in
Constantinople. He was the son of Sultan Abdul Hamid I (1774–1789) and
Sineperver Sultan.
Both he and his brother, Mahmud II, were the last
remaining male members of the house of Osman I after their cousin, the
reformist Sultan Selim III (1789–1807). They alone were therefore
eligible to inherit the throne from Selim, by whom they were treated
favorably. Since Mustafa was the elder, he took precedence over his
brother to the throne. During his short reign, Mustafa would both save
his cousin's life, and order him murdered. Mustafa was Sultan Selim
III's favourite crown prince, but he deceived his cousin and co-operated
with the rebels to take his throne.
Mustafa ascended to the
throne after the deposition of his cousin, Selim, on 29 May 1807. He
came to the throne in the wake of the turbulent events that led to the
fatwa against Selim for "introduce[ing] among the Moslems the manners of
infidels and show[ing] an intention to suppress the Janissaries." Selim
fled to the palace, where he swore fealty to his cousin as the new
sultan, and attempted to commit suicide. Mustafa spared his life by
smashing the cup of poison that his cousin attempted to drink.
Mustafa's
brief reign was turbulent. Immediately upon ascending to the throne,
the Janissaries rioted throughout Constantinople, looting and murdering
anyone who appeared to support Selim. More threatening, however, was a
truce signed with the Russians, which freed Mustafa Bayrakdar, a
pro-reformist commander stationed on the Danube to march his army back
to Constantinople in an effort to restore Selim. With the aid of the
Grand Vizier of Adrianople, the army marched on the capital and seized
the palace.
Sarıbeyzade Aleko, the interpreter of Fenerli Divan-ı
Hümayun, was executed on 11 September 1807 because he was involved in
spying on government affairs that were not related to his job. It was
written that he gave the betrayal and state secrets to the enemy in the
label hanging around his neck. This execution tightened Ottoman-French
relations. French envoy Sebastiani protested the execution of Aleko, who
was under the patronage of the government by going to Babıali. After
the cease-fire agreement signed in the Russian lada and the turmoil in
the Silistra army, the Ottoman troops returned to Edirne, who had no
army character left.
Meanwhile in Istanbul and Edirne, after a
long winter, centre frosts were experienced, shortages and wood
shortages were experienced. The situation of the troops and the cadre of
Edirne was devastated. Soldiers were asked to dispatch soldiers from
the provincial governors, until only a exquisite number of soldiers had
come from a few places near Istanbul such as Izmit and Şile. The
pro-Nizam-ı Cedid protestors in Anatolia and Çapanoğlu Süleyman Bey, in
the first place, had cut all kinds of aid towards Istanbul.
Attempting
to secure his position by positing himself as the only surviving heir
of Osman, Mustafa ordered both Selim and his brother Mahmud murdered at
Topkapı Palace, Constantinople. He then ordered his guards to show the
rebels Selim's body, and they promptly tossed it into the inner
courtyard of the palace. Mustafa then ascended his throne, assuming that
Mahmud was also dead, but the prince had been hiding in the furnace of a
bath. Just as the rebels demanded that Mustafa "yield his place to a
worthier," Mahmud revealed himself, and Mustafa was deposed. The failure
of his short reign prevented the efforts to undo the reforms, which
continued under Mahmud.
Abdülhamid I,
Abdul Hamid I or Abd Al-Hamid I (Ottoman Turkish: عبد الحميد اول,
`Abdü’l-Ḥamīd-i evvel; Turkish: Birinci Abdülhamit; 20 March 1725 – 7
April 1789) was the 27th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, reigning over
the Ottoman Empire from 1773 to 1789.
He
was born in Constantinople, a younger son of Sultan Ahmed III (reigned
1703–1730) and his consort Şermi Kadın. Ahmed III abdicated in favor of
his nephew Mahmud I, who was succeeded by his brother Osman III, and
Osman by Ahmed's elder son Mustafa III. As a potential heir to the
throne, Abdul Hamid was imprisoned in comfort by his cousins and older
brother, as was customary. This lasted until 1767. During this period,
he received his early education from his mother Rabia Şermi, who taught
him history and calligraphy. When his brother Mustafa III died, Abdul
Hamid succeeded him on 21 January 1774.
Abdul
Hamid's long imprisonment had left him indifferent to state affairs and
malleable to the designs of his advisors. Yet he was also very
religious and a pacifist by nature. At his accession the financial
straits of the treasury were such that the usual donative could not be
given to the Janissary Corps. The new Sultan told the Janissaries
"There are no longer gratuities in our treasury, as all of our soldier
sons should learn." Despite his pacific inclinations, the Ottoman Empire
was forced to renew the ongoing war with Russia almost immediately.
This led to complete Turkish defeat at Kozludzha and the humiliating
Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, signed on 21 July 1774. The Ottomans ceded
territory to Russia, and also the right to intervene on behalf of the
Orthodox Christians in the Empire. Abdul Hamid now sought to reform the
Empire's armed forces. He enumerated the Janissary corps and tried to
renovate it, and also the navy. He established a new artillery corps.
He was also credited with the creation of the Imperial Naval
Engineering School. Abdul Hamid tried to strengthen Ottoman rule over
Syria, Egypt, and Iraq. However, slight successes against rebellions in
Syria and the Morea could not compensate for the loss of the Crimean
Peninsula, which had become nominally independent in 1774, but was in
practice now controlled by Russia. Russia repeatedly exploited its
position as protector of Eastern Christians to interfere in the Ottoman
Empire, and explicitly. Finally the Ottomans declared war against
Russia in 1787. Austria soon joined Russia. Turkey held its own in the
conflict, at first, but on 6 December 1788, Ochakov fell to Russia (all
of its inhabitants being massacred). It is said that this sad defeat
broke Abdul Hamid's spirit, as he died four months later. In spite of
his failures, Abdul Hamid was regarded as the most gracious Ottoman
Sultan.[citation needed] He personally directed the fire brigade during
the Constantinople fire of 1782. He was admired by the people for his
religious devotion, and was even called a Veli ("saint"). He also
outlined a reform policy, supervised the government closely, and worked
with statesmen. In 1789, Tipu Sultan, ruler of the Sultanate of Mysore
sent an embassy to Abdul Hamid, urgently requesting assistance against
the British East India Company, and proposed an offensive and defensive
alliance. Abdul Hamid informed the Mysori ambassadors that the
Ottomans were still entangled and exhausted from the ongoing war with
Russia and Austria.[citation needed] DeathAbdul Hamid died on 7 April
1789, at the age of sixty-four, in Constantinople. He was buried in
Bahcekapi, a tomb he had built for himself. He bred Arabian horses with
great passion. One breed of Küheylan Arabians was named "Küheylan
Abdülhamid" after him.
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Selim
III (Ottoman Turkish: سليم ثالث Selīm-i sālis) (24 December 1761 – 28
July 1808) was the reform-minded Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1789
to 1807. The Janissaries eventually deposed and imprisoned him, and
placed his cousin Mustafa on the throne as Mustafa IV. Selim was
subsequently killed by a group of assassins.
Selim III was the
son of Sultan Mustafa III and his wife Mihrişah Sultan. His mother
Mihrişah Sultan originated in Georgia and when she became the Valide
Sultan, she participated in reforming the government schools and
establishing political corporations. His father Ottoman Sultan Mustafa
III was very well educated and believed in the necessity of reforms.
Mustafa III attempted to create a powerful army during the peacetime
with professional, well-educated soldiers. This was primarily motivated
by his fear of a Russian invasion. During the Russo-Turkish War he fell
ill and died of a heart attack in 1774. Sultan Mustafa was aware of the
fact that a military reform was necessary. He declared new military
regulations and opened maritime and artillery academies.
Sultan
Mustafa was very influenced by mysticism. Oracles predicted his son
Selim would be a world-conqueror, so he organized a joyous feast lasting
seven days. Selim was very well educated in the palace. Sultan Mustafa
III bequeathed his son as his successor; however, Selim's uncle Abdul
Hamid I ascended the throne after Mustafa's death. Sultan Abdul Hamid I
took care of Selim and put great emphasis on his education.
After
Abdul Hamid's death Selim succeeded him on 7 April 1789, not yet 27
years old. Sultan Selim III was very fond of literature and calligraphy;
many of his works were put on the walls of mosques and convents. He
wrote many poems, especially about Crimea's occupation by Russia. He
spoke Arabic and Persian fluently. Selim III was very religious, and
very patriotic. He was a poet, a musician and very fond of fine arts.
Selim was a very modern man and a reformist ruler.
Mustafa
III (/ˈmʊstəfə/; Ottoman Turkish: مصطفى ثالث Muṣṭafā-yi sālis; 28
January 1717 – 24 December 1773) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
from 1757 to 1773. He was a son of Sultan Ahmed III (1703–30) and was
succeeded by his brother Abdul Hamid I (1774–89). He was born in Edirne
Palace. His mother was Mihrişah Kadın.
Early life
Mustafa was
born at the Edirne Palace on 28 January 1717.[1] His mother was
Mihrişah Kadın.[2] He had a full brother named, Şehzade Süleyman. In
1720, a large fifteen days circumcision ceremony took place for Mustafa,
and his brothers, princes Süleyman, Mehmed, and Bayezid.
Reign
Mustafa ascended the throne on 30 October 1757, after the death of his cousin Osman III, the son of Sultan Mustafa II.
Character of Mustafa's rule
Soon
after his accession to the throne, Mustafa demonstrated a special care
for justice. He took a number of measures to increase prosperity in
Istanbul. He regulated coinage, built large grain stores, maintained
aqueducts, and established a strict fiscal policy.
Treaty with Prussia
Mustafa
much admired the Frederick the Great's generalship, and in 1761
established a peace treaty with Prussia. Frederick wanted an alliance
against the Habsburgs, and Mustafa wanted to modernize his state and
army. Mustafa preferred recruiting his officers in Berlin, rather than
in Paris and London, to re-organize his army. In 1763, the two countries
exchanged their diplomats for the first time.
Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)
Main article: Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)
Koca
Ragıp Pasha, who remained grand vizier until 1763, pursued a peace
policy towards neighboring countries. But the increasing influence of
Russia over the Caucasus and its intention to control Poland created
tension between the Ottomans and Russia. Ragıp Pasha's successor
Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha also preferred to remain at peace, and Mustafa's
insistence on war with Russia led to his resignation in 1768. The
Sultan expected to gain an easy victory over the Russians, but in fact
the Ottomans were unprepared for a long war. During the war, military
reforms were undertaken, with the assistance of French officer François
Baron de Tott. They included the modernization of artillery corps and
the foundation of the Naval Engineering School in 1773. The war was
disastrous for the Ottoman Empire. The Russian armies occupied the
Crimea, Romania and parts of Bulgaria.
Architecture
Many
monumental buildings including the Fatih Mosque, which was built by
Mehmed the Conqueror was rebuilt from the ground during his reign. In
addition, he had built Laleli Mosque complex, and the shore along the
Yenikapı filled to set up a new neighborhood. Apart from these, he
undertook other construction projects after the earthquakes of 1766-67 |
Abdülhamid I,
Abdul Hamid I or Abd Al-Hamid I (Ottoman Turkish: عبد الحميد اول,
`Abdü’l-Ḥamīd-i evvel; Turkish: Birinci Abdülhamit; 20 March 1725 – 7
April 1789) was the 27th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, reigning over
the Ottoman Empire from 1773 to 1789.
He
was born in Constantinople, a younger son of Sultan Ahmed III (reigned
1703–1730) and his consort Şermi Kadın. Ahmed III abdicated in favor of
his nephew Mahmud I, who was succeeded by his brother Osman III, and
Osman by Ahmed's elder son Mustafa III. As a potential heir to the
throne, Abdul Hamid was imprisoned in comfort by his cousins and older
brother, as was customary. This lasted until 1767. During this period,
he received his early education from his mother Rabia Şermi, who taught
him history and calligraphy. When his brother Mustafa III died, Abdul
Hamid succeeded him on 21 January 1774.
Abdul
Hamid's long imprisonment had left him indifferent to state affairs and
malleable to the designs of his advisors. Yet he was also very
religious and a pacifist by nature. At his accession the financial
straits of the treasury were such that the usual donative could not be
given to the Janissary Corps. The new Sultan told the Janissaries
"There are no longer gratuities in our treasury, as all of our soldier
sons should learn." Despite his pacific inclinations, the Ottoman Empire
was forced to renew the ongoing war with Russia almost immediately.
This led to complete Turkish defeat at Kozludzha and the humiliating
Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, signed on 21 July 1774. The Ottomans ceded
territory to Russia, and also the right to intervene on behalf of the
Orthodox Christians in the Empire. Abdul Hamid now sought to reform the
Empire's armed forces. He enumerated the Janissary corps and tried to
renovate it, and also the navy. He established a new artillery corps.
He was also credited with the creation of the Imperial Naval
Engineering School. Abdul Hamid tried to strengthen Ottoman rule over
Syria, Egypt, and Iraq. However, slight successes against rebellions in
Syria and the Morea could not compensate for the loss of the Crimean
Peninsula, which had become nominally independent in 1774, but was in
practice now controlled by Russia. Russia repeatedly exploited its
position as protector of Eastern Christians to interfere in the Ottoman
Empire, and explicitly. Finally the Ottomans declared war against
Russia in 1787. Austria soon joined Russia. Turkey held its own in the
conflict, at first, but on 6 December 1788, Ochakov fell to Russia (all
of its inhabitants being massacred). It is said that this sad defeat
broke Abdul Hamid's spirit, as he died four months later. In spite of
his failures, Abdul Hamid was regarded as the most gracious Ottoman
Sultan.[citation needed] He personally directed the fire brigade during
the Constantinople fire of 1782. He was admired by the people for his
religious devotion, and was even called a Veli ("saint"). He also
outlined a reform policy, supervised the government closely, and worked
with statesmen. In 1789, Tipu Sultan, ruler of the Sultanate of Mysore
sent an embassy to Abdul Hamid, urgently requesting assistance against
the British East India Company, and proposed an offensive and defensive
alliance. Abdul Hamid informed the Mysori ambassadors that the
Ottomans were still entangled and exhausted from the ongoing war with
Russia and Austria.[citation needed] DeathAbdul Hamid died on 7 April
1789, at the age of sixty-four, in Constantinople. He was buried in
Bahcekapi, a tomb he had built for himself. He bred Arabian horses with
great passion. One breed of Küheylan Arabians was named "Küheylan
Abdülhamid" after him. |
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Abdülhamid I,
Abdul Hamid I or Abd Al-Hamid I (Ottoman Turkish: عبد الحميد اول,
`Abdü’l-Ḥamīd-i evvel; Turkish: Birinci Abdülhamit; 20 March 1725 – 7
April 1789) was the 27th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, reigning over
the Ottoman Empire from 1773 to 1789.
He
was born in Constantinople, a younger son of Sultan Ahmed III (reigned
1703–1730) and his consort Şermi Kadın. Ahmed III abdicated in favor of
his nephew Mahmud I, who was succeeded by his brother Osman III, and
Osman by Ahmed's elder son Mustafa III. As a potential heir to the
throne, Abdul Hamid was imprisoned in comfort by his cousins and older
brother, as was customary. This lasted until 1767. During this period,
he received his early education from his mother Rabia Şermi, who taught
him history and calligraphy. When his brother Mustafa III died, Abdul
Hamid succeeded him on 21 January 1774.
Abdul
Hamid's long imprisonment had left him indifferent to state affairs and
malleable to the designs of his advisors. Yet he was also very
religious and a pacifist by nature. At his accession the financial
straits of the treasury were such that the usual donative could not be
given to the Janissary Corps. The new Sultan told the Janissaries
"There are no longer gratuities in our treasury, as all of our soldier
sons should learn." Despite his pacific inclinations, the Ottoman Empire
was forced to renew the ongoing war with Russia almost immediately.
This led to complete Turkish defeat at Kozludzha and the humiliating
Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, signed on 21 July 1774. The Ottomans ceded
territory to Russia, and also the right to intervene on behalf of the
Orthodox Christians in the Empire. Abdul Hamid now sought to reform the
Empire's armed forces. He enumerated the Janissary corps and tried to
renovate it, and also the navy. He established a new artillery corps.
He was also credited with the creation of the Imperial Naval
Engineering School. Abdul Hamid tried to strengthen Ottoman rule over
Syria, Egypt, and Iraq. However, slight successes against rebellions in
Syria and the Morea could not compensate for the loss of the Crimean
Peninsula, which had become nominally independent in 1774, but was in
practice now controlled by Russia. Russia repeatedly exploited its
position as protector of Eastern Christians to interfere in the Ottoman
Empire, and explicitly. Finally the Ottomans declared war against
Russia in 1787. Austria soon joined Russia. Turkey held its own in the
conflict, at first, but on 6 December 1788, Ochakov fell to Russia (all
of its inhabitants being massacred). It is said that this sad defeat
broke Abdul Hamid's spirit, as he died four months later. In spite of
his failures, Abdul Hamid was regarded as the most gracious Ottoman
Sultan.[citation needed] He personally directed the fire brigade during
the Constantinople fire of 1782. He was admired by the people for his
religious devotion, and was even called a Veli ("saint"). He also
outlined a reform policy, supervised the government closely, and worked
with statesmen. In 1789, Tipu Sultan, ruler of the Sultanate of Mysore
sent an embassy to Abdul Hamid, urgently requesting assistance against
the British East India Company, and proposed an offensive and defensive
alliance. Abdul Hamid informed the Mysori ambassadors that the
Ottomans were still entangled and exhausted from the ongoing war with
Russia and Austria.[citation needed] DeathAbdul Hamid died on 7 April
1789, at the age of sixty-four, in Constantinople. He was buried in
Bahcekapi, a tomb he had built for himself. He bred Arabian horses with
great passion. One breed of Küheylan Arabians was named "Küheylan
Abdülhamid" after him. |
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