The novel follows the life of Wang Lung, a humble, hardworking peasant farmer in pre-revolutionary China.
- The Humble Beginning: The story begins on Wang Lung’s wedding day as he marries O-lan, a quiet and resilient slave from the wealthy House of Hwang. Together, they work tirelessly in the fields, successfully buying up more land and starting a family.
- Famine and Exile: A devastating drought and subsequent famine force the family to abandon their land and travel south to a large city to survive. Living in extreme poverty, they endure immense hardships.
- The Return and Wealth: Amidst a violent political uprising in the southern city, Wang Lung and O-lan manage to acquire a fortune in hidden gold and jewels during the looting of a wealthy home. They return to their village, buy up the remaining lands of the declining House of Hwang, and eventually become incredibly wealthy landlords.
- Decadence and Disconnect: As Wang Lung transitions from a laborer into a wealthy aristocrat, he grows detached from the physical labor of the land. He builds a grand mansion, takes a manipulative concubine named Lotus, and gives away O-lan's cherished pearls to her.
- The End of an Era: O-lan ultimately passes away from an illness. In his old age, Wang Lung returns to a simple life on his land. However, the novel ends on a bittersweet note: as he lies dying, his educated sons secretly plan to sell his beloved land and divide the profits, breaking the vital link to the earth that brought the family their prosperity.
- Connection to the Land: The earth is the moral and physical foundation of life. Success and spiritual peace align with respecting the soil, while detachment from it breeds corruption.
- The Transience of Fortune: The cyclical rise and fall of families—where the poor become rich through labor, and the rich become poor through luxury.
- Oppression and Sacrifice of Women: Explored heavily through O-lan, who endures severe physical and emotional exploitation despite being the backbone of the family's success.