Diana, Princess of Wales
Princess of Wales (more)
Born Diana Frances Spencer
1 July 1961
Park House, Sandringham, Norfolk, England
Died 31 August 1997 (aged 36)
Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
Burial 6 September 1997
Lake Round Oval, Althorp, Northamptonshire, England
Spouse Charles, Prince of Wales
(m. 1981; div. 1996)
Issue
Prince William, Duke of Cambridge
Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex
House
Spencer (by birth)
Windsor (by marriage)
Father John Spencer, 8th Earl Spencer
Mother Frances Shand Kydd
Signature Diana's signature
Diana,
Princess of Wales (born Diana Frances Spencer; 1 July 1961 – 31 August
1997), was a member of the British royal family. She was the first wife
of Charles, Prince of Wales, and the mother of Prince William, Duke of
Cambridge, and Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex.
Diana
was born into the Spencer family, a family of British nobility, and she
was the youngest daughter of Viscount and Viscountess Althorp. She grew
up in Park House, situated on the Sandringham estate, and was educated
in England and Switzerland. In 1975, after her father inherited the
title of Earl Spencer, she became known as Lady Diana Spencer, a style
she would retain until her marriage.
Diana
came to prominence in February 1981 upon her engagement to Prince
Charles, the eldest son of Queen Elizabeth II. Their wedding took place
at St Paul's Cathedral on 29 July 1981 and made her Princess of Wales,
Duchess of Cornwall, Duchess of Rothesay, and Countess of Chester. The
marriage produced two sons, the princes William and Harry, who were then
respectively second and third in the line of succession to the British
throne. As Princess of Wales, Diana undertook royal duties on behalf of
the Queen and represented her at functions overseas. She was celebrated
for her charity work and for her support of the International Campaign
to Ban Landmines. Diana was involved with dozens of charities including
London's Great Ormond Street Hospital for children, of which she was
president from 1989. She also raised awareness and advocated ways to
help people affected with HIV/AIDS, cancer, and mental illness.
Diana
remained the object of worldwide media scrutiny during and after her
marriage, which ended in divorce on 28 August 1996 following
well-publicised extramarital affairs by both parties. Media attention
and public mourning were extensive after her death in a car crash in a
Paris tunnel on 31 August 1997 and subsequent televised funeral.
Early life
Diana
Frances Spencer was born on 1 July 1961, in Park House, Sandringham,
Norfolk.[1] She was the fourth of five children of John Spencer,
Viscount Althorp (1924–1992), and his first wife, Frances (née Roche;
1936–2004).[2] The Spencer family has been closely allied with the
British royal family for several generations;[3] Diana's grandmothers
had served as ladies-in-waiting to Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother.[4]
The Spencers were hoping for a boy to carry on the family line, and no
name was chosen for a week, until they settled on Diana Frances, after
her mother and after Lady Diana Spencer, a many-times-great-aunt who was
also a prospective Princess of Wales.[5]
On
30 August 1961,[6] Diana was baptised at St. Mary Magdalene Church,
Sandringham.[5] She grew up with three siblings: Sarah, Jane, and
Charles.[7] Her infant brother, John, died shortly after his birth one
year before Diana was born.[8] The desire for an heir added strain to
the Spencers' marriage, and Lady Althorp was reportedly sent to Harley
Street clinics in London to determine the cause of the "problem".[5] The
experience was described as "humiliating" by Diana's younger brother,
Charles: "It was a dreadful time for my parents and probably the root of
their divorce because I don't think they ever got over it."[5] Diana
grew up in Park House, situated on the Sandringham estate.[9] The
Spencers leased the house from its owner, Queen Elizabeth II. The royal
family frequently holidayed at the neighbouring Sandringham House, and
Diana played with the Queen's sons Prince Andrew and Prince Edward.[10]
Diana
was seven years old when her parents divorced.[11] Her mother later
began a relationship with Peter Shand Kydd and married him in 1969.[12]
Diana lived with her mother in London during her parents' separation in
1967, but during that year's Christmas holidays, Lord Althorp refused to
let Diana return to London with Lady Althorp. Shortly afterwards he won
custody of Diana with support from his former mother-in-law, Ruth
Roche, Baroness Fermoy.[13] In 1976, Lord Althorp married Raine,
Countess of Dartmouth.[14] Diana's relationship with her stepmother was
particularly bad.[15] She resented Raine, whom she called a "bully", and
on one occasion Diana "pushed her down the stairs".[15] She later
described her childhood as "very unhappy" and "very unstable, the whole
thing".[16] Diana became known as Lady Diana after her father later
inherited the title of Earl Spencer in 1975, at which point her father
moved the entire family from Park House to Althorp, the Spencer seat in
Northamptonshire.[17]
Education and career
Diana
was initially home-schooled under the supervision of her governess,
Gertrude Allen.[18] She began her formal education at Silfield Private
School in Gayton, Norfolk, and moved to Riddlesworth Hall School, an
all-girls boarding school near Thetford, when she was nine.[19] She
joined her sisters at West Heath Girls' School in Sevenoaks, Kent, in
1973.[20] She did not shine academically, failing her O-levels twice.
Her outstanding community spirit was recognised with an award from West
Heath.[21] She left West Heath when she was sixteen.[22] Her brother
Charles recalls her as being quite shy up until that time.[23] She
showed a talent for music as an accomplished pianist.[21] Diana also
excelled in swimming and diving, and studied ballet and tap dance.[24]
After
attending Institut Alpin Videmanette (a finishing school in Rougemont,
Switzerland) for one term in 1978, Diana returned to London, where she
shared her mother's flat with two school friends.[25] In London, she
took an advanced cooking course, but seldom cooked for her roommates.
She took a series of low-paying jobs; she worked as a dance instructor
for youth until a skiing accident caused her to miss three months of
work.[26] She then found employment as a playgroup pre-school assistant,
did some cleaning work for her sister Sarah and several of her friends,
and acted as a hostess at parties. Diana spent time working as a nanny
for the Robertsons, an American family living in London,[27] and worked
as a nursery teacher's assistant at the Young England School in
Pimlico.[28] In July 1979, her mother bought her a flat at Coleherne
Court in Earl's Court as an 18th birthday present.[29] She lived there
with three flatmates until 25 February 1981.[30]
Marriage
Lady
Diana first met Charles, Prince of Wales, the Queen's eldest son and
heir apparent, when she was 16 in November 1977. He was then dating her
older sister, Lady Sarah.[31][32] They were guests at a country weekend
during the summer of 1980 when she watched him play polo and he took a
serious interest in Diana as a potential bride. The relationship
progressed when he invited her aboard the royal yacht Britannia for a
sailing weekend to Cowes. This was followed by an invitation to Balmoral
(the royal family's Scottish residence) to meet his family one weekend
in November 1980.[33][34] Lady Diana was well received by the Queen, the
Queen Mother and the Duke of Edinburgh. Prince Charles subsequently
courted Diana in London. The Prince proposed on 6 February 1981, and
Lady Diana accepted, but their engagement was kept secret for the next
few weeks.[30]
Engagement and wedding
Further information: Wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer and Wedding dress of Lady Diana Spencer
The wedding of Charles and Diana commemorated on a 1981 British Crown
Their
engagement became official on 24 February 1981.[18] Diana selected a
large engagement ring that consisted of 14 solitaire diamonds
surrounding a 12-carat oval blue Ceylon sapphire set in 18-carat white
gold,[18] which was similar to her mother's engagement ring. The ring
was made by the Crown jewellers Garrard. In 2010, it became the
engagement ring of Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge.[35] The Queen Mother
gave Diana a sapphire and diamond brooch as an engagement present.[36]
Following
the engagement, Diana left her occupation as a kindergarten assistant
and lived for a short period at Clarence House, which was the home of
the Queen Mother.[37] She then lived at Buckingham Palace until the
wedding.[37] Diana was the first Englishwoman to marry the first in line
to the throne since Anne Hyde over 300 years earlier, and she was also
the first royal bride to have a paying job before her
engagement.[21][18] She made her first public appearance with Prince
Charles in a charity ball in March 1981 at Goldsmiths' Hall, where she
met Grace Kelly, who was the Princess of Monaco.[37]
Twenty-year-old
Diana became Princess of Wales when she married the Prince of Wales on
29 July 1981 at St Paul's Cathedral, which offered more seating than
Westminster Abbey, a church that was generally used for royal
nuptials.[21][18] The service was widely described as a "fairytale
wedding" and was watched by a global television audience of 750 million
people while 600,000 spectators lined the streets to catch a glimpse of
the couple en route to the ceremony.[18][38] At the altar, Diana
inadvertently reversed the order of Charles's first two names, saying
"Philip Charles" Arthur George instead.[38] She did not say that she
would "obey" him; that traditional vow was left out at the couple's
request, which caused some comment at the time.[39] Diana wore a dress
valued at £9,000 with a 25-foot (7.62-metre) train.[40]
After
she became Princess of Wales, Diana automatically acquired rank as the
third-highest female in the United Kingdom Order of Precedence (after
the Queen and the Queen Mother), and was fifth or sixth in the orders of
precedence of her other realms, following the Queen, the relevant
viceroy, the Duke of Edinburgh, the Queen Mother, and the Prince of
Wales. Within a few years of the wedding, the Queen extended Diana
visible tokens of membership in the royal family; she lent the Princess
the Cambridge Lover's Knot Tiara,[41][42] and granted her the badge of
the Royal Family Order of Queen Elizabeth II.[43]
Children
The
couple had residences at Kensington Palace and Highgrove House, near
Tetbury. On 5 November 1981, the Princess's pregnancy was officially
announced.[44] In January 1982—twelve weeks into the pregnancy—Diana
fell down a staircase at Sandringham, and the royal gynaecologist Sir
George Pinker was summoned from London. He found that although she had
suffered severe bruising, the foetus was uninjured.[45] Diana later
confessed that she had intentionally thrown herself down the stairs
because she was feeling "so inadequate".[46] In February 1982, pictures
of a pregnant Diana in bikini while holidaying was published in the
media. The Queen subsequently released a statement and called it "the
blackest day in the history of British journalism."[47] On 21 June 1982,
the Princess gave birth to the couple's first son, Prince William.[48]
Amidst some media criticism, she decided to take William—who was still a
baby—on her first major tours of Australia and New Zealand, and the
decision was popularly applauded. By her own admission, the Princess of
Wales had not initially intended to take William until Malcolm Fraser,
the Australian prime minister, made the suggestion.[49]
A
second son, Prince Harry, was born on 15 September 1984.[50] The
Princess said she and the Prince were closest during her pregnancy with
Harry. She was aware that their second child was a boy, but did not
share the knowledge with anyone else, including the Prince of Wales.[51]
Diana
gave her sons wider experiences than was usual for royal
children.[18][52][53] She rarely deferred to the Prince or to the royal
family, and was often intransigent when it came to the children. She
chose their first given names, dismissed a royal family nanny and
engaged one of her own choosing, selected their schools and clothing,
planned their outings, and took them to school herself as often as her
schedule permitted. She also organised her public duties around their
timetables.[54]
Problems and separation
The Prince and Princess of Wales after the wedding of the Duke and Duchess of York in 1986
Five
years into the marriage, the couple's incompatibility and age
difference of almost 13 years became visible and damaging.[55] Charles
resumed his relationship with his former girlfriend Camilla Parker
Bowles, and Diana later began an affair with Major James Hewitt, the
family's former riding instructor. The media speculated that Hewitt, not
Charles, was Harry's father based on the alleged physical similarity
between Hewitt and Harry, but Harry was born before the affair
began.[51][56] In 1989, Diana was at a birthday party for Camilla's
sister, Annabel Elliot, when she confronted Camilla about her and
Charles's extramarital affair.[57][58] These affairs were later exposed
in May 1992 with the publication of Andrew Morton's book, Diana: Her
True Story.[59][60] The book, which also revealed the Princess's
allegedly suicidal unhappiness, caused a media storm. Morton later
revealed that in 1991 he had also conducted a secret interview with
Diana in which she had talked about her marital issues and
difficulties.[61] The Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh hosted a meeting
between Charles and Diana and unsuccessfully tried to effect a
reconciliation.[62] Philip wrote to Diana and expressed his
disappointment at the extra-marital affairs of both her and Charles; he
asked her to examine their behaviour from the other's point of view.[63]
The Duke was direct and Diana was sensitive.[64] She found the letters
hard to take, but nevertheless, she appreciated that he was acting with
good intent.[65]
During
1992 and 1993, leaked tapes of telephone conversations reflected
negatively on both the Prince and Princess of Wales. Tape recordings of
the Princess and James Gilbey were made public in August 1992,[66] and
transcripts were published the same month.[18] The article,
"Squidgygate", was followed in November 1992 by the leaked "Camillagate"
tapes, intimate exchanges between the Prince and Camilla, published in
the tabloids.[67][68] In December 1992, Prime Minister John Major
announced the couple's "amicable separation" to the House of
Commons.[69]
Between
1992 and 1993, Diana hired voice coach Peter Settelen to help her
develop her public speaking voice.[70] In a videotape recorded by
Settelen in 1992, Diana admitted that in 1984 through to 1986, she had
been "deeply in love with someone who worked in this
environment."[71][72] It is thought she was referring to Barry
Mannakee,[73] who was transferred to the Diplomatic Protection Squad in
1986 after his managers had determined that his relationship with Diana
had been inappropriate.[72][74] Diana said in the tape that Mannakee had
been "chucked out" from his role as her bodyguard following suspicion
that the two were having an affair.[71] Penny Junor suggested in her
1998 book that the Princess was in a romantic relationship with
Mannakee.[75] Diana's friends dismissed the claim as absurd.[75]
However, in the subsequently released tapes Diana stated that she had
feelings for that "someone", saying that "I was quite happy to give all
this up [and] just to go off and live with him". She described him as
"the greatest friend [she's] ever had", though she denied any sexual
relationship with him.[76] She also spoke bitterly of her husband saying
that "[He] made me feel so inadequate in every possible way, that each
time I came up for air he pushed me down again."[77] Charles's aunt,
Princess Margaret, burned "highly personal" letters that Diana had
written to the Queen Mother in 1993. Biographer William Shawcross
considered Margaret's action to be "understandable" as she was
"protecting her mother and other members of the family", but
"regrettable from a historical viewpoint".[78]
Although
she blamed Camilla Parker Bowles for her marital troubles, Diana began
to believe that her husband had also been involved in other affairs. In
October 1993, the Princess wrote to her butler Paul Burrell, telling him
that she believed her husband was now in love with his personal
assistant Tiggy Legge-Bourke—who was also his sons' former nanny—and was
planning to have her killed "to make the path clear for him to marry
Tiggy".[79][80] Legge-Bourke had been hired by the Prince as a young
companion for his sons while they were in his care, and the Princess was
resentful of Legge-Bourke and her relationship with the young
princes.[81] Prince Charles sought public understanding via a televised
interview with Jonathan Dimbleby on 29 June 1994. In the interview, he
said that he had rekindled his relationship with Camilla in 1986 only
after his marriage to the Princess had "irretrievably broken
down".[82][83][84]
In
the same year, the News of the World claimed that Diana had made over
300 phone calls to the married art dealer Oliver Hoare.[85][86] These
calls were proven to have been made from both her Kensington Palace
apartment and from the phone box just outside the palace. According to
Hoare's obituary, there was little doubt that she had been in a
relationship with him.[87] However, the Princess denied any romantic
relationship with Hoare, whom she described as a friend, and said that
"a young boy" was the source of the nuisance calls made to
Hoare.[88][89] She was also linked by the press to rugby union player
Will Carling[90][91] and private equity investor Theodore J.
Forstmann,[92][93] yet these claims were neither confirmed nor
proven.[94][95]
Divorce
Journalist
Martin Bashir interviewed Diana for the BBC current affairs show
Panorama. The interview was broadcast on 20 November 1995.[96] The
Princess discussed her and her husband's extramarital affairs.[97]
Referring to Charles's relationship with Camilla, she said: "Well, there
were three of us in this marriage, so it was a bit crowded." She also
expressed doubt about her husband's suitability for kingship.[96]
Authors Tina Brown, Sally Bedell Smith and Sarah Bradford support
Diana's admission in the interview that she had suffered from
depression, "rampant bulimia" and had engaged numerous times in the act
of self mutilation; the show's transcript records Diana confirming many
of her mental health problems, including that she had "hurt (her) arms
and legs".[96] The combination of illnesses from which Diana herself
said that she suffered resulted in some of her biographers opining that
she had a borderline personality disorder.[98][99]
The
interview proved to be the tipping point. On 20 December, Buckingham
Palace announced that the Queen had sent letters to the Prince and
Princess of Wales, advising them to divorce.[100][101] The Queen's move
was backed by the Prime Minister and by senior Privy Counsellors, and,
according to the BBC, was decided after two weeks of talks.[102] Charles
formally agreed to the divorce in a written statement soon after.[100]
In February 1996, the Princess announced her agreement after
negotiations with the Prince and representatives of the Queen,[103]
irritating Buckingham Palace by issuing her own announcement of the
divorce agreement and its terms. In July 1996, the couple agreed on the
terms of their divorce.[104] This followed shortly after the Princess's
accusation that the Prince's personal assistant Tiggy Legge-Bourke had
aborted the Prince's child, after which Legge-Bourke instructed her
attorney Peter Carter-Ruck to demand an apology.[105][106] Diana's
secretary Patrick Jephson resigned shortly before the story broke, later
writing that the Princess had "exulted in accusing Legge-Bourke of
having had an abortion".[107][108]
The
divorce was finalised on 28 August 1996.[109] Diana received a lump sum
settlement of £17 million as well as £400,000 per year. The couple
signed a confidentiality agreement that prohibited them from discussing
the details of the divorce or of their married life.[110][104] Days
before, letters patent were issued with general rules to regulate royal
titles after divorce. Diana lost the style "Her Royal Highness" and
instead was styled Diana, Princess of Wales. As the mother of the prince
expected to one day ascend to the throne, she continued to be regarded
as a member of the royal family and was accorded the same precedence she
enjoyed during her marriage.[111] The Queen reportedly wanted to let
Diana continue to use the style of Royal Highness after her divorce, but
Charles had insisted on removing it.[104] Prince William was reported
to have reassured his mother: "Don't worry, Mummy, I will give it back
to you one day when I am King."[112] Almost a year before, according to
Tina Brown, the Duke of Edinburgh had warned the Princess of Wales: "If
you don't behave, my girl, we'll take your title away." She is said to
have replied: "My title is a lot older than yours, Philip."[113] Diana
and her mother quarrelled in May 1997 after she told Hello! magazine
that Diana was happy to lose the royal style. They were reportedly not
on speaking terms with each other by the time of Diana's death.[114] By
contrast, Diana's relationship with her estranged stepmother reportedly
improved in the years before her death in 1997.[115][116]
Public life
Public appearances
Charles and Diana in Woombye, 1983
Following
her engagement to Prince Charles, Diana made her first official public
appearance in March 1981 in a charity event at Goldsmiths'
Hall.[117][118] In October 1981, the Prince and Princess visited
Wales.[21][119] Diana attended the State Opening of Parliament for the
first time on 4 November 1981.[120] Her first solo engagement was a
visit to Regent Street on 18 November 1981 to switch on the Christmas
lights.[121] She attended the Trooping the Colour for the first time in
June 1982, making her appearance on the balcony of Buckingham Palace
afterwards. The Princess made her inaugural overseas tour in September
1982, to attend the state funeral of Grace, Princess of Monaco.[21] Also
in 1982, Diana accompanied the Prince of Wales to the Netherlands and
was created a Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown by Queen
Beatrix.[122] In 1983, she accompanied the Prince on a tour of Australia
and New Zealand with Prince William, where they met with
representatives of the Māori people.[21] Their visit to Canada in June
and July 1983 included a trip to Edmonton to open the 1983 Summer
Universiade and a stop in Newfoundland to commemorate the 400th
anniversary of that island's acquisition by the Crown.[123]
In
February 1984, Diana was the patron of London City Ballet when she
travelled to Norway on her own to attend a performance organised by the
company.[21] In April 1985, the Prince and Princess of Wales visited
Italy, and were later joined by Princes William and Harry.[21] They met
with President Alessandro Pertini. Their visit to the Holy See included a
private audience with Pope John Paul II.[124] In November 1985, the
couple visited the United States,[21] meeting President Ronald Reagan
and First Lady Nancy Reagan at the White House. Diana had a busy year in
1986. She embarked with the Prince of Wales on a tour of Japan,
Indonesia, Spain, and Canada.[123] In Canada they visited Expo 86,[123]
where Diana fainted in the California Pavilion.[125][126] In 1988, the
Prince and Princess of Wales visited Thailand and toured Australia for
the bicentenary celebrations.[21][127] In February 1989, she spent a few
days in New York as a solo visit. During a tour of Harlem Hospital
Center, she made a profound impact on the public by spontaneously
hugging a seven-year-old child with AIDS.[128]
Charles and Diana with the US Vice President Dan Quayle and his wife Marilyn following the enthronement of Emperor Akihito, 1990
In
March 1990, she and the Prince of Wales toured Nigeria and
Cameroon.[129] The President of Cameroon hosted an official dinner to
welcome them in Yaoundé.[129] Highlights of the tour included visits by
the Princess of Wales to hospitals and projects focusing on women's
development.[129] In May 1990, they visited Hungary for four
days.[128][130] It was the first visit by members of the royal family to
"a former Warsaw Pact country".[128] They attended a dinner hosted by
President Árpád Göncz and viewed a fashion display at the Museum of
Applied Arts in Budapest.[130] Peto Institute was among the places that
were visited by the Princess, and she presented its director with an
honorary OBE.[128] In November 1990, the royal couple went to Japan to
attend the enthronement of Emperor Akihito.[21][131]
In
her desire to play an encouraging role during the Gulf War, the
Princess of Wales visited Germany in December 1990 to meet with the
families of soldiers.[128] She subsequently travelled to Germany in
January 1991 to visit RAF Bruggen, and later wrote an encouraging letter
which was published in Soldier, Navy News and RAF News.[128] In 1991,
the Prince and Princess of Wales visited Queen's University in Kingston,
Ontario, where they presented the university with a replica of their
royal charter.[132] In September 1991, the Princess visited Pakistan on a
solo trip, and went to Brazil with Charles.[133] During the Brazilian
tour, Diana paid visits to organisations that battled homelessness among
street children.[133] Her final trips with Charles were to India and
South Korea in 1992.[21] She visited Mother Teresa's hospice in Kolkata,
India, in 1992.[134] The two women met each other again that year[135]
and developed a personal relationship.[134] It was also during the
Indian tour that pictures of Diana alone in front of the Taj Mahal made
headlines.[136][137]
In
December 1993, she announced that she would withdraw from public life,
but in November 1994 she stated that she wished to "make a partial
return".[21][128] In her capacity as the vice-president of British Red
Cross, she was interested in playing an important role for its 125th
anniversary celebrations.[128] Later, the Queen formally invited her to
attend the anniversary celebrations of D-Day.[21] In February 1995, the
Princess visited Japan.[131] She paid a formal visit to Emperor Akihito
and Empress Michiko,[131] and visited the National Children's Hospital
in Tokyo.[138] In June 1995, Diana went to the Venice Biennale art
festival,[139] and also visited Moscow where she received the
International Leonardo Prize.[140][141] In November 1995, the Princess
undertook a four-day trip to Argentina in order to attend a charity
event.[142] The Princess visited many other countries, including
Belgium, Nepal, Switzerland, and Zimbabwe, alongside numerous
others.[21] During her separation from Charles which lasted for almost
four years, she participated in major national occasions as a senior
member of the royal family, notably including "the commemorations of the
50th anniversaries of Victory in Europe Day and Victory over Japan Day"
in 1995.[21] The Princess's 36th and final birthday celebration was
held at Tate Gallery, which was also a commemorative event for the
gallery's 100th anniversary.[21]
Charity work and patronage
In
1983, she confided in the then-Premier of Newfoundland, Brian Peckford,
"I am finding it very difficult to cope with the pressures of being
Princess of Wales, but I am learning to cope with it."[143] As Princess
of Wales, she was expected to make regular public appearances at
hospitals, schools, and other facilities, in the 20th-century model of
royal patronage. From the mid-1980s, she became increasingly associated
with numerous charities. She carried out 191 official engagements in
1988[144] and 397 in 1991.[145] The Princess developed an intense
interest in serious illnesses and health-related matters outside the
purview of traditional royal involvement, including AIDS and leprosy. In
recognition of her effect as a philanthropist, Stephen Lee, director of
the UK Institute of Charity Fundraising Managers, said "Her overall
effect on charity is probably more significant than any other person's
in the 20th century."[146]
The Princess at the official opening of the community centre on Whitehall Road, Bristol, in May 1987
Diana's
extensive charity work also included campaigning for animal protection
and fighting against the use of landmines.[147] She was the patroness of
charities and organisations who worked with the homeless, youth, drug
addicts, and the elderly. From 1989, she was president of Great Ormond
Street Hospital for Children. She was patron of the Natural History
Museum[148][149] and president of the Royal Academy of
Music.[105][150][148] From 1984 to 1996, she was president of
Barnardo's, a charity founded by Dr. Thomas John Barnardo in 1866 to
care for vulnerable children and young people.[151][148] In 1988, she
became patron of the British Red Cross and supported its organisations
in other countries such as Australia and Canada.[128] She made several
lengthy visits each week to Royal Brompton Hospital, where she worked to
comfort seriously ill or dying patients.[134] From 1991 to 1996, she
was a patron of Headway, a brain injury association.[148][152] In 1992,
she became the first patron of Chester Childbirth Appeal, a charity that
she had supported since 1984.[153] The charity, which is named after
one of Diana's royal titles, could raise over £1 million with her
help.[153] In 1994, she helped her friend Julia Samuel launch the
charity Child Bereavement UK which supports children "of military
families, those of suicide victims, [and] terminally-ill parents," and
became its patron.[154] Prince William later replaced his mother as the
charity's royal patron.[155]
Her
patronages also included Landmine Survivors Network,[150] Help the
Aged,[150][148] the National Hospital for Neurology and
Neurosurgery,[150][148] the British Lung Foundation,[150][148] Eureka!
(joint patron with Prince Charles),[150][148] the National Children's
Orchestra,[150][148][128] British Red Cross Youth,[156][148] the
Guinness Trust,[148] Meningitis Trust,[148][128] the Malcolm Sargent
Cancer Fund for Children,[148][128] the Royal School for the
Blind,[148][128] Welsh National Opera,[148][128] the Variety Club of New
Zealand,[157][148] Birthright,[148][158] the British Deaf Association
(for which she learned sign language),[156][148][159] All England Lawn
Tennis and Croquet Club,[148] Anglo-European College of
Chiropractic,[148] Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and
Ireland,[148] Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital,[148] British Sports
Association for the Disabled,[148] British Youth Opera,[148] Faculty of
Dental Surgery of the Royal College of Surgeons of England,[148] London
City Ballet,[148] London Symphony Orchestra,[148] Pre-School Playgroups
Association,[148][128] as well as president or patron of other
charities.[148]
Diana
and Luciano Pavarotti at the benefit concert Pavarotti & Friends
for the Children of Bosnia in Modena, Italy, September 1995
In
1987, Diana was awarded the Honorary Freedom of the City of London, the
highest honour which is in the power of the City of London to bestow on
someone.[160][161] In June 1995, the Princess travelled to Moscow. She
paid a visit to a children's hospital that she had previously supported
when she provided them with medical equipment. In Moscow, she received
the International Leonardo Prize, which is given to "the most
distinguished patrons and people in the arts, medicine, and
sports".[147] In December 1995, Diana received the United Cerebral Palsy
Humanitarian of the Year Award in New York City for her philanthropic
efforts.[162][163][164] In October 1996, for her works on the elderly,
the Princess was awarded a gold medal at a health care conference
organised by the Pio Manzù Centre in Rimini, Italy.[165]
The
day after her divorce, she announced her resignation from over 100
charities and retained patronages of only six: Centrepoint, English
National Ballet, Great Ormond Street Hospital, The Leprosy Mission,
National AIDS Trust, and the Royal Marsden Hospital.[166] She continued
her work with the British Red Cross Anti-Personnel Land Mines Campaign,
but was no longer listed as patron.[167][168]
In
May 1997, the Princess opened the Richard Attenborough Centre for
Disability and the Arts in Leicester, after being asked by her friend
Richard Attenborough.[169] In June 1997, her dresses and suits were sold
at Christie's auction houses in London and New York, and the proceeds
that were earned from these events were donated to charities.[21] Her
final official engagement was a visit to Northwick Park Hospital,
London, on 21 July 1997.[21]
Areas of work
HIV/AIDS
The
Princess began her work with AIDS victims in the 1980s.[170] In 1989,
she opened Landmark Aids Centre in South London.[171][172] She was not
averse to making physical contact with AIDS patients, though it was
still unknown whether the disease could be spread that
way.[134][173][174] Diana was the first British royal figure to contact
AIDS patients.[170] In 1987, she held hands with an AIDS patient in one
of her early efforts to de-stigmatise the condition.[175][176] Diana
noted: "HIV does not make people dangerous to know. You can shake their
hands and give them a hug. Heaven knows they need it. What's more, you
can share their homes, their workplaces, and their playgrounds and
toys."[128][177][178] To Diana's disappointment, the Queen did not
support this type of charity work, suggesting she get involved in
"something more pleasant".[170] In October 1990, Diana opened Grandma's
House, a home for young AIDS victims in Washington, D.C.[179] She was
also a patron of the National AIDS Trust.[128] In 1991, she famously
hugged one victim during a visit to the AIDS ward of the Middlesex
Hospital,[128] which she had opened in 1987 as the first hospital unit
dedicated to this cause in the UK.[175][180] As the patron of Turning
Point, a health and social care organisation, Diana visited its project
in London for people with HIV/AIDS in 1992.[181] She later established
and led fundraising campaigns for AIDS research.[18]
In
March 1997, Diana visited South Africa, where she met with President
Nelson Mandela.[182][183] On 2 November 2002, Mandela announced that the
Nelson Mandela Children's Fund would be teaming up with the Diana,
Princess of Wales Memorial Fund to help victims of AIDS.[184] They had
planned the combination of the two charities a few months before her
death.[184] Mandela later praised Diana for her efforts surrounding the
issue of HIV/AIDS: "When she stroked the limbs of someone with leprosy
or sat on the bed of a man with HIV/AIDS and held his hand, she
transformed public attitudes and improved the life chances of such
people".[185] Diana had used her celebrity status to "fight stigma
attached to people living with HIV/AIDS", Mandela said.[184] In 2009, a
panel including Sir Ian McKellen and Alan Hollinghurst chose Diana's
portrait to be shown in the Gay Icons exhibition at the National
Portrait Gallery, London.[186] In October 2017, the Attitude magazine
honoured Diana with its Legacy Award for her HIV/AIDS work. Prince Harry
accepted the award on behalf of his mother.[180][187]
Landmines
U.S. First Lady Hillary Clinton and Diana chat in the Map Room following a landmines campaign fund-raiser, June 1997
Diana
was the patron of HALO Trust, an organisation that removes
debris—particularly landmines—left behind by war.[188][189] In January
1997, pictures of Diana touring an Angolan minefield in a ballistic
helmet and flak jacket were seen worldwide.[188][189] During her
campaign, she was accused of meddling in politics and called a 'loose
cannon' by the Earl Howe, an official in the British Ministry of
Defence.[190] Despite the criticism, HALO states that Diana's efforts
resulted in raising international awareness about landmines and the
subsequent sufferings caused by them.[188][189] In June 1997, she gave a
speech at a landmines conference held at the Royal Geographical
Society, and travelled to Washington, D.C. to help promote the American
Red Cross landmines campaign.[21] From 7 to 10 August 1997, just days
before her death, she visited Bosnia and Herzegovina with Jerry White
and Ken Rutherford of the Landmine Survivors Network.[21][191][192][193]
Her
work on the landmines issue has been described as influential in the
signing of the Ottawa Treaty, which created an international ban on the
use of anti-personnel landmines.[194] Introducing the Second Reading of
the Landmines Bill 1998 to the British House of Commons, the Foreign
Secretary, Robin Cook, paid tribute to Diana's work on landmines:
All
Honourable Members will be aware from their postbags of the immense
contribution made by Diana, Princess of Wales to bringing home to many
of our constituents the human costs of landmines. The best way in which
to record our appreciation of her work, and the work of NGOs that have
campaigned against landmines, is to pass the Bill, and to pave the way
towards a global ban on landmines.[195]
A few months after Diana's death in 1997, the International Campaign to Ban Landmines won the Nobel Peace Prize.[196]
Cancer
For
her first solo official trip, Diana visited The Royal Marsden NHS
Foundation Trust, a cancer treatment hospital in London.[157] She later
chose this charity to be among the organisations that benefited from the
auction of her clothes in New York.[157] The trust's communications
manager said, "The Princess had done much to remove the stigma and taboo
associated with diseases such as cancer, AIDS, HIV and leprosy."[157]
Diana became president of the hospital on 27 June 1989.[197][198][199]
The Wolfson Children's Cancer Unit was opened by Diana on 25 February
1993.[197] In February 1996, the Princess who had been informed about a
newly opened cancer hospital built by Imran Khan, travelled to Pakistan
to visit its children's cancer wards and attend a fundraising dinner in
aid of the charity in Lahore.[200] She later visited the hospital again
in May 1997.[201] In June 1996, she travelled to Chicago in her capacity
as president of the Royal Marsden Hospital in order to attend a
fundraising event and raised more than £1 million for cancer
research.[128] In September 1996, after being asked by Katharine Graham,
the Princess went to Washington and appeared at a White House breakfast
in respect of the Nina Hyde Center for Breast Cancer Research.[202] She
also attended an annual fund-raiser for breast cancer research
organised by The Washington Post at the same centre.[18][203]
In
1988, the Princess of Wales opened Children with Leukaemia (later
renamed Children with Cancer UK) in memory of two young cancer
victims.[204][205][206] In November 1987, a few days after the death of
Jean O'Gorman from cancer, Diana met her family.[204][205] The deaths of
Jean and her brother affected the Princess, and she assisted their
family to establish the charity.[204][205][206] It was opened by her on
12 January 1988 at Mill Hill Secondary School, and she supported it
until her death in 1997.[204][206]
Other areas
In
November 1989, the Princess visited a leprosy hospital in
Indonesia.[207][170] Following her visit, she became patron of the
Leprosy Mission, an organisation dedicated to providing medicine,
treatment, and other support services to those who are afflicted with
the disease. She remained the patron of this charity[166] and visited
several of its hospitals around the world, especially in India, Nepal,
Zimbabwe and Nigeria until her death in 1997.[128][208] She famously
touched those affected by the disease when many people believed it could
be contracted through casual contact.[128][207] "It has always been my
concern to touch people with leprosy, trying to show in a simple action
that they are not reviled, nor are we repulsed," she commented.[208] The
Diana Princess of Wales Health Education and Media Centre in Noida,
India, was opened in her honour in November 1999, funded by the Diana
Princess of Wales Memorial Fund to give social support to the people
affected by leprosy and disability.[208]
Diana
was a long-standing and active supporter of Centrepoint, a charity
which provides accommodation and support to homeless people, and became
patron in 1992.[209][210] She supported organisations that battle
poverty and homelessness. The Princess was a supporter of young homeless
people and spoke out on behalf of them by saying that "they deserve a
decent start in life".[211] "We, as a part of society, must ensure that
young people – who are our future – are given the chance they deserve,"
she said.[211] Diana used to take young William and Harry for private
visits to Centrepoint services and homeless shelters.[18][209][212] "The
young people at Centrepoint were always really touched by her visits
and by her genuine feelings for them," said one of the charity's staff
members.[213] Prince William later became the patron of this
charity.[209]
Diana visiting the drug squad of the West Midlands Police in 1987
Diana
was a staunch and longtime supporter of charities and organisations
that focused on social and mental issues, including Relate and Turning
Point.[128] Relate was relaunched in 1987 as a renewed version to its
predecessor, the National Marriage Guidance Council. Diana became its
patron in 1989.[128] Turning Point, a health and social care
organisation, was founded in 1964 to help and support those affected by
drug and alcohol misuse and mental health problems. She became the
charity's patron in 1987 and visited the charity on a regular basis,
meeting the sufferers at its centres or institutions including Rampton
and Broadmoor.[128] In 1990 during a speech for Turning Point she said,
"It takes professionalism to convince a doubting public that it should
accept back into its midst many of those diagnosed as psychotics,
neurotics and other sufferers who Victorian communities decided should
be kept out of sight in the safety of mental institutions."[128] Despite
the protocol problems of travelling to a Muslim country, she made a
trip to Pakistan later that year in order to visit a rehabilitation
centre in Lahore as a sign of "her commitment to working against drug
abuse".[128]
Privacy and the media
In
1993, Mirror Group Newspapers (MGN) published photographs of the
Princess that were taken by gym owner Bryce Taylor. The photos showed
her exercising in the gym LA Fitness wearing "a leotard and cycling
shorts".[214][215] The Princess's lawyers immediately filed a criminal
complaint that sought "a permanent ban on the sale and publication of
the photographs" around the world.[214][215] However, some newspapers
outside the UK published the pictures.[214] The courts granted an
injunction against Taylor and MGN that prohibited "further publication
of the pictures".[214] MGN later issued an apology after facing much
criticism from the public.[214] It is said that MGN gave the Princess £1
million as a payment for her legal costs and donated £200,000 to her
charities.[214] Taylor apologised as well and paid Diana £300,000,
although it was alleged that a member of the royal family had helped him
financially.[214]
Personal life after divorce
Diana meeting with Sri Chinmoy at Kensington Palace in May 1997
After
her 1996 divorce, Diana retained the double apartment on the north side
of Kensington Palace that she had shared with the Prince of Wales since
the first year of their marriage; the apartment remained her home until
her death the following year. She also moved her offices to Kensington
Palace but was permitted "to use the state apartments at St James's
Palace".[104][216] Furthermore, she continued to have access to the
jewellery that she had received during her marriage, and was allowed to
use the air transport of the British royal family and government.[104]
In a book published in 2003, Paul Burrell claimed that the Princess's
private letters had revealed that her brother, Lord Spencer, had refused
to allow her to live at Althorp, despite her request.[106]
Diana
dated the British-Pakistani heart surgeon Hasnat Khan, who was called
"the love of her life" by many of her closest friends after her
death,[217][218][219] and she is said to have described him as "Mr
Wonderful".[220][221][222][223] In May 1996, Diana visited Lahore upon
invitation of Imran Khan, a relative of Hasnat Khan, and visited the
latter's family in secret.[224][225] Khan was intensely private and the
relationship was conducted in secrecy, with Diana lying to members of
the press who questioned her about it. Their relationship lasted almost
two years with differing accounts of who ended it.[225][226] She is said
to have spoken of her distress when "he" ended their relationship.[217]
However, according to Khan's testimonial at the inquest for her death,
it was Diana who ended their relationship in the summer of 1997.[227]
Burrell also said that the relationship was ended by the Princess in
July 1997.[228] Burrell also claimed that Diana's mother, Frances Shand
Kydd, disapproved of her daughter's relationship with a Muslim man.[229]
Within
a month, Diana began a relationship with Dodi Fayed, the son of her
summer host, Mohamed Al-Fayed.[230] That summer, Diana had considered
taking her sons on a holiday to the Hamptons on Long Island, New York,
but security officials had prevented it. After deciding against a trip
to Thailand, she accepted Fayed's invitation to join his family in the
south of France, where his compound and large security detail would not
cause concern to the Royal Protection squad. Mohamed Al-Fayed bought the
Jonikal, a 60-metre multimillion-pound yacht on which to entertain
Diana and her sons.[230][231][232]
Death
East entrance to the Pont de l'Alma tunnel[233]
Main article: Death of Diana, Princess of Wales
On
31 August 1997, Diana died in a car crash in the Pont de l'Alma tunnel
in Paris while the driver was fleeing the paparazzi.[234] The crash also
resulted in the deaths of her companion Dodi Fayed and the driver,
Henri Paul, who was the acting security manager of the Hôtel Ritz Paris.
Diana's bodyguard, Trevor Rees-Jones, survived the crash. The televised
funeral, on 6 September, was watched by a British television audience
that peaked at 32.10 million, which was one of the United Kingdom's
highest viewing figures ever. Millions more watched the event around the
world.[235][236]
Tribute, funeral, and burial
Main article: Funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales
Further information: Althorp § Diana grave, memorial, and exhibition
Flowers outside Kensington Palace
The
sudden and unexpected death of an extraordinarily popular royal figure
brought statements from senior figures worldwide and many tributes by
members of the public.[237][238][239] People left public offerings of
flowers, candles, cards, and personal messages outside Kensington Palace
for many months. Her coffin, draped with the royal flag, was brought to
London from Paris by Prince Charles and Diana's two sisters on 31
August 1997.[240][241] The coffin was taken to a private mortuary and
then placed in the Chapel Royal, St James's Palace.[240]
Diana's
coffin, draped in the royal standard with an ermine border, borne
through the streets of London on its way to Westminster Abbey
On
5 September, Queen Elizabeth II paid tribute to her in a live
television broadcast.[21] Diana's funeral took place in Westminster
Abbey on 6 September. Her sons walked in the funeral procession behind
her coffin, along with her ex-husband the Prince of Wales, the Duke of
Edinburgh, Diana's brother Lord Spencer, and representatives of some of
her charities.[21] Lord Spencer said of his sister, "She proved in the
last year that she needed no royal title to continue to generate her
particular brand of magic."[242] Re-written in tribute to Diana, "Candle
in the Wind 1997" was performed by Elton John at the funeral service
(the only occasion the song has been performed live).[243] Released as a
single in 1997, the global proceeds from the song have gone to Diana's
charities.[243][244][245]
The
burial took place privately later the same day. Diana's former husband,
sons, mother, siblings, a close friend, and a clergyman were present.
Diana's body was clothed in a black long-sleeved dress designed by
Catherine Walker, which she had chosen some weeks before. A set of
rosary beads that she had received from Mother Teresa was placed in her
hands. Mother Teresa had died the same week as Diana. Diana's grave is
on an island (52.283082°N 1.000278°W) within the grounds of Althorp
Park, the Spencer family home for centuries.[246]
The
burial party was provided by the 2nd Battalion The Princess of Wales's
Royal Regiment, who were given the honour of carrying the Princess
across to the island and laying her to rest. Diana was the Regiment's
Colonel-in-Chief from 1992 to 1996.[247] The original plan was for Diana
to be buried in the Spencer family vault at the local church in nearby
Great Brington, but Lord Spencer said that he was concerned about public
safety and security and the onslaught of visitors that might overwhelm
Great Brington. He decided that Diana would be buried where her grave
could be easily cared for and visited in privacy by William, Harry, and
other Spencer relatives.[248]
Conspiracy theories, inquest and verdict
Main article: Death of Diana, Princess of Wales conspiracy theories
The
initial French judicial investigation concluded that the crash was
caused by Paul's intoxication, reckless driving, speeding (65 mph), and
effects of prescription drugs.[249] In February 1998, Mohamed Al-Fayed,
owner of the Paris Ritz where Paul had worked, publicly stated that the
crash had been planned[250] and accused MI6 and the Duke of
Edinburgh.[251] An inquest that started in London in 2004 and continued
in 2007–08[252] attributed the crash to grossly negligent driving by
Paul and to the pursuing paparazzi, who forced Paul to speed into the
tunnel.[253] On 7 April 2008, the jury returned a verdict of "unlawful
killing". On the day after the final verdict of the inquest, Al-Fayed
announced that he would end his 10-year campaign to establish that the
tragedy was murder rather than an accident; he stated that he did so for
the sake of the Princess's children.[254]
Later events
Finances
Following
her death, Diana left a £21 million estate, "netting £17 million after
estate taxes", which were left in the hands of trustees, her mother, and
her sister, Lady Sarah.[255][256] The will was signed in June 1993, but
Diana had it modified in February 1996 to remove the name of her
personal secretary from the list of trustees and have her sister Sarah
replace him.[257] Her two sons subsequently inherited the majority of
her estate. Each of them received £10 million upon turning 30 years old
in 2012 and 2014 respectively.[258] Many of Diana's possessions were
initially left in the care of her brother who put them on show in
Althorp twice a year until they were returned to the princes.[258][255]
They were also put on display in American museums and as of 2011 raised
two million dollars for charities.[255] Among the objects were her
dresses and suits along with numerous family paintings, jewels and two
diamond tiaras.[258] Diana's engagement ring was given to William, who
later passed it to his wife, Catherine Middleton, while her wedding
dress was given to Harry.[258][259]
In
addition to her will,[256] Diana had also written a letter of wishes in
which she had asked for three-fourths of her personal property to be
given to her sons, and dividing the remaining one-fourth (aside from the
jewelry) between her 17 godchildren.[255] Despite Diana's wishes, the
executors (her mother and sister) "petitioned the probate court for a
"variance" of the will", and the letter of wishes was ignored "because
it did not contain certain language required by British law".[255]
Eventually, one item from Diana's estate was given to each of her
godchildren, while they would have received £100,000 each, had
one-fourth of her estate been divided between them.[255] The variance
also prevented the estate from being distributed between her sons at the
age of 25 but postponed it until they were 30.[255][256] Diana also
left her butler Paul Burrell around $80,000 in cash.[256][259]
Subject of government surveillance
In 1999 after the submission of a Freedom of Information Act request filed by the Internet news service apbonline ,
it was revealed that Diana had been placed under surveillance by the
National Security Agency until her death, and the organisation kept a
top secret file on her containing more than 1,000 pages.[260][261] The
contents of Diana's NSA file cannot be disclosed because of national
security concerns.[260] The NSA officials insisted that Diana was not a
"target of [their] massive, worldwide electronic eavesdropping
infrastructure."[260] Despite multiple inquiries for the files to be
declassified—with one of the notable ones being filed by Mohamed
Al-Fayed—the NSA has refused to release the documents.[261]
In
2008, Ken Wharfe, a former bodyguard of the Princess, claimed that her
scandalous conversations with James Gilbey (commonly referred to as the
Squidgygate) were in fact recorded by the GCHQ, which intentionally
released them on a "loop".[262] People close to the Princess believed
that the action was intended to defame her.[262] Wharfe said that Diana
herself believed that members of the royal family were all being
monitored, though he also stated that the main reason of it could be due
to the potential threats of the IRA.[262]
The Memorial Fund controversy
The
Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fund was established after her death
and was granted intellectual property rights over her image.[263] In
1998, the fund sued the Franklin Mint, accusing it of illegally selling
Diana dolls, plates, and jewellery after having been refused a license
to do so.[264][265] In California, where the initial case was tried, a
suit to preserve the right of publicity may be filed on behalf of a dead
person, but only if that person is a Californian. The Memorial Fund
therefore filed the lawsuit on behalf of the estate and, upon losing the
case, was required to pay the Franklin Mint's legal costs of £3 million
which, combined with other fees, caused the Memorial Fund to freeze its
grants to charities.[264][265] In 2003, the Franklin Mint counter-sued.
In November 2004, the case was settled out of court with the Memorial
Fund agreeing to pay £13.5 million (US$21.5 million) to charitable
causes on which both sides agreed.[266] In addition to this, the
Memorial Fund had spent a total of close to £4 million (US$6.5 million)
in costs and fees relating to this litigation, and as a result froze
grants allocated to a number of charities.[263]
Anniversaries, commemorations, and auctions
Wikinews has related news: 10 years on Diana, Princess of Wales remembered
On
the first anniversary of Diana's death, people left flowers and
bouquets outside the gates of Kensington Palace and a memorial service
was held at Westminster Abbey.[267][268] The royal family and the Prime
Minister and his family went to Crathie Kirk for private prayers, while
Diana's family held a private memorial service at Althorp.[269][270] All
flags at Buckingham Palace and other royal residences were flown at
half-mast on the Queen's orders.[271] The Union Jack was first lowered
to half-mast on the day of Diana's funeral and has set a precedent, as
based on the previous protocol no flag could ever fly at half-mast over
the palace "even on the death of a monarch".[271] Since 1997, however,
the flag has flown at half-mast upon the deaths of members of the royal
family, and other times of national mourning.[272]
The
Concert for Diana at Wembley Stadium was held on 1 July 2007. The
event, organised by the Princes William and Harry, celebrated the 46th
anniversary of their mother's birth and occurred a few weeks before the
10th anniversary of her death on 31 August.[273][274] The proceeds that
were earned from this event were donated to Diana's charities.[275] On
31 August 2007, a memorial service for Diana took place in the Guards
Chapel.[276] Guests included members of the royal family and their
relatives, members of the Spencer family, members of Diana's wedding
party, Diana's close friends and aides, representatives from many of her
charities, British politicians Gordon Brown, Tony Blair, and John
Major, and friends from the entertainment world such as David Frost,
Elton John, and Cliff Richard.[150]
In
January 2013, a previously unseen photograph of Diana taken during her
engagement to Charles was put up for auction. The picture belonged to
the Daily Mirror newspaper and has "Not to be published" written on it.
In it, a young Diana lies across the lap of an unidentified man.[277]
John Travolta and the Princess of Wales dancing at the White House, November 1985
On
19 March 2013, ten of Diana's dresses, including a midnight blue velvet
gown she wore to a 1985 state dinner at the White House when she
famously danced with John Travolta (which became known as the Travolta
dress), raised over £800,000 at auction in London.[278]
In
January 2017, a series of letters that Diana and other members of the
royal family had written to a Buckingham Palace steward were sold as a
part of a collection titled "the private letters between a trusted
butler and the royal family".[279][280] The six letters that were
written by Diana included information about her young sons' daily life
and raised £15,100.[279][280]
"Diana:
Her Fashion Story", an exhibition of gowns and suits worn by the
Princess, was announced to be opened at Kensington Palace in February
2017 as a tribute to mark her 20th death anniversary, with her favorite
dresses created by numerous fashion designers, including Catherine
Walker and Victor Edelstein, being displayed.[281][282] The exhibition
opened on 24 February displaying a collection of 25 dresses, and is set
to remain open until 2018.[283][284]
Other
tributes planned for the anniversary included exhibitions at Althorp
hosted by the Princess's brother, Earl Spencer,[285] a series of
commemorating events organised by the Diana Memorial Award,[286] as well
as restyling Kensington Gardens and creating a new section called "The
White Garden" in order to symbolise Diana's life and
style.[281][282][287]
Legacy
Public image
Diana
remains one of the most popular members of the royal family throughout
history, and she continues to influence the principles of the royal
family and its younger generations.[288][289] She was a major presence
on the world stage from her engagement to the Prince of Wales in 1981
until her death in 1997, and was often described as the "world's most
photographed woman".[18][290] She was noted for her compassion,[291]
style, charisma, and high-profile charity work, as well as her ill-fated
marriage to the Prince of Wales.[292] Her former private secretary
described her as an organised and hardworking person, and pointed out
that the Princess's husband was not able to "reconcile with his wife's
extraordinary popularity",[293] a viewpoint supported by biographer Tina
Brown.[294] He also said that she was a tough boss who was "equally
quick to appreciate hard work", but could also be defiant "if she felt
she had been the victim of injustice".[293] Paul Burrell, who worked as a
butler for the Princess, remembered her as a "deep thinker" capable of
"introspective analysis".[295] She was often described as a devoted
mother to her children,[18][296] who are influenced by her personality
and way of life. In the early years, Diana was often noted for her shy
nature,[288][297] as well as her shrewdness, funny character, and
smartness.[289] Those who communicated with her closely describe her as a
person who was led by her heart.[18] The Princess was also said to have
a strong character, because she entered the royal family as an
inexperienced girl with little education, but could handle their
expectations, and overcome the difficulties and sufferings of her
marital life.[146]
Diana
was widely known for her encounters with sick and dying patients, and
the poor and unwanted whom she used to comfort, an action that earned
her more popularity.[298] She was mindful of people's thoughts and
feelings, and later revealed her wish to become a beloved figure among
the people, saying in her 1995 interview, that "[She would] like to be a
queen of people's hearts, in people's hearts."[297] According to Tina
Brown, she could charm people with a single glance.[294] Brown also
points out that Diana's fame had spread around the world, even affecting
Tony Blair who reportedly said that Diana had shown the nation "a new
way to be British".[295] Diana is often credited with widening the range
of charity works carried out by the royal family in a more modern
style,[146] as well as affecting some of the household's traditional
manners.[299] Eugene Robinson of The Washington Post wrote in an article
that "Diana imbued her role as royal princess with vitality, activism
and, above all, glamour."[18] Alicia Carroll of The New York Times
described Diana as "a breath of fresh air" who was the main reason the
royal family was known in the United States.[300] Despite all the
marital issues and scandals, Diana continued to enjoy a high level of
popularity in the polls while her husband was suffering from low levels
of public approval.[18] Her peak popularity rate in the United Kingdom
between 1981 and 2012 was 47%.[301]
Diana
had become what Prime Minister Tony Blair called the "People's
Princess", an iconic national figure. Her accidental death brought an
unprecedented spasm of grief and mourning,[302] and subsequently a
crisis arose in the Royal Household.[303][304][305] Andrew Marr said
that by her death she "revived the culture of public sentiment".[146]
Her brother, the Earl Spencer, captured her role:
Diana
was the very essence of compassion, of duty, of style, of beauty. All
over the world she was a symbol of selfless humanity. All over the
world, a standard bearer for the rights of the truly downtrodden, a very
British girl who transcended nationality. Someone with a natural
nobility who was classless and who proved in the last year that she
needed no royal title to continue to generate her particular brand of
magic.[306]
In
1997, the Princess was one of the runners-up for Time magazine's person
of the Year.[307] In 1999, Time magazine named Diana one of the 100
Most Important People of the 20th Century.[308] In 2002, Diana ranked
third on the BBC's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons, above the Queen and
other British monarchs.[309] In 2006, the Japanese public ranked Diana
twelfth in The Top 100 Historical Persons in Japan.[310] In 2018, Diana
ranked fifteenth on the BBC History's poll of 100 Women Who Changed the
World.[311][312]
Despite
being regarded as an iconic figure and a popular member of the royal
family, Diana was subject to criticism during her life. Patrick Jephson,
her private secretary of eight years, wrote in an article in The Daily
Telegraph that "[Diana] had an extra quality that frustrated her critics
during her lifetime and has done little to soften their disdain since
her death ... the human face of a remote institution".[288] Some have
said that it was Diana who let the journalists and paparazzi into her
life as she knew that they were the source of her power,[295] thus she
had "overburdened herself with public duties" and destroyed the border
between private and public life.[146][99][313] Diana was famously
criticised by philosophy professor Anthony O'Hear who, in his notes
argued that she was unable to fulfill her duties, her reckless behaviour
was damaging the monarchy, and she was "self-indulgent" in her
philanthropic efforts.[213] Following his remarks, charity organisations
that were supported by her defended the Princess, and Peter Luff called
O'Hear's comments "distasteful and inappropriate".[213] Further
criticism surfaced as she was accused of using her public profile to
benefit herself,[99] which in turn "demeaned her royal office".[288]
Diana's unique type of charity work, which sometimes included physical
contact with people affected by serious diseases sometimes had a
negative reaction in the media.[288]
Sally
Bedell Smith characterised Diana as unpredictable, egocentric, and
possessive.[99] Smith also argued that in her desire to do charity works
she was "motivated by personal considerations, rather than by an
ambitious urge to take on a societal problem".[99] Robinson, however,
said that "[Diana] was serious about the causes she espoused".[18]
According to Sarah Bradford, Diana looked down on the House of Windsor
whom she reportedly viewed "as jumped-up foreign princelings" and called
them "the Germans".[295] She believed that Diana was a "victim of her
own poor judgment" as she lost social privilege by doing the Panorama
interview.[295] Some observers characterised her as a manipulative
person.[303][289] It was also alleged by some people that the Princess
and her former father-in-law, Prince Philip, had a relationship filled
with tension;[228][314] however, other observers said that their letters
provided no sign of friction between them.[315] Author Anne Applebaum
believed that Diana has not had any impact on public opinions
posthumously;[146] an idea supported by Jonathan Freedland of The
Guardian who also noted in his article that Diana's memory and influence
started to fade away in the years after her death,[299] while Peter
Conrad, another Guardian contributor, argued that even in "a decade
after her death, she is still not silent,"[295] and Allan Massie of The
Telegraph described the Princess as "the celebrity of celebrities" whose
sentiments "continue to shape our society".[313]
Style icon
The
Princess of Wales at the 1987 Cannes Film Festival. The strapless
Catherine Walker dress,[316] which was inspired by a dress worn by Grace
Kelly in To Catch a Thief,[317] is considered to be among the most
iconic dresses worn at the festival throughout its
history.[318][319][320] It was later sold to Julien's Auctions for over
£80,000.[321]
Diana was a
fashion icon whose style was emulated by women around the world. Iain
Hollingshead of The Telegraph wrote: "[Diana] had an ability to sell
clothes just by looking at them."[322][323] An early example of the
effect occurred during her courtship with Charles in 1980 when sales of
Hunter Wellington boots skyrocketed after she was pictured wearing a
pair on the Balmoral estate.[322][324] According to designers and people
who worked with Diana, she used fashion and style to endorse her
charitable causes, express herself and communicate.[325][326][327] The
Princess continued to remain a prominent figure for her fashion
style,[328][329] and is still considered an inspiration for
stylists,[330] celebrities,[331][281] and young women,[332] famously
including the singer Rihanna who is influenced by her and during an
interview by Glamour in 2013 said: "[Diana] killed it. Every look was
right. She was gangsta with her clothes. She had these crazy hats. She
got oversize jackets. I loved everything she wore!"[333][334] In the
words of one of her favourite milliners, John Boyd, "Diana was our best
ambassador for hats, and the entire millinery industry owes her a debt."
Boyd's pink tricorn hat Diana wore for her honeymoon was later copied
by milliners across the world and credited with rebooting an industry in
decline for decades.[335][336]
The
Princess chose her dressing style based on both the royal family's
demands and popular modern styles in Britain,[337] and developed her
personal fashion trend.[338] While on diplomatic trips, her clothes and
attire were chosen to match the destination countries' costumes, and
while off-duty she used to wear loose jackets and jumpers.[331][339]
"She was always very thoughtful about how her clothes would be
interpreted, it was something that really mattered to her," according to
Anna Harvey, a former Vogue editor and the Princess's fashion
mentor.[331][340] David Sassoon, one of the designers who worked with
Diana, believed that she had "broken the rules" trying new styles.[317]
Diana chose not to practice some of the royal clothing traditions such
as putting aside the tradition of wearing gloves as she believed it
would prevent a direct connection with the people she met, such as those
affected by serious diseases like AIDS patients.[327][339] She used to
wear certain types of clothes at charity events which were appropriate
for the people she would meet, such as wearing colourful dresses and
"jangling jewels" so she could easily play with children at
hospitals.[327][339] According to Donatella Versace who worked closely
with the Princess alongside her brother, Diana's interest and sense of
curiosity about fashion grew significantly after her separation from
Charles.[325] Versace also points out that "[she doesn't] think that
anyone, before or after her, has done for fashion what Diana did".[325]
Catherine
Walker was among Diana's favorite designers[338] with whom she worked
to create her "royal uniform".[317] For her foreign tours and state
visits, Walker and her husband used to do research and were determined
to design clothes that would not outshine the Princess,[325] a viewpoint
supported by Taki Theodoracopulos who believes that Diana did not want
"to let her clothes wear her".[325] Eleri Lynn, curator of the
exhibition Diana: Her Fashion Story, also believes that "[Diana] didn't
want to be known as a clothes horse,"[327] and mentions that "the style
[Catherine and Diana] created together was a very slender, fluid
silhouette which did away with the frills and ruffles of the early '80s
and created a sleek silhouette that really flattered the princess's
frame and became a timeless look for her. A royal uniform if you
like."[341]
Diana
made her debut as a Sloane Ranger in 1979 with a gown by Regamus.[338]
Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, the Princess wore outfits and ensembles
by numerous notable fashion designers.[342][343][344] She also wore
ensembles by fashion companies such as Versace, Armani, Chanel, Dior and
Clarks.[331][333][345] Among her iconic outfits are a décolleté by
David and Elizabeth Emanuel worn by a newly engaged Diana at a charity
event,[340] a cocktail dress by Christina Stambolian, commonly known as
the "Revenge Dress", which she wore after Charles's admission of
adultery,[346] an evening gown by Victor Edelstein that she wore to a
reception at the White House and later became known as the "Travolta
dress",[331][317][338] and a Catherine Walker pearl-encrusted gown and
jacket dubbed the "Elvis Dress",[345][338] which she wore for the first
time on an official visit to Hong Kong.[327][347]
In
early 1980s, Diana preferred to wear dresses with floral collars,
pie-crust blouses, and pearls.[331][338][328] These items rapidly became
fashion trends.[331] Copies of her Vogue-featured pink chiffon blouse
by David and Elizabeth Emanuel, which appeared on the magazine's cover
on her engagement announcement day, sold in the millions.[338] Her habit
of wearing wide-shouldered gowns and lavish fabrics earned her the
nickname "Dynasty Di".[317][327] In the years after her marriage and
then her divorce, Diana grew more confident in her
choices,[317][329][340] and her style underwent a change, with her new
choices consisting of blazers, one-shoulder and off-shoulder dresses,
two-tone themed suits, military-styled suits, and nude-colored
outfits.[329] White shirt and jeans, plaid dresses, jumpsuits and sheath
dresses were among the other fashion trends that she tried.[329][348]
Her way of dressing began to be influenced by other celebrities
including Cindy Crawford, Madonna, Elizabeth Taylor, as well as many
others.[338]
The
Princess's influential short hairstyle was created by Sam McKnight
after a Vogue shoot in 1990, which, in McKnight and Donatella Versace's
opinion, brought her more liberty as "it always looked great".[325] The
Princess reportedly did her own make up and would always have a
hairstylist by her side before an event. She told McKnight: "It's not
for me, Sam. It is for the people I visit or who come to see me. They
don't want me in off-duty mode, they want a princess. Let's give them
what they want."[325]
The
Princess was named to the International Best Dressed List Hall of Fame
in 1989.[349] In 2004, People cited her as one of the all-time most
beautiful women.[350] In 2012, Time included Diana on its All-TIME 100
Fashion Icons list.[351]
In
2016, fashion designer Sharmadean Reid designed a collection of clothes
for ASOS inspired by Diana's style.[332] "Di's incredible relationship
with accessible sportswear through to luxury fashion forms the
cornerstone of the collection and feels more modern than ever," Reid
said about the Princess in a press release.[328]
Following
the opening of an exhibition of Diana's clothes and dresses at
Kensington Palace in 2017, Catherine Bennett of The Guardian stated that
such exhibitions are among the suitable ways to commemorate public
figures whose fashion styles were noted due to their achievements. The
exhibition suggests to detractors that, like many other princesses,
"looking lovely in different clothes was pretty much her life's work"
which also brings interest in her clothing.[352]
Diana
was an inspiration for Off-White's Spring 2018 show at Paris Fashion
Week in 2017.[353] The designer Virgil Abloh used the Princess'
signature looks as fragments to design new suits and attire.[354][355]
Supermodel Naomi Campbell, dressed in a combination of white blazer and
cropped spandex leggings in reference to Diana's formal and off-duty
styles, closed off the show.[353][354]
Memorials
Round Oval lake at Althorp with the Diana memorial beyond
Memorial in Harrods Department Store to Diana, Princess of Wales, and Dodi Fayed
Rosa 'Diana, Princess of Wales'
Tribute to Diana on 1998 Azerbaijan postage stamps
Unveiling of a memorial to Diana in Örményes, Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok, Hungary
Immediately
after her death, many sites around the world became briefly ad hoc
memorials to Diana where the public left flowers and other tributes. The
largest was outside the gates of Kensington Palace, where people
continue to leave flowers and tributes. Permanent memorials include:
The Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Gardens in Regent Centre Gardens Kirkintilloch
The Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fountain in Hyde Park, London, opened by Queen Elizabeth II
The Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Playground in Kensington Gardens, London
The
Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Walk, a circular path between
Kensington Gardens, Green Park, Hyde Park, and St. James's Park, London
The Diana Memorial Award, established in 1999 and later relaunched in 2007 by Gordon Brown[356]
The
Princess Diana Memorial Austria is the first memorial dedicated to
Diana, Princess of Wales, in a German-speaking country. It is placed in
the garden of Schloss Cobenzl in Vienna. It was raised by reporter Ewald
Wurzinger.[357]
The Flame
of Liberty was erected in 1989 on the Place de l'Alma in Paris above the
entrance to the tunnel in which the fatal crash later occurred. It has
become an unofficial memorial to Diana.[358][359] In addition, there are
two memorials inside Harrods department store, commissioned by Dodi
Fayed's father, who owned the store from 1985 to 2010. The first
memorial is a pyramid-shaped display containing photos of the princess
and al-Fayed's son, a wine glass said to be from their last dinner, and a
ring purchased by Dodi the day prior to the crash. The second, Innocent
Victims, unveiled in 2005, is a bronze statue of Fayed dancing with
Diana on a beach beneath the wings of an albatross.[360] In January
2018, it was announced that the statue would be returned to the Al-Fayed
family.[361]
Rosa
'Princess of Wales', a white blend rose cultivar, is named in honour of
Diana.[362][363] She received it as a tribute for her 10-year
cooperation with the British Lung Foundation.[362] It was bred by
Harkness in the United Kingdom and introduced in 1997.[362][363] The
nostalgic floribunda is also known as 'Hardinkum'.[364][363][362] It has
a double bloom form, and a mild to strong fragrance.[362] The rose is
said to be one of Diana's favourites.[363] After her death, the proceeds
from selling the roses in 1998–99 were donated to the British Lung
Foundation.[362] In 2002, it was granted the Award of Garden Merit by
the Royal Horticultural Society.[365] Rosa 'Diana, Princess of Wales', a
pink blend garden rose, was first introduced in 1998 at the British
Embassy in the United States.[366] The classical hybrid tea rose was
bred by Keith W. Zary of Jackson & Perkins and is also known under
the names 'Elegant Lady' and 'Jacshaq'.[367][368][366] It has a classic
bloom form with ivory petals, and a mild, sweet fragrance.[367][366]
"15% of the retail price" for buying each of the roses was donated to
the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fund.[366] It was also not sold in
the United Kingdom in order to prevent from creating a competition with
Rosa 'Princess of Wales'.[366]
In
1998, Azermarka issued postage stamps commemorating Diana in
Azerbaijan. The English text on souvenir sheets issued reads "DIANA,
PRINCESS OF WALES The Princess that captured people's hearts
(1961–1997)".[369] Several other countries issued commemorative stamps
that year, including Great Britain, Somalia, and Congo.[370] HayPost
also issued a postage stamp commemorating Diana in Armenia at the same
year.[371]
In
November 2002, a £4,000 bronze plaque was unveiled by Earl Spencer at
Northampton Guildhall as a memorial to his sister.[372] In February
2013, OCAD University in Toronto announced that its new 25,000 square
foot arts centre would be named the Princess of Wales Visual Arts
Centre.[373] Princess Diana Drive was named in her memory in Trenton,
New Jersey.[374] Diana's granddaughter, Charlotte Elizabeth Diana (born
2015),[375][376] and her niece, Charlotte Diana (born 2012),[377] are
named after her.
In
January 2017, Diana's sons commissioned a statue of their mother for
Kensington Palace to commemorate the 20th anniversary of her death.[285]
In an official statement released by Kensington Palace, William and
Harry said "Our mother touched so many lives. We hope the statue will
help all those who visit Kensington Palace to reflect on her life and
her legacy."[285] The money will be raised through public donations, and
a small committee consisting of close friends and advisers, including
Diana's sister Lady Sarah McCorquodale, are said to be working on the
project.[378] In December 2017, it was announced that Ian Rank-Broadley
had been commissioned to execute the statue. Its completion is expected
in 2019.[379][380]
Diana in contemporary art
Before
and after her death, Diana has been depicted in contemporary art. The
first biopics about Diana and Charles were Charles and Diana: A Royal
Love Story and The Royal Romance of Charles and Diana that were
broadcast on American TV channels on 17 and 20 September 1981,
respectively.[381] In December 1992, ABC aired Charles and Diana:
Unhappily Ever After, a TV movie about marital discord between Diana and
Charles.[382] In the 1990s, British magazine Private Eye called her
"Cheryl" and Prince Charles "Brian".[383]
In
July 1999, Tracey Emin created a number of monoprint drawings featuring
textual references about Diana's public and private life for Temple of
Diana, a themed exhibition at The Blue Gallery, London. Works such as
They Wanted You To Be Destroyed (1999)[384] related to Diana's bulimia,
while others included affectionate texts such as Love Was on Your Side
and Diana's Dress with puffy sleeves. Another text praised her
selflessness – The things you did to help other people, showing Diana in
protective clothing walking through a minefield in Angola – while
another referenced the conspiracy theories. Of her drawings, Emin
maintained "They're quite sentimental ... and there's nothing cynical
about it whatsoever."[385]
In
2005, Martín Sastre premiered during the Venice Biennale the film
Diana: The Rose Conspiracy. This fictional work starts with the world
discovering Diana alive and enjoying a happy undercover new life in a
dangerous cantegril on the outskirts of Montevideo. Shot at an Uruguayan
slum using a Diana impersonator from São Paulo, the film was selected
by the Italian Art Critics Association as one of the Venice Biennial's
best works.[386][387][388][389]
In
2007, following an earlier series referencing the conspiracy theories,
Stella Vine created a series of Diana paintings for her first major solo
exhibition at Modern Art Oxford gallery.[390][391] Vine intended to
portray Diana's combined strength and vulnerability as well as her
closeness to her two sons.[392] The works, all completed in 2007,
included Diana branches, Diana family picnic, Diana veil, Diana crash
and Diana pram, which incorporates the quotation "I vow to thee my
country".[393][394] Vine asserted her own abiding attraction to "the
beauty and the tragedy of Diana's life".[392]
The
2007 docudrama Diana: Last Days of a Princess details the final two
months of her life. She is portrayed by Irish actress Genevieve
O'Reilly.[395] On an October 2007 episode of The Chaser's War on
Everything, Andrew Hansen mocked Diana in his "Eulogy Song", which
immediately created considerable controversy in the Australian
media.[396]
In
2017, Prince William and Prince Harry commissioned two documentaries to
mark the 20th anniversary of her death. The first of the two, Diana,
Our Mother: Her Life and Legacy, was broadcast on ITV and HBO on 24 July
2017.[397][398] This film focuses on Diana's legacy and humanitarian
efforts for causes such as AIDS, landmines, homelessness and cancer. The
second documentary, Diana, 7 Days, aired on 27 August on BBC and
focused on Diana's death and the subsequent outpouring of grief.[399]
Actresses
who have portrayed Diana include Serena Scott Thomas (in Diana: Her
True Story),[400] Julie Cox (in Princess in Love),[401] Amy Seccombe (in
Diana: A Tribute to the People's Princess),[402] Genevieve O'Reilly (in
Diana: Last Days of a Princess),[403][395] Nathalie Brocker (in The
Murder of Princess Diana),[404] and Naomi Watts (in Diana).[405]
Titles, styles, honours and arms
Titles and styles
Royal monogram
1 July 1961 – 9 June 1975: The Honourable Diana Frances Spencer
9 June 1975 – 29 July 1981: Lady Diana Frances Spencer
29 July 1981 – 28 August 1996: Her Royal Highness The Princess of Wales
in Scotland: 29 July 1981 – 28 August 1996: Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Rothesay
28 August 1996 – 31 August 1997: Diana, Princess of Wales
Posthumously,
as in life, she is most popularly referred to as "Princess Diana", a
title not formally correct and one she never held.[a] She is still
sometimes referred to in the media as "Lady Diana Spencer" or simply as
"Lady Di". In a speech after her death, then-Prime Minister Tony Blair
referred to Diana as the People's Princess.[406]
Honours
See also: List of honours of the British royal family by country
Orders
GBR Family Order Elizabeth II BAR.png 1981: Royal Family Order of Queen Elizabeth II
Foreign honours
Egypt 1982: Supreme Class of the Order of the Virtues (or Order of al-Kamal)[122]
Netherlands 18 November 1982: Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown, bestowed by Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands[122]
Fellowships
1988: The Royal College of Surgeons of England, Honorary Fellow in Dental Surgery[407]
Others
1981: Honorary Freeman of the City of Cardiff[408]
1987: Honorary Freeman of the City of London[160]
1989: Honorary Freeman of the Northampton Borough[372]
1992: Honorary Freeman of the City of Portsmouth[409]
Honorary military appointments
The Princess of Wales held the following military appointments:
Australia Australia
Australia: Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Australian Survey Corps[410]
Canada Canada
Canada: Colonel-in-Chief of the Princess of Wales Own Regiment[128]
Canada: Colonel-in-Chief of the West Nova Scotia Regiment
United Kingdom United Kingdom
United Kingdom: Colonel-in-Chief of the Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment[247]
United Kingdom: Colonel-in-Chief of the Light Dragoons[247]
United Kingdom: Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Hampshire Regiment[128]
United Kingdom: Colonel-in-Chief of the 13th/18th Royal Hussars (Queen Mary's Own)[128]
United Kingdom: Honorary Air Commodore, RAF Wittering[411]
She gave up these appointments following her divorce.[21][104]
Arms
Coat of arms of Diana, Princess of Wales
Descendants
Name Birth Marriage Issue
Date Spouse
Prince William, Duke of Cambridge 21 June 1982 29 April 2011 Catherine Middleton Prince George of Cambridge
Princess Charlotte of Cambridge
Prince Louis of Cambridge
Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex 15 September 1984 19 May 2018 Meghan Markle Archie Mountbatten-Windsor
Ancestry
Diana
was born into the British Spencer family, different branches of which
hold the titles of Duke of Marlborough, Earl Spencer, Earl of
Sunderland, and Baron Churchill of Whichwood.[414][415] The Spencers
claimed descent from a cadet branch of the powerful medieval Despenser
family, but its validity is questioned.[416] Her great-grandmother was
Margaret Baring, a member of the German-British Baring family of bankers
and the daughter of Edward Baring, 1st Baron Revelstoke.[417][418]
Diana's distant noble ancestors included the first Duke and Duchess of
Marlborough.[419] Diana and Charles were distantly related, as they were
both descended from the House of Tudor through Henry VII of
England.[420] She was also descended from the House of Stuart through
Charles II of England by Charles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond, and Henry
FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Grafton, and his brother James II of England by
Henrietta FitzJames.[21][18][421] Other noble ancestors include Margaret
Kerdeston, granddaughter of Michael de la Pole, 2nd Earl of Suffolk;
Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, an English nobleman and a favourite
of Elizabeth I of England; and Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset, a
descendant of Edward III of England through his son Lionel of Antwerp,
1st Duke of Clarence.[422][423][424] Diana's Scottish roots came from
her maternal grandmother, Lady Fermoy.[422] Among her Scottish ancestors
were Alexander Gordon, 4th Duke of Gordon, and his wife Jane, and
Archibald Campbell, 9th Earl of Argyll.[422]
Diana's
American lineage came from her great-grandmother Frances Ellen Work,
daughter of wealthy American stockbroker Franklin H. Work from Ohio, who
was married to her great-grandfather James Roche, 3rd Baron Fermoy, an
Irish peer.[422][425] Diana's fourth great-grandmother in her direct
maternal line, Eliza Kewark, was of Indian
descent.[426][427][428][429][430]
Ancestors of Diana, Princess of Wales[431][432]
Notes
Often
used by the public and media, the style "Princess Diana" is incorrect.
With rare exceptions by permission of the Sovereign (such as Princess
Alice, Duchess of Gloucester), only women born to the title (such as
Princess Anne) may use it before their given names. After her divorce in
1996, Diana was officially styled Diana, Princess of Wales, having lost
the prefix "HRH".
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Bibliography
Bradford, Sarah (2006). Diana. New York; Toronto; London: Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-03807-7.
Brandreth, Gyles (2004). Philip and Elizabeth: Portrait of a Marriage. London: Century. ISBN 0-7126-6103-4.
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Dimbleby, Jonathan (1994). The Prince of Wales: A Biography. New York: William Morrow and Company. ISBN 0-688-12996-X.
Morton, Andrew (1997) [1992]. Diana: Her True Story – In Her Own Words. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-85080-X.
Smith, Sally Bedell (2000) [1999]. Diana in Search of Herself: Portrait of a Troubled Princess. Signet. ISBN 978-0-451-20108-9.
Williamson, D. (1981a). "The Ancestry of Lady Diana Spencer". Genealogist's Magazine. 20 (6): 192–199.
Williamson, D. (1981b). "The Ancestry of Lady Diana Spencer". Genealogist's Magazine. 20 (8): 281–282.
Further reading
Anderson,
Christopher (2001). Diana's Boys: William and Harry and the Mother they
Loved (1st ed.). United States: William Morrow. ISBN 978-0-688-17204-6.
Bedell Smith, Sally (1999). Diana in Search of Herself: Portrait of a Troubled Princess. Times Books. ISBN 0-8129-3030-4.
Brennan, Kristine (1998). Diana, Princess of Wales. Philadelphia: Chelsea House. ISBN 0-7910-4714-8.
Burrell, Paul (2003). A Royal Duty. United States: HarperCollins Entertainment. ISBN 978-0-00-725263-3.
Burrell, Paul (2007). The Way We Were: Remembering Diana. United States: HarperCollins Entertainment. ISBN 978-0-06-113895-9.
Caradec'h, Jean-Michel (2006). Diana. L'enquête criminelle (in French). Neuilly-sur-Seine: Michel Lafon. ISBN 978-2-7499-0479-5.
Corby, Tom (1997). Diana, Princess of Wales: A Tribute. United States: Benford Books. ISBN 978-1-56649-599-8.
Coward, Rosalind (2004). Diana: The Portrait. United Kingdom (other publishers worldwide): HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-718203-1.
Davies,
Jude (2001). Diana, A Cultural History: Gender, Race, Nation, and the
People's Princess. Houndmills, Hampshire; New York: Palgrave. ISBN
0-333-73688-5. OCLC 46565010.
Denney,
Colleen (2005). Representing Diana, Princess of Wales: Cultural Memory
and Fairy Tales Revisited. Madison, New Jersey: Fairleigh Dickinson
University Press. ISBN 0-8386-4023-0. OCLC 56490960.
Edwards,
Anne (2001). Ever After: Diana and the Life She Led. New York: St.
Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-25314-1. OCLC 43867312.
Frum, David (2000). How We Got bare: The '70s. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-04195-7.
Mattern, Joanne (2006). Princess Diana. DK Biography. New York: DK Publishing. ISBN 978-0-756-61614-4.
Morton, Andrew (2004). Diana: In Pursuit of Love. United States: Michael O'Mara Books. ISBN 978-1-84317-084-6.
Rees-Jones,
Trevor (2000). The Bodyguard's Story: Diana, the Crash, and the Sole
Survivor. United States: Little, Brown. ISBN 978-0-316-85508-2.
Steinberg,
Deborah Lynn (1999). Mourning Diana: Nation, Culture and the
Performance of Grief. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-19393-1.
Taylor,
John A. (2000). Diana, Self-Interest, and British National Identity.
Westport, CN: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-96826-X. OCLC 42935749.
Thomas,
James (2002). Diana's Mourning: A People's History. Cardiff: University
of Wales Press. ISBN 0-7083-1753-7. OCLC 50099981.
Turnock,
Robert (2000). Interpreting Diana: Television Audiences and the Death
of a Princess. London: British Film Institute. ISBN 0-85170-788-2. OCLC
43819614.
External links
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Coroner's Inquests into the deaths of Diana, Princess of Wales and Mr Dodi Al Fayed at National Archives
The
Goddess of Domestic Tribulations by Theodore Dalrymple Essay on the
cultural significance of Princess Diana. Theodore Dalrymple. City
Journal at City-journal
"Ten Years On: Why Princess Diana Mattered". Time.
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mini-site Diana One Year On pictures of Diana, Panorama interview video
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Diana, Princess of Wales
Titles
Princess
of Wales Duchess of Cornwall Duchess of Rothesay Countess of Chester
Countess of Carrick Baroness of Renfrew Lady of the Isles Princess of
Scotland
Coat of Arms of Diana, Princess of Wales (1981-1996).svg
Coat of Arms of Diana, Princess of Wales (1996-1997).svg
Family
Charles,
Prince of Wales (former husband) Prince William, Duke of Cambridge
(elder son) Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex (younger son) John Spencer, 8th
Earl Spencer (father) Frances Shand Kydd (mother) Lady Sarah
McCorquodale (sister) Jane Fellowes, Baroness Fellowes (sister) Charles
Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer (brother)
Extended family
Albert
Spencer, 7th Earl Spencer (paternal grandfather) Cynthia Spencer,
Countess Spencer (paternal grandmother) Maurice Roche, 4th Baron Fermoy
(maternal grandfather) Ruth Roche, Baroness Fermoy (maternal
grandmother) Edmund Roche, 5th Baron Fermoy (maternal uncle)
Life events
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Charities
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People
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Memorials
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Popular culture
Books
Diana
in Search of Herself 69 Things to Do with a Dead Princess If Nobody
Speaks of Remarkable Things The Little White Car Princess Diana's
Revenge The Diana Chronicles The Accident Man Untold Story The Murder of
Princess Diana Diana: Closely Guarded Secret
Film and
television
The
Royal Romance of Charles and Diana Diana: Her True Story Diana: A
Tribute to the People's Princess Diana: The Rose Conspiracy The Queen
Diana: Last Days of a Princess The Murder of Princess Diana Unlawful
Killing Diana Diana, Our Mother: Her Life and Legacy Diana: In Her Own
Words Diana, 7 Days
Other
Diana:
Warrior Princess Her Royal Highness..? Diana – The People's Princess
Henrietta Hunter Lady Di (EastEnders) Travolta dress Lady Dior
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