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Harare, Brasilia, Kuwait, Munich, Portland, Brussels, Vienna, San Jose, Damman , Copenhagen, Brisbane, Riverside, San Bernardino, Cincinnati and AccraDonald Trump President-elect Donald Trump is a real estate mogul and former reality TV star who served as the 45th president of the United States. By Bi ditors and Catherine CarusoUpdated: Dec 12, 2024 11:16 AM EST donald trump smiles at the camera, he wears a blue suit jacket and tie with a white dress shirt, an american flag pin is on his lapel Getty Images We may earn commission from links on this page, but we only recommend products we back. 1946-present Donald Trump News: President-Elect Named Time’s Person of the Year President-elect Donald Trump was named Time magazine’s 2024 Person of the Year. To celebrate, Trump rang the opening bell of the New York Stock Exchange on December 12, when Time published its article announcing his selection. “Time magazine, getting this honor for the second time, I think I like it better this time actually,” Trump said at the exchange. Trump also received the title in 2016 following his first presidential election victory. The 78-year-old now joins the ranks of former Presidents Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama who have all been selected for the distinction more than once. “This is someone who made an historic comeback, who reshaped the American presidency and who’s reordering American politics,” Time Editor-in-Chief Sam Jacobs explained on NBC’s Today. “It’s hard to argue with the fact that the person who’s moving into the Oval Office is the most influential person in news.” More From Biography Harry S. Truman Playlist Back PlayPlaylist Forward Closed Captions Enter Fullscreen Unmute UNMUTE Jump to: Who Is Donald Trump? Quick Facts Young Donald Trump: Parents, Siblings, and Education Entrepreneur and Author Wealth Wives and Children Politician U.S. President 2020 Presidential Campaign Criminal Indictments and Trials Sexual Assault and Rape Accusations 2024 Presidential Campaign Assassination Attempts Trump and Obama Comey and Trump Mueller Investigation of Donald Trump Trump and Stormy Daniels Michael Cohen Investigation Pressuring Ukraine and Whistleblower Complaint Impeachment and Acquittal Coronavirus Social Media Executive Order Quotes Who Is Donald Trump? Entrepreneur and politician Donald Trump served as the 45th president of the United States and won reelection in 2024. He will become the nation’s 47th president in January 2025. Prior to his political career, the real estate developer took over his father’s middle-income housing business and transformed it into a global luxury brand that now includes hotels, golf courses, and commercial properties. Trump became a best-selling author with his 1987 book The Art of the Deal and a reality TV star in the 2000s on The Apprentice. Despite his underdog status, Trump was elected president in November 2016, served one term from 2017 to 2021, then lost his reelection bid in 2020. The subject of numerous personal, business, and political scandals, Trump was convicted of falsifying business records in May 2024 and faces an additional criminal trial regarding election interference in Georgia, to which he has pleaded not guilty. Advertisement - Continue Reading Below Quick Facts FULL NAME: Donald John Trump BORN: June 14, 1946 BIRTHPLACE: Queens, New York SPOUSES: Ivana Trump (1977-1992), Marla Maples (1993-1999), and Melania Trump (2005-present) CHILDREN: Donald Jr., Ivanka, Eric, Tiffany, and Baron PARENTS: Frederick and Mary Trump ASTROLOGICAL SIGN: Gemini HEIGHT: 6 ft. 3 in. Young Donald Trump: Parents, Siblings, and Education When and Where Was Donald Trump Born? Donald John Trump was born on June 14, 1946, in the New York City borough of Queens. He was the fourth of five children to parents Frederick Christ Trump Sr. and Mary Trump. Father and Mother Fred Sr., Donald’s father, was also born and raised in New York City. His parents were German immigrants, though he claimed Swedish ancestry for decades after World War II. Fred Sr. cut his teeth as a real estate developer while still a teenager and later specialized in constructing and operating middle-income apartments in Queens and nearby Brooklyn. In 1930, Donald’s mother left her home in Tong, Scotland, for the United States as a 17-year-old named Mary Anne MacLeod. Soon after, she met Fred Sr., who was about seven years her senior. The couple married in 1936 and settled in Queens’ Jamaica neighborhood that was, at the time, filled with western European immigrants. Mary became an American citizen in 1942. As the family’s wealth increased in the 1950s thanks to the postwar real estate boom, she became a philanthropist. Fred Sr. died in 1999 followed by Mary one year later. Siblings Donald grew up with two older sisters, an older brother, and a younger brother: Maryanne Trump Barry, born in April 1937, was a federal judge for 36 years, eventually serving as a senior judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit. She took an inactive status soon after her brother became president then retired from the bench in February 2019 amid a judicial investigation into the Trump family’s tax practices that ended upon her retirement. Maryanne died at age 86 in November 2023. Fred Trump Jr., born in 1938 and known as “Freddy,” reluctantly joined his father’s real estate company, but his true passion was aviation. He left the family business for a time to become a TWA pilot before returning to real estate. Freddy’s struggle with alcoholism eventually led to his early death in 1981 at age 43, prompting Donald’s choice to abstain from alcohol, cigarettes, and drugs. Elizabeth Trump Grau, born in 1942, is a retired banker who is married to film producer James Grau. Robert Trump, born in August 1948, was Donald’s younger brother who spent much of his career working for the family company. He died in August 2020, aged 71. Advertisement - Continue Reading Below Education and Religion Thanks to his father’s business success, Donald enjoyed a life of luxury from a young age. Yet, the Trump children were also beholden to strict rules. Whereas Donald’s father was the hard-driving disciplinarian, his mother set the tone for his religious education. “My religious values were instilled in me by my mother,” Donald wrote in his book Great Again. He was raised Presbyterian and later attended Marble Collegiate Church, a Protestant house of worship led by Reverend Norman Vincent Peale at the time, and The Church of Bethesda-by-the-Sea, an Episcopal congregation in Florida. Today, he identifies as a nondenominational Christian. Trump took his first presidential oath of office with a bible his mother had given him in 1955 when he graduated Sunday school. Trump was known to test boundaries as a child, acknowledging this tendency in his book The Art of the Deal, “Even in elementary school, I was a very assertive, aggressive kid.” He later described himself as “a bit of a troublemaker.” At age 13, Trump’s parents sent him to the New York Military Academy in upstate New York, hoping the discipline of the school would channel his energy in a positive manner. He did well at the academy, both socially and academically, rising to become a star athlete and student leader by the time he graduated in 1964. Later that year, Trump entered Fordham University. He transferred to the Wharton School of Finance at the University of Pennsylvania after two years and graduated in 1968 with a degree in economics. During his years at college, Trump worked at his father’s real estate business during the summer. He also secured education deferments for the draft for the Vietnam War and, ultimately, a 1-Y medical deferment after he graduated. Entrepreneur and Author donald trump and father fred trump at opening of wollman rink in 1987 Getty Images Donald Trump and his father, Fred, at the opening of Wollman Rink in 1987 After college, Trump followed his father into a career in real estate development and brought his grander ambitions to the family business. He took over the company in 1971, renamed it The Trump Organization two years later, and expanded the business conglomerate’s geographic footprint and overall scope to include hotels, golf courses, commercial properties, and more. One of the most well-known businessmen in America by the ’80s, Trump capitalized on his reputation to become a best-selling author and reality TV star on The Apprentice and its spinoff, Celebrity Apprentice. He was part-owner of the Miss USA, Miss Teen USA, and Miss Universe beauty pageants from 1996 to 2015. When Trump became the president of the United States in January 2017, he relinquished management of The Trump Organization to his sons Donald Trump Jr. and Eric Trump. Advertisement - Continue Reading Below Trump Organization Under Donald’s leadership, the Trump Organization began expanding into Manhattan real estate in the early 1970s. His first major commercial project was rehabbing the old Commodore Hotel into the Grand Hyatt Hotel and restoring the exterior of neighboring Grand Central Station. To complete the project, Trump secured a 40-year property tax abatement deal, the first such agreement New York City made on a commercial property. A flurry of additional high-profile projects followed in the decade after the Grand Hyatt’s 1980 opening. Trump Tower, completed in 1983, combines luxury retail, residential, and office space. Trump Place, now owned by a Chicago-based company, replaced the West Side Rail Yards with 16 high-end residential buildings. The developer began renovations on the famous Plaza Hotel after purchasing it in 1988 (he sold it four years later). Outside of New York City, Trump expanded his company’s holdings into casinos via the Trump Plaza, Trump’s Castle (later renamed Trump Marina), and Trump Taj Mahal, all located in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Ultimately, the Trump Organization exited the casino business. Trump’s other business ventures over the years have included: golf courses in 10 American cities and five foreign countries, such as Trump International Golf Club; The Mar-a-Lago Club, his personal estate turned private club in Palm Beach, Florida; Trump University, a for-profit seminar series about real estate; an air-shuttle service; the New Jersey Generals, a team in the U.S. Football League; and numerous licensing deals of the Trump name. For all his successes, Trump has also experienced his share of failures. He has declared Chapter 11 bankruptcy to reorganize his business debt six times between 1991 and 2009. Four of the filings covered casinos the Trump Organization owned. Books Trump has co-written more than 15 books, starting with 1987’s Trump: The Art of the Deal about his tactics for successful business deals. The New York Times No. 1 bestseller sold more than 1 million copies. His other books include Trump: Surviving at the Top (1990), Trump: The Art of the Comeback (1997), Trump 101: The Way to Success (2007), Crippled America: How to Make America Great Again (2015), and most recently Letters to Trump (2023), featuring his private correspondence with celebrities, political leaders, and other public figures. Trump: The Art of the Deal Trump: The Art of the Deal Now 47% Off $12 at Amazon The Apprentice In January 2004, Trump became the star and an executive producer of The Apprentice, a reality competition show on NBC. Contestants vied for the chance to work for Trump, who became synonymous with his dismissal catchphrase, “You’re fired!” An immediate success, The Apprentice’s first season drew more than 20 million weekly viewers and earned an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Reality Competition Program. (In total, The Apprentice franchise garnered nine Emmy nods, though it never won.) Advertisement - Continue Reading Below The series launched a spinoff, Celebrity Apprentice, in early 2008 that featured singer Meat Loaf, actor George Takei, and boxer Laila Ali among its many contestants who raised money for charity. Trump left the show in 2015, shortly after announcing his first presidential campaign, though he remained a producer for a follow-up season hosted by Arnold Schwarzenegger. More Celebrity Apprentice Contestants Arsenio Hall Arsenio Hall Joan Rivers Joan Rivers shawn johnson Shawn Johnson Lawsuits and Investigations Fair Housing Act Discrimination Trial In October 1973, the federal government filed a complaint against Trump, his father, and their rental management company alleging that they had discriminated against tenants and potential tenants based on their race, a violation of the Fair Housing Act, which is part of the 1968 Civil Rights Act. The Trumps denied the claims and, after a lengthy legal battle, settled the case in June 1975 without admitting fault. As part of the settlement, the company had to train employees about the Fair Housing Act, inform the community about its fair housing practices, and devote some advertising of its rental vacancies to Black and Puerto Rican communities for a period of two years. It was also required to share race-based data of its renters and applicants in 16 buildings for a two-year period. Trump University In 2005, Trump launched his for-profit Trump University, offering classes in real estate and acquiring and managing wealth. The venture had been under scrutiny almost since its inception and at the time of his 2015 presidential bid, it remained the subject of multiple lawsuits. In the cases, claimants accused Trump of fraud, false advertising and breach of contract. Controversy about the suits made headlines when Trump suggested that U.S. District Court Judge Gonzalo Curiel could not be impartial in overseeing two class action cases because of his Mexican heritage. On November 18, 2016, Trump, who had previously vowed to take the matter to trial, settled three of the lawsuits for $25 million without admission of liability. In a statement from New York Attorney General Eric Schneiderman, he called the settlement, “a stunning reversal by Trump and a major victory for the over 6,000 victims of his fraudulent university.” Donald J. Trump Foundation Later, in a separate incident related to Trump University, it was reported that Florida Attorney General Pam Bondi decided not to join the existing New York fraud lawsuit. This came just days after she had received a sizable campaign donation from the Donald J. Trump Foundation, which was founded in 1988 as a private charity organization designed to make donations to nonprofit groups. In November 2016, it was reported that Bondi's name was on Trump's list as a possible U.S. Attorney General contender. Advertisement - Continue Reading Below As a result of the improper donation to Bondi's campaign, Trump was required to pay the IRS a penalty and his foundation came under scrutiny about the use of its funds for non-charitable activities. According to tax records, The Trump Foundation itself was found to have received no charitable gifts from Trump since 2008, and that all donations since that time had come from outside contributors. In fall 2019, after Trump admitted to misusing money raised by his foundation to promote his presidential campaign and settle debts, he was ordered to pay $2 million in damages, and the foundation was forced to shutter its doors. Wealth Over the years, Trump’s net worth have been a subject of public debate. Because Trump has not publicly released his tax returns, it’s not possible to definitively determine his wealth in the past or today. However, Trump valued his businesses at least $1.37 billion on his 2017 federal financial disclosure form, published by the Office of Government Ethics. Trump’s 2018 disclosure form put his revenue for the year at a minimum of $434 million from all sources. In 1990, Trump asserted his own net worth in the neighborhood of $1.5 billion. At the time, the real estate market was in decline, reducing the value of and income from Trump's empire. The Trump Organization required a massive infusion of loans to keep it from collapsing, a situation that raised questions as to whether the corporation could survive bankruptcy. Some observers saw Trump's decline as symbolic of many of the business, economic and social excesses that had arisen in the 1980s. A May 2019 investigation by The New York Times of 10 years of Trump’s tax information found that between 1985 and 1994, his businesses lost money every year. The newspaper calculated that Trump’s businesses suffered $1.17 billion in losses over the decade. Trump later defended himself on Twitter, calling the Times’ report “a highly inaccurate Fake News hit job!” He tweeted that he reported “losses for tax purposes,” and that doing so was a “sport” among real estate developers. Wives and Children Donald Trump has been married to Melania Trump, his third wife, for nearly 20 years. His ex-wives include the late Ivana Trump and Marla Maples. Both marriages ended in divorce. The entrepreneur and politician is a father to three sons and two daughters. Ivana Trump In 1977, Trump married his first wife, Ivana Trump, a New York fashion model who had been an alternate on the 1972 Czech Olympic Ski Team. She was named vice president in charge of design in the Trump Organization and played a major role in supervising the renovation of the Commodore and the Plaza Hotel in New York City. The couple had three children together: Donald Trump Jr., Ivanka, and Eric. Ivana and Donald Sr. went through a highly publicized divorce that was finalized in 1992. Advertisement - Continue Reading Below Marla Maples In 1993, Trump married his second wife, Marla Maples, an actor with whom he had been involved for some time and already had a daughter, Tiffany. Trump ultimately filed for divorce from Maples in 1997. Widely covered by media outlets, their split was finalized in June 1999. A prenuptial agreement allotted $2 million to Maples. Melania Trump Trump is currently married to former Slovenian model Melania Trump, who is more than 23 years his junior. In January 2005, the couple wed in a highly publicized and lavish wedding. Among the many celebrity guests at the wedding were Hillary Clinton and former President Bill Clinton. A year later, Donald and Melania welcomed their son, Barron. Children Ivana Trump, Eric Trump, Donald Trump, and Ivanka Trump as they sit at a table at the Mar-a-Lago in 1998 Photo: Davidoff Studios/Getty Images Ivana Trump, Eric Trump, Donald Trump, and Ivanka Trump sit at a table at Mar-a-Lago in 1998. Trump has five children. He and his first wife, Ivana, had three kids together: Donald Trump Jr., born in December 1977; Ivanka Trump, born in October 1981; and Eric Trump, born in January 1984. Donald and his second wife, Marla, had daughter Tiffany Trump in October 1993. His current wife, Melania, gave birth to Donald’s youngest child, Barron Trump, in March 2006. Trump’s sons Donald Jr. and Eric work as executive vice presidents for The Trump Organization. Donald Jr. joined the family business in 2001 followed by younger brother Eric six years later. In early 2017, the brothers took on their current leadership positions in The Trump Organization as their father began serving as president. Trump’s daughter Ivanka was also an executive vice president of The Trump Organization, having joined the business in 2005. Elsewhere, she worked with her dad on The Apprentice and became an entrepreneur with the creation of her eponymous fashion label. In 2017, Ivanka left The Trump Organization and her fashion brand, which closed a year later, to join her father’s presidential administration as an unpaid advisor. Her husband, Jared Kushner, similarly served as a senior adviser to President Trump. Advertisement - Continue Reading Below Donald Trump’s Sons donald trump jr Donald Trump Jr. eric trump Eric Trump barron trump looking upward with american flags in the background Barron Trump Since the end of Donald’s presidential term in 2021, Ivanka and her husband have been much less involved in politics. However, Donald Jr. and Eric have increasingly contributed to their father’s political ambitions and are honorary chairs of his 2024 transition team. Eric’s wife, Lara Trump, is also a prominent Republican leader. She has served as co-chair of the Republican National Committee since March 2024 but announced in December she is stepping down. Tiffany Trump largely grew up with her mother in southern California but maintained ties to her half-siblings and father. She attended Donald’s alma mater, University of Pennsylvania, for her undergraduate education before graduating from Georgetown University’s law school in 2020. She is expecting her first child with husband Michael Boulos. Donald Trump’s Daughters ivanka trump photo Ivanka Trump tiffany trump Tiffany Trump Barron was the only one of Donald’s five children to live at the White House. He was 10 years old when his dad became president and moved to Washington D.C. in the summer of 2017 after completing the school year at his former New York City prep school. Now an adult, Barron is a student at New York University. In addition to his five children, the former president is also a grandfather. He has 10 grandchildren with another one on the way. Politician For Apprentice fans and many others, Donald Trump’s 2016 presidential campaign seemingly came out of nowhere. However, the business leader had shown an interest in politics decades earlier and even explored running for president on the Reform Party ticket in 2000. He decided against entering the race as candidate Pat Buchanan drummed up support among the third party’s base. A decade and a half later, Trump became one of the most recognizable politicians in the world. Political Party Trump, a registered Republican, has done more to reshape his political party than anyone else in the past decade. He hasn’t always been a member of the GOP, though. In 1987, Trump registered as a Republican before becoming an Independent two years later. By 2000, the business leader was part of the Reform Party, which famously backed fellow entrepreneur Ross Perot’s presidential campaigns in the 1990s. In 2001, Trump registered as a Democrat. Advertisement - Continue Reading Below By 2009, Trump had switched back to the Republican party, though he registered as an Independent in 2011 to allow for a potential run in the following year’s presidential election. He again returned to the Republican party to endorse Mitt Romney’s 2012 presidential campaign and has remained a Republican since. Since his first ascension to the presidency in 2017, Trump has ushered in a more populist, more conservative identity to the Republican Party. His hard-line stance on immigration and “America first” ethos have been particularly well-received among voters. Many moderate Republicans in Congress and in other elected positions have lost primary races for not backing Trumpism, even after the former president’s term concluded in early 2021. 2016 Presidential Campaign vs. Hillary Clinton Donald Trump Hillary Clinton Debate Photo Photo: Pool/Getty Images Hillary Clinton speaks as Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump listens during the Presidential Debate at Hofstra University on September 26, 2016, in Hempstead, New York. In mid-June 2015, Trump announced he was running to be president of the United States as a Republican in the 2016 election. His platform included promises to renegotiate trade deals with American interests in mind, reduce taxes and government regulations, repeal the Affordable Care Act established under outgoing President Barack Obama, defend Second Amendment gun rights, “rebuild our depleted military,” and curb illegal immigration, which he blamed for a variety of crimes. “We are going to build a great border wall to stop illegal immigration, to stop the gangs and the violence, and to stop the drugs from pouring into our communities,” Trump said, describing his signature immigration policy idea. In an unorthodox move, the candidate repeatedly refused to release his tax returns while they were being audited by the Internal Revenue Service. It was the first time a major party candidate hadn’t released such information to the public before a presidential election since Richard Nixon in 1972. Initially considered a long-shot candidate in a crowded field that included experienced politicians like Jeb Bush, Ted Cruz, and Chris Christie, the famous businessman became the 2016 Republican nominee a little more than a year into his campaign. He faced Democrat Hillary Clinton in the general election, and defying polls and media projections, Trump pulled off a stunning victory on November 8, 2016. Despite losing the popular vote to Clinton by almost 2.9 million votes, Trump’s electoral college win—306 votes to Clinton’s 232—sealed his triumph. Advertisement - Continue Reading Below After one of the most contentious presidential races in U.S. history, Trump’s rise to the White House was considered a resounding rejection of establishment politics by blue-collar and working-class Americans. Trump soon became the leader of the United States having never before held public office. Only former Presidents Zachary Taylor, Ulysses S. Grant, and Dwight D. Eisenhower were similarly inexperienced at the time of their elections, though all had extensive military backgrounds. Tax Returns Trump’s net worth was questioned over the course of his 2016 presidential run, and he courted controversy after repeatedly refusing to release his tax returns while they were being audited by the Internal Revenue Service. He did not release his tax returns during the election, and he has not to date. It was the first time a major party candidate had not released such information to the public before a presidential election since Richard Nixon in 1972. After Democrats regained control of the House with the 2018 elections, Trump again faced calls to release his tax returns. In April 2019, Congressman Richard Neal, chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee, requested six years' worth of the president's personal and business tax returns from the IRS. Treasury Secretary Steve Mnuchin rejected the request, as well as Neal's follow-up subpoena for the documents. In May the New York State Assembly passed legislation that authorized tax officials to release the president's state returns to the chairmen of the House Ways and Means Committee, the Senate Finance Committee and the Joint Committee on Taxation for any "specified and legitimate legislative purpose." With New York City serving as the home base for the Trump Organization, it was believed that the state returns would contain much of the same information as the president's federal returns. In September 2019, Manhattan District Attorney Cyrus Vance Jr. subpoenaed the accounting firm Mazars USA for Trump's personal and corporate tax returns dating back to 2011, prompting a challenge from the president's lawyers. A Manhattan federal district judge dismissed Trump's lawsuit in October, though the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals for the 2nd Circuit agreed to temporarily delay enforcement of the subpoena while considering arguments in the case. A few days later, that same appeals court rejected Trump's bid to block another subpoena issued to Mazars USA, this one from the House Committee on Oversight and Reform. After the U.S. Supreme Court agreed to hear arguments over whether the president could block the disclosure of his financial information to congressional committees and the Manhattan district attorney in December 2019, the cases were presented to the Court the following May. In September 2020, The New York Times reported that Trump paid just $750 in federal income taxes in 2016 and 2017, and paid nothing in income taxes in 10 of the previous 15 years. A lawyer for the Trump Organization replied that "most, if not all, of the facts appear to be inaccurate" in the Times report. Advertisement - Continue Reading Below U.S. President On January 20, 2017, Trump was sworn in as the 45th president of the United States by Supreme Court Chief Justice John Roberts. In his inaugural speech, Trump shared a populist, and at times bleak, message. “What truly matters is not which party controls our government, but whether our government is controlled by the people,” he said. “January 20, 2017, will be remembered as the day the people became the rulers of this nation again.” He described an America that had failed many of its citizens, on account of families trapped in poverty, an ineffective education system, crime, drugs, and gangs. “This American carnage stops right here and stops right now,” he said. Donald Trump dances with wife Melania Trump at the Liberty Inaugural Ball on January 20, 2017 in Washington, DC Photo: Rob Carr/Getty Images Donald Trump dances with wife Melania Trump at the Liberty Inaugural Ball on January 20, 2017, in Washington, D.C. In his term as president, Trump issued executive orders to make good on some of his campaign promises as well as several orders aimed at deregulation. His administration saw the implementation of a number of controversial immigration policies, including a travel ban for several predominantly Muslim countries; the withdrawal of the United States from the Paris Climate Agreement and the Trans-Pacific Partnership; scaled back financial regulations and environmental protections; and Trump’s appointment of three Supreme Court justices. The president proposed a budget with increased spending for the military, veterans affairs, and national security, including building a wall on the border with Mexico, as well as major cuts to government agencies such as the Environmental Protection Agency and the National Endowment for the Arts. One of his most significant monetary accomplishments was signing a 2017 tax bill into law that lowered taxes for individuals and corporations. At various points during the Trump administration, the president and some members of his staff were embroiled in controversy or the subject of federal investigations. The Mueller investigation examined Russian interference into the 2016 election and the foreign country’s possible, but ultimately unfounded, ties to the Trump campaign. Trump was impeached twice: for abuse of power and obstructing Congress in 2019 related to a campaign scandal involving Ukraine, then for incitement of insurrection in 2021 related to the January 6 attack on the Capitol. In both instances, the Senate voted against the president’s removal from office. Advertisement - Continue Reading Below Elsewhere, citizens protested against Trump’s policies and stance on major issues, including immigration, climate change, and women’s rights. The Women’s March, held the day after the president’s inauguration, became the largest single-day protest in U.S. history with more than half a million people participating in Washington D.C. and hundreds of thousands more demonstrating across the country. Read more about Trump’s accomplishments and other events during his presidential term, which ended in January 2021, below: Supreme Court Appointees Trump nominated three Supreme Court Justices—Neil Gorsuch, Brett Kavanaugh, and Amy Coney Barrett—who were all confirmed by the U.S. Senate to the nation’s highest court. The newest appointees have conservative-leaning ideologies, cementing the current conservative majority of the Supreme Court. Less than two weeks after assuming office, the president nominated Neil Gorsuch to replace Antonin Scalia. The late justice’s seat had been empty since his February 2016 death with Senate Republicans having denied a confirmation hearing to President Barack Obama’s nominee. After Gorsuch testified before the Senate Judiciary Committee in March 2017, Democrats blocked his appointment in the first successful partisan filibuster of a Supreme Court nominee. In another historic move, Republicans lowered the threshold for advancing Supreme Court nominations from 60 votes to a simple majority of 50. Early that April, the Senate confirmed Gorsuch’s appointment, and he became the 113th justice of the Supreme Court. In July 2018, Trump nominated Brett Kavanaugh ahead of Justice Anthony Kennedy’s retirement at the end of the month. A textualist and originalist in the mold of Scalia, the nomination continued the rightward push of the Supreme Court. Kavanaugh’s path to becoming a justice was nearly derailed by accusations of sexual assault. However, he earned confirmation in a close vote that October. Following the death of Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg in September 2020, Trump quickly nominated Amy Coney Barrett. One month later, the Senate voted to confirm Barrett, who became the fifth woman to serve on the Supreme Court. Tax Reform Just before the end of his first 100 days, in late April 2017, Trump announced his tax plan in a one-page outline that would dramatically change tax codes. The plan called for streamlining seven personal income tax brackets to three—10, 25, and 35 percent—lowering the corporate tax rate from 35 to 15 percent, eliminating the alternative minimum tax and estate tax, and simplifying the process for filing tax returns. On December 2, 2017, Trump achieved the first major legislative victory of his administration when the Senate passed a sweeping tax reform bill. Approved along party lines by a 51-49 vote, the bill drew criticism for extensive last-minute rewrites, with frustrated Democrats posting photos of pages filled with crossed-out text and handwriting crammed into the margins. Advertisement - Continue Reading Below Among other measures, the Senate bill called for the slashing of the corporate tax rate from 35 to 20 percent, doubling personal deductions, and ending the Obamacare mandate. It also included a controversial provision that allowed for “unborn children” to be named as beneficiaries of college savings accounts, which critics called an attempt to support the pro-life movement. Despite estimates by the Congressional Budget Office that the bill would cost $1.5 trillion over a decade, GOP senators insisted that charges would be offset by a growing economy. After the bill's passage, Trump tweeted: “Biggest Tax Bill and Tax Cuts in history just passed in the Senate. Now, these great Republicans will be going for final passage. Thank you to House and Senate Republicans for your hard work and commitment!” On December 20, the final tax bill formally passed both chambers of Congress. Following partisan battles over a spending bill in early 2018, which resulted in a brief government shutdown and stopgap measures, Trump threatened to torpedo a $1.3 trillion spending bill with a last-minute veto. Reportedly angry that the bill did not fully fund his long-promised Mexican border wall, he nevertheless signed the bill into law on March 23, hours before another government shutdown would have gone into effect. Climate Change During the 2016 presidential election, Trump called climate change a “hoax.” He later recanted, saying, "I don't think it's a hoax, I think there's probably a difference." However, in an October 2018 interview on Fox News, Trump accused climate scientists of having a “political agenda” and said that he was unconvinced that humans were responsible for rising temperatures. In November 2018, The Fourth National Climate Assessment, compiled by 13 federal agencies including the EPA and Department of Energy, found that, left unchecked, climate change would be catastrophic for the U.S. economy. Trump told reporters, "I don't believe it." In June 2019, Trump met with then-Prince Charles and reportedly discussed climate change at length. In an interview with British TV host Piers Morgan, Trump said "I believe that there is a change in weather and I think it changes both ways...It used to be called global warming, that wasn't working, then it was called climate change and now actually it is called extreme weather." Trump later told ITV’s Good Morning Britain that he pushed back Prince Charles’ suggestions that the United States do more to combat climate change, saying that the U.S. “now has among the cleanest climates there are based on all statistics.” Paris Climate Agreement On June 1, 2017, Trump withdrew from the 2015 Paris Climate Agreement, which President Obama had joined along with the leaders of 195 other countries. The accord requires all participating nations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in an effort to curb climate change over the ensuing century and also to allocate resources for the research and development of alternative energy sources. Advertisement - Continue Reading Below With Trump’s decision, the United States joined Syria and Nicaragua as the only three countries to reject the accord. However, Nicaragua eventually joined the Paris Climate Agreement months later. Oil Extraction Soon after taking office, Trump revived the controversial Keystone XL and Dakota Access Pipelines to transfer oil extracted in Canada and North Dakota. The pipelines had been halted by President Obama following protests from environmental and Native American groups. Trump owned shares of Energy Transfer Partners, the company in charge of construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline, but sold his stake in the company in December 2016. Energy Transfer Partners CEO Kelcy Warren also contributed to Trump’s presidential campaign, raising concerns over conflict of interest. Coal Mining On March 28, 2017, the president, surrounded by American coal miners, signed the "Energy Independence" executive order, calling for the Environmental Protection Agency to roll back Obama's Clean Power Plan, curb climate and carbon emissions regulations and to rescind a moratorium on coal mining on U.S. federal lands. Endangered Species Act In August 2019, the Trump administration announced it was overhauling the Endangered Species Act. This included changes to legislation that gave the government increased discretion over matters of climate change and economic cost when determining whether a species should be protected. Donald Trump Photo: Scott Olson/Getty Images President Donald Trump addressing a crowd Health Care One of Trump’s first executive orders in office was calling on federal agencies to "waive, defer, grant exemptions from, or delay" aspects of the Affordable Care Act to minimize financial burden on states, insurers and individuals. On March 7, 2017, House Republicans, led by Speaker Paul Ryan, introduced the American Health Care Act, a plan to repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act (ACA). However, the controversial bill ultimately didn't have enough Republican votes and was withdrawn a few weeks later, representing a major legislative setback for Speaker Ryan and Trump. Advertisement - Continue Reading Below After intense negotiations among party factions, a new Republican health care plan was brought to a vote in the House of Representatives on May 4, 2017, and passed by a slim margin of 217 to 213. That passed the buck to the Senate. Almost immediately after a draft was unveiled on June 22, conservative senators such as Ted Cruz declared they could not support the bill's failure to significantly lower premiums, while moderates like Susan Collins voiced concerns over its steep cuts to Medicaid. On June 27, Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell elected to delay his planned vote for the bill. When the third, so-called “skinny repeal,” bill finally went to a vote on in the Senate July 28, it failed by three votes. In September, a new bill to repeal the Affordable Care Act was put forth by Senator Lindsey Graham of South Carolina and Senator Bill Cassidy of Louisiana. However, on September 26, Senate Republicans announced they would not move forward with the current plan, as they were short of the required votes. “We are disappointed in certain so-called Republicans,” Trump responded. On October 12, 2017 Trump signed an executive order in a move that could dismantle the ACA without Congress’s approval, expanding health insurance products — mostly less comprehensive plans through associations of small employers and more short-term medical coverage. He also announced that he would get rid of health insurance subsidies. Known as cost-sharing reduction payments, which lower the cost of deductibles for low-income Americans, they were expected to cost $9 billion in 2018 and $100 billion over the next decade. Birth Control Mandate On October 6, 2017, the Trump administration announced a rollback of the birth control mandate put in place by the Obama administration’s Affordable Care Act, which required insurers to cover birth control at no cost without copayments as a preventive service. For years, the mandate was threatened by lawsuits from conservative and religious groups. The Trump administration said the new exemption applied to any employer that objects to covering contraception services on the basis of “sincerely held religious beliefs or moral convictions.” The change is in line with Trump’s promises as a candidate to ensure that religious groups “are not bullied by the federal government because of their religious beliefs.” Opponents of the measure said that it could potentially affect hundreds of thousands of women and that access to affordable contraception in the mandate provided prevents unintended pregnancies and saves women’s lives. Abortion As president, Trump has said that he is “strongly pro-life” and wants to ban all abortions except in cases of rape, incest or when a woman’s life is in danger. He has supported bans on abortions after 20 weeks of pregnancy and has cited his appointments of conservative Supreme Court judges Gorsuch and Kavanaugh as helping to make abortion laws in some states more restrictive. Advertisement - Continue Reading Below Trump changed his beliefs on abortion from pro-choice to anti-abortion in 1999. In 2016, he said that he supported “some form of punishment” for women who undergo abortions; he later released a statement saying he only thought practitioners should be punished for performing abortions, not women for having them. In January 2020, after his administration threatened to cut federal funds to California over a mandate that the state's health insurance plans cover abortion, Trump became the first sitting president to address the annual March for Life rally in Washington, D.C. Transgender Rights On February 22, 2017, the Trump administration rolled back federal protection for transgender students to use bathrooms that correspond to their gender identity, allowing states and school districts to interpret federal anti-discrimination law. On March 27, 2017, Trump signed several measures under the Congressional Review Act to reverse regulations related to education, land use and a "blacklisting rule" requiring federal contractors to disclose violations of federal labor, wage and workplace safety laws. Later that year, the president tweeted that he would enact a ban on transgender people from serving in the military. The official policy went into effect the following March with the statement that "transgender persons with a history or diagnosis of gender dysphoria — individuals who the policies state may require substantial medical treatment, including medications and surgery — are disqualified from military service except under certain limited circumstances." Following a legal challenge, the Supreme Court allowed the ban to go into effect in January 2019, while allowing lower courts to hear additional arguments. Gun Control Trump has vowed to defend the Second Amendment and gun ownership since taking office. He spoke at the National Rifle Association’s annual convention in 2019, and he promised to veto a measure passed in February 2019 by House Democrats to strengthen background checks. However, Trump has also at times said he would be willing to consider a range of measures to restrict gun access. His administration also banned bump stocks in October 2017 after a mass shooting at a Las Vegas music festival left 58 people dead. The Valentine's Day 2018 shooting at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida, which left a total of 17 students and faculty dead, sparked a strong response from Trump. He ordered the Justice Department to issue regulations banning bump stocks and suggested he was willing to consider a range of measures, from strengthening background checks to raising the minimum age for buying rifles. He also backed an NRA-fueled proposal for arming teachers, which drew backlash from many in the profession. The president remained invested in the issue even as the usual cycle of outrage began diminishing: In a televised February 28 meeting with lawmakers, he called for gun control legislation that would expand background checks to gun shows and internet transactions, secure schools and restrict sales for some young adults. Advertisement - Continue Reading Below At one point he called out Pennsylvania Senator Pat Toomey for being "afraid of the NRA," and at another, he suggested that authorities should seize guns from mentally ill or other potentially dangerous people without first going to court. "I like taking the guns early," he said. "Take the guns first, go through due process second." His stances seemingly stunned the Republican lawmakers at the meeting, as well as the NRA, which previously considered the president as a strong supporter. Within a few days, Trump was walking back his proposal to raise the age limit and mainly pushing for arming select teachers. In June 2019, Trump said he would “think about” a ban on gun silencers following the deaths of a dozen people, who were killed by a gunman at the Virginia Beach Municipal Center. Two months later, after back-to-back mass shootings in El Paso, Texas, and Dayton, Ohio, the president suggested tying expanded background checks to immigration reform legislation. Donald Trump at Republican Convention July 2016 Photo Photo: Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images Donald Trump gives two thumbs up to the crowd on the fourth day of the Republican National Convention on July 21, 2016, at the Quicken Loans Arena in Cleveland, Ohio. Trump and Mexico Border Wall Trump issued an executive order to build a wall at the United States’ border with Mexico. In his first televised interview as president, Trump said the initial construction of the wall would be funded by U.S. taxpayer dollars, but that Mexico would reimburse the U.S. “100 percent” in a plan to be negotiated and might include a suggested import tax on Mexican goods. In response to the new administration's stance on a border wall, Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto canceled a planned visit to meet with Trump. "Mexico does not believe in walls," the Mexican president said in a video statement. "I've said time again; Mexico will not pay for any wall." After funding for the wall failed to materialize, from either Mexico or Congress, Trump in April 2018 announced that he would reinforce security along the U.S. border with Mexico by using American troops because of the "horrible, unsafe laws" that left the country vulnerable. The following day, the president signed a proclamation that directed National Guard troops to the U.S.-Mexico border. Advertisement - Continue Reading Below The Department of Homeland Security said that the deployment would be in coordination with governors, that the troops would "support federal law enforcement personnel, including [Customs and Border Protection]," and that federal immigration authorities would "direct enforcement efforts." In December 2018, shortly before a newly elected Democratic majority was set to take control of the House, Trump announced he would not sign a bill to fund the government unless Congress allocated $5.7 billion toward building his long-promised border wall. With Democrats refusing to give in to his demand, a partial government shutdown ensued for a record 35 days, until all sides agreed to another attempt at striking a compromise. On February 14, 2019, one day before the deadline, Congress passed a $333 billion spending package that allocated $1.375 billion for 55 miles of steel-post fencing. After indicating that he would sign the bill, the President made good on his threat to declare a national emergency the following day, enabling him to funnel $3.6 billion slated for military construction projects toward building the wall. In response, a coalition of 16 states filed a lawsuit that challenged Trump's power to circumvent Congress on this issue. "Contrary to the will of Congress, the president has used the pretext of a manufactured 'crisis' of unlawful immigration to declare a national emergency and redirect federal dollars appropriated for drug interdiction, military construction and law enforcement initiatives toward building a wall on the United States-Mexico border," the lawsuit said. After the House voted for a resolution to overturn the national emergency declaration in late February, the Senate followed suit on March 14 when 12 Republican senators joined a united Democratic side to vote for the resolution. Trump promptly issued the first veto of his presidency the following day, calling the resolution a "vote against reality." In late July 2019, the Supreme Court overturned an appellate decision and ruled that the Trump administration could begin using Pentagon money for construction during the ongoing litigation over the issue. Border Separation Policy As part of attempts to seal the U.S. border with Mexico, the Trump administration in 2018 began following through on a "zero-tolerance" policy to prosecute anybody found to have crossed the border illegally. As children were legally not allowed to be detained with their parents, this meant that they were to be held separately as family cases wound through immigration courts. A furor ensued after reports surfaced that nearly 2,000 children had been separated from their parents over a six-week period that ended in May 2018, compounded by photos of toddlers crying in cages. Trump initially deflected blame for the situation, insisting it resulted from the efforts of predecessors and political opponents. "The Democrats are forcing the breakup of families at the Border with their horrible and cruel legislative agenda," he tweeted. Advertisement - Continue Reading Below The president ultimately caved to pressure from the bad PR, and on June 20 he signed an executive order that directed the Department of Homeland Security to keep families together. "I didn’t like the sight or the feeling of families being separated," he said, adding that it remained important to have "zero tolerance for people that enter our country illegally" and for Congress to find a permanent solution to the problem. In the meantime, the DHS essentially revived the "catch-and-release" system that the zero-tolerance policy was meant to eradicate while dealing with the logistics of reuniting families. Travel Ban President Trump signed one of his most controversial executive orders on January 27, 2017, calling for "extreme vetting" to "keep radical Islamic terrorists out of the United States of America." The president's executive order was put into effect immediately, and refugees and immigrants from seven predominantly Muslim countries traveling to the U.S. were detained at U.S. airports. The order called for a ban on immigrants from Iraq, Syria, Iran, Sudan, Libya, Somalia and Yemen for at least 90 days, temporarily suspended the entry of refugees for 120 days and barred Syrian refugees indefinitely. In an interview with the Christian Broadcasting Network, Trump also said he would give priority to Christian refugees trying to gain entry into the United States. After facing multiple legal hurdles, Trump signed a revised executive order on March 6, 2017, calling for a 90-day ban on travelers from six predominantly Muslim countries including Sudan, Syria, Iran, Libya, Somalia and Yemen. Iraq, which was included in the original executive order, was removed from the list. Travelers from the six listed countries, who hold green cards or have valid visas as of the signing of the order, will not be affected. Religious minorities would not get special preference, as was outlined in the original order, and an indefinite ban on Syrian refugees was reduced to 120 days. On March 15, just hours before the revised ban was going to be put into effect, Derrick Watson, a federal judge in Hawaii, issued a temporary nationwide restraining order in a ruling that stated the executive order did not prove that a ban would protect the country from terrorism and that it was “issued with a purpose to disfavor a particular religion, in spite of its stated, religiously neutral purpose.” At a rally in Nashville, Trump responded to the ruling, saying: "This is, in the opinion of many, an unprecedented judicial overreach.” Judge Theodore D. Chuang of Maryland also blocked the ban the following day, and in subsequent months, the ban was impeded in decisions handed down by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit in Richmond, Virginia, and the Ninth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals once again. However, on June 26, 2017, Trump won a partial victory when the Supreme Court announced it was allowing the controversial ban to go into effect for foreign nationals who lacked a "bona fide relationship with any person or entity in the United States." The court agreed to hear oral arguments for the case in October, but with the 90-to-120-day timeline in place for the administration to conduct its reviews, it was believed the case would be rendered moot by that point. Advertisement - Continue Reading Below On September 24, 2017, Trump issued a new presidential proclamation, which permanently bans travel to the United States for most citizens from seven countries. Most were on the original list, including Iran, Libya, Syria, Yemen, Somalia, while the new order included Chad, North Korea and some citizens of Venezuela (certain government officials and their families). The tweak did little to pacify critics, who argued that the order was still heavily biased toward Islam. “The fact that Trump has added North Korea — with few visitors to the U.S. — and a few government officials from Venezuela doesn’t obfuscate the real fact that the administration’s order is still a Muslim ban,” said Anthony D. Romero, the executive director of the American Civil Liberties Union. On October 10, the Supreme Court canceled a planned hearing on an appeal of the original travel ban. On October 17, the day before the order was to take effect, Judge Watson of Hawaii issued a nationwide order freezing the Trump administration’s new travel ban, writing that the order was a “poor fit for the issues regarding the sharing of ‘public-safety and terrorism-related information that the president identifies.” On December 4, 2017, the Supreme Court allowed the third version of the Trump administration’s travel ban to go into effect despite the ongoing legal challenges. The court’s orders urged appeals courts to determine as quickly as possible whether the ban was lawful. Under the ruling, the administration could fully enforce its new restrictions on travel from eight nations, six of them predominantly Muslim. Citizens of Iran, Libya, Syria, Yemen, Somalia, Chad and North Korea, along with some groups of people from Venezuela, would be unable to emigrate to the United States permanently, with many barred from also working, studying or vacationing in the country. On June 26, 2018, the Supreme Court upheld the president's travel ban by a 5-4 vote. Writing for the majority, Chief Justice John Roberts said that Trump had the executive authority to make national security judgments in the realm of immigration, regardless of his previous statements about Islam. In a sharply worded dissent, Justice Sonia Sotomayor said that the outcome was equivalent to that of Korematsu v. United States, which permitted the detention of Japanese-Americans during World War II. 'Public Charge' Rule In August 2019, the Trump administration unveiled a new regulation designed to weed out immigrants who would potentially require government assistance. Known as the "public charge" rule, for people who are dependent on Medicaid, food stamps and other benefits, the policy tightened requirements for legal immigrants seeking to become permanent residents by focusing on factors like education, assets, resources and financial status. Trump and North Korea Nuclear Weapons and Economic Sanctions In early August 2017, intelligence experts confirmed that North Korea successfully produced a miniaturized nuclear warhead that fits inside its missiles, putting it one step closer to becoming a nuclear power. Around the same time, the North Korean state news agency said they were "examining the operational plan" to strike areas around the U.S. territory of Guam with medium-to-long-range strategic ballistic missiles. Advertisement - Continue Reading Below U.S. experts estimated North Korea’s nuclear warheads at 60 and that the country could soon have an intercontinental ballistic missile capable of reaching the United States. Trump responded that North Korea would be met with “fire and fury” if the threats continued and that the U.S. military was “locked and loaded.” On August 15, Korean leader Kim Jong-un said he’d "watch a little more the foolish and stupid conduct of the Yankees," which Trump tweeted was “a very wise and well reasoned decision.” However on August 20, North Korea warned that the U.S. was risking an "uncontrollable phase of a nuclear war" by following through with military drills with South Korea. On August 28, North Korea launched a missile over Japan. The following day, Trump said “all options were on the table.” At the United Nations General Assembly on September 19, Trump pejoratively called Kim Jong-un “Rocketman” and said he would “totally destroy” North Korea if it threatened the United States or its allies, hours after the group voted to enact additional sanctions against the country. Two days later, Trump widened American economic sanctions; three days later North Korea threatened to shoot down American airplanes even if they were not in its airspace, calling Trump’s comments “a declaration of war.” A week later, Secretary of State Rex Tillerson said the U.S. and North Korea were in “direct communication” and looking for a non-militarized path forward. On October 20, CIA Director Mike Pompeo warned that North Korea was in the "final step" of being able to strike mainland America with nuclear warheads and the U.S. should react accordingly. Some foreign policy experts were concerned that war between the U.S. and North Korea was increasingly possible. Summits With Kim Jong-un Following the 2018 Winter Olympics in PyeongChang, South Korea, during which North Korea made a show of unity with the host country, its officials also relayed interest in opening up communications with Washington. Trump leaped at the opportunity, announcing that he was willing to sit down with Kim. On June 12, 2018, Trump and Kim met at the secluded Capella resort in Singapore, marking the first such encounter between a sitting U.S. president and North Korean leader. The two held private talks with their interpreters, before expanding the meeting to include such top staffers as Pompeo (now U.S. secretary of state), National Security Adviser John Bolton and White House Chief of Staff John Kelly. Afterward, in a televised ceremony, the leaders signed a joint statement in which Trump "committed to provide security guarantees" to North Korea and Kim "reaffirmed his firm and unwavering commitment to complete denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula." Although their talks marked an early step in a diplomatic process that some predicted could take years to complete, the president said he believed denuclearization on the peninsula would begin "very quickly." "We're very proud of what took place today," Trump said. "I think our whole relationship with North Korea and the Korean Peninsula is going to be a very much different situation than it has in the past." Advertisement - Continue Reading Below On February 27, 2019, the two men met for a second summit, at the Metropole hotel in Hanoi, Vietnam, to discuss the next steps in denuclearization. Said Trump to his counterpart: "I think you will have a tremendous future with your country — a great leader. And I look forward to watching it happen and helping it to happen." However, negotiations abruptly ended the second day, after North Korea reportedly asked for sanctions to be lifted in exchange for dismantling its main nuclear facility but not all elements of its weapons program. "Sometimes you have to walk," the president said, before adding that things concluded on good terms. On June 30, 2019, Trump became the first sitting U.S. president to set foot in North Korea when he met with Kim for informal discussions at the Demilitarized Zone between the two countries on the Korean peninsula. Trump later said that he and Kim had agreed to designate negotiators to resume denuclearization talks in the coming weeks. Donald Trump Photo Photo: Rick Friedman Corbis via Getty Images Donald Trump speaking at a campaign rally at Winnacunnet High School in Hampton, New Hampshire on August 14, 2015 Trump and Russia Russian Hacking in the 2016 Election Throughout the 2016 presidential election, Trump vehemently denied allegations he had a relationship with Russian President Vladimir Putin and was tied to the hacking of the DNC emails. In January 2017, a U.S. intelligence report prepared by the CIA, FBI and NSA concluded that Putin had ordered a campaign to influence the U.S. election. “Russia’s goals were to undermine public faith in the U.S. democratic process, denigrate Secretary Clinton, and harm her electability and potential presidency. We further assess Putin and the Russian Government developed a clear preference for President-elect Trump," the report said. Prior to the release of the report, President-elect Trump had cast doubt on Russian interference and the intelligence community’s assessment. Trump received an intelligence briefing on the matter, and in his first press conference as president-elect on January 11, he acknowledged Russia’s interference. Advertisement - Continue Reading Below However, in subsequent comments he again refused to condemn Russia for such activity, notably saying on multiple occasions that he believed Putin's denials. In March 2018, the Trump administration formally acknowledged the charges by issuing sanctions on 19 Russians for interference in the 2016 presidential election and alleged cyberattacks. Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin delivered the announcement, with the president remaining silent on the matter. In July, days before Trump was to meet with Putin in Finland, Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein announced additional charges against 12 Russian intelligence officers accused of hacking the DNC and the Clinton campaign. Meeting With Putin The White House announced that Trump would hold his first formal discussions with Russian President Putin in Helsinki, Finland, on July 16, 2018. The two men met on the heels of Trump's heavily scrutinized summit with NATO leaders, and shortly after the Justice Department announced the indictment of 12 Russian operatives for interfering in the 2016 U.S. presidential election. Prompted to address the issue of election hacking in a joint news conference for the two leaders, Trump refused to point a finger at his counterpart. "I think we've all been foolish. I think we're all to blame," he said, adding that "President Putin was extremely strong and powerful in his denial today." The comments drew a harsh response stateside, with several notable Republicans joining their Democratic colleagues to question why the president was siding with Putin over his intelligence agencies. Senator McCain called it "one of the most disgraceful performances by an American president in memory," and even Trump ally Newt Gingrich weighed in with strong words, tweeting, "It is the most serious mistake of his presidency and must be corrected — immediately." Trump sought to quiet the furor after returning to the White House, insisting that he had misspoken when saying he didn't see why Russia should be blamed and reminding that he has "on numerous occasions noted our intelligence findings that Russians attempted to interfere in our elections," though he again suggested that other parties could be responsible. Around that time, it was revealed that Trump had instructed Bolton, his national security adviser, to invite Putin to the White House that autumn, news that caught Director of National Intelligence Dan Coats off guard. Bolton soon disclosed that he would postpone the invitation until the conclusion of the special counsel investigation into Russian meddling in the 2016 U.S. presidential election. Russian Sanctions Despite Trump's overtures to Putin, his administration in February 2019 announced the suspension of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty with Russia, due to the Eastern power's repeated violations of the agreement. The announcement gave Russia 180 days to comply with terms before U.S. withdrawal from the treaty would be completed. Advertisement - Continue Reading Below Syria On April 6, 2017, Trump ordered a military strike, to which he had tweeted opposition to when Obama was in office, on a Syrian government airfield. The strike was in response to a chemical attack by Syrian president Bashar al-Assad on Syrian civilians that had led to the horrific deaths of dozens of men, women and children. Navy destroyers fired 59 Tomahawk missiles at Shayrat airfield, from where the attack was launched. It was the first direct military action by the United States against Syrian military forces during the country's ongoing civil war. One year later, evidence surfaced of another chemical attack on Syrians, with dozens reported dead in the rebel-held city of Douma. Although Syria and its ally, Russia, referred to the situation as a "hoax" perpetrated by terrorists, Trump wasn't having it: "Russia vows to shoot down any and all missiles fired at Syria. Get ready Russia, because they will be coming," he tweeted, adding, "You shouldn't be partners with a Gas Killing Animal who kills his people and enjoys it!" The U.S. subsequently joined forces with Britain and France for coordinated strikes on Syria early in the morning of April 14, 2018. Larger than the previous year's operation, this one hit two chemical weapons facilities and a scientific research center. Afterward, the president took to Twitter to thank his military allies for their efforts, declaring, "Mission Accomplished!" In December 2018, Trump announced that U.S. military troops would be pulled from Syria, before changing his mind when that decision was denounced as one that would primarily benefit Assad and his government's main ally, Russia. However, the president reversed course again the following October by ordering U.S. troops withdrawn from northeast Syria to clear the way for a Turkish military operation, one that could threaten American-backed Kurdish insurgents in the area. Again drawing a sharp response from critics, the president made his case on Twitter by arguing it was time to get out of Syria and let other nations in the region "figure the situation out," adding that he would respond forcefully if Turkey did anything "off limits." Shortly afterward, he announced he was imposing sanctions on Turkey for a military offensive that was "endangering civilians and threatening peace, security, and stability in the region." Donald Trump Photo: Drew Angerer/Getty Images Donald Trump Advertisement - Continue Reading Below Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi In late October 2019, Trump announced that the leader of the Islamic State, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, was dead following a daring American commando raid in Syria. According to the president, the militant leader was chased to the end of an underground tunnel, "whimpering and crying and screaming all the way," before detonating a suicide vest. The announcement came amid the controversy over the withdrawal of troops from the region, with critics pointing to the American military presence and intelligence contributions from Kurdish allies as factors that led to the success of the mission. Trade War On March 1, 2018, after the conclusion of a Commerce Department investigation, Trump announced that he was imposing tariffs of 25 percent on steel imports and 10 percent on aluminum. He ultimately granted temporary exemptions as he sought to renegotiate deals. His actions resulted in new agreements with South Korea and multiple South American countries to restrain their metal exports. Talks with China, the E.U. and the border countries stalled. In late May, the administration announced that it was moving forward with all tariffs. The move drew a harsh response from the E.U., Canada and Mexico, which announced retaliatory measures. With Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau condemning Trump's "unacceptable actions" and French President Emmanuel Macron threatening to isolate the U.S. from the Group of 7, the president faced a frosty reception at the G-7 summit in Quebec in June. He ultimately left the summit early, making headlines on the way out by announcing he would not sign a communique between the seven nations and taking shots at Trudeau on Twitter. In July, Trump again had harsh words for allies at the NATO summit in Brussels, Belgium, including accusations that Germany was "captive" to Russia for its dependence on Russian natural gas, and followed with criticism of U.K. Prime Minister Theresa May for her handling of Brexit. Back home, the president attempted to head off the political fallout of a potentially costly trade war with the announcement that the administration would provide up to $12 billion in emergency relief funds for U.S. farmers. The following summer, the administration revealed details for a new, $16 billion aid package for struggling farmers. China In April 2018, the Trump administration announced it was adding a 25 percent tariff on more than 1,000 Chinese products to penalize the country for its trade practices. He granted temporary exemptions to negotiate a deal. In late May, he moved forward with a tax on $34 billion worth of Chinese goods that went into effect in July. The trade war with China escalated in May 2019, when the president gave the go-ahead to raise tariffs to 25 percent on $200 billion worth of Chinese goods. The increase came as the two countries were attempting to hammer out terms for a new trade deal. The following month, after Trump used the threat of tariffs to obtain expanded border-security measures from Mexico, the president turned his attention back to China with the suggestion that another $300 billion in Chinese goods would be taxed should trade talks continue to stall. He announced a 5 percent hike in late August and threatened another 5 percent increase by October, before agreeing to delay the latter as he continued to push for an all-encompassing trade deal. Advertisement - Continue Reading Below In October, the president gushed about the "very substantial phase one deal" reached with China, saying a final agreement on matters related to intellectual property, financial services and agriculture would take three to five weeks to put in place. Signed in mid-January 2020, the deal included commitments from China to purchase an additional $200 billion of U.S. products over the next two years and to refrain from currency manipulation and intellectual property theft. Taiwan In June 2019, Trump announced that the U.S. would be selling more than $2 billion in tanks and military equipment to Taiwan, one of its largest sales in recent years. The move added tension to China’s relationship with the U.S. The U.S. is the largest supplier of arms to Taiwan, which could help stave off an eventual invasion of Taiwan by the Chinese military. The U.S. does not officially recognize Taiwan, a de facto independent island that the communist Chinese government plans to bring back under its control, with force if necessary. However, U.S. officials see Taiwan as an important counterweight to China in the region and have expressed concern about China’s actions toward Taiwan. In 2018, to the ire of Chinese officials, the Pentagon began ordering naval ships to sail through the Taiwan Strait as a show of military power. Israel and the Recognition of Jerusalem On December 6, 2017, Trump announced that the U.S. was formally recognizing Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, and would move the American embassy there from its current location in Tel Aviv. The declaration broke decades of precedent, in which the U.S. refused to take sides in the conflict between Israelis and Palestinians over territorial rights to the city. Fulfilling one of his campaign pledges, Trump referred to the move as "a long overdue step to advance the peace process," noting it "would be folly to assume that repeating the exact same formula would now produce a different or better result." He also stressed that the move would not interfere with any proposals for a two-state solution. The announcement was praised by Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu but not as warmly received by American allies France, Britain and Germany, which called it disruptive to the peace process. Leaders of the predominantly Muslim countries Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Jordan, Egypt and Lebanon all condemned the move, while Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas said the U.S. could no longer be considered a mediator in the region. On December 21, the U.N. General Assembly voted 128 to 9 to demand that the U.S. rescind its formal recognition of Jerusalem. Britain, France, Germany and Japan all voted for the resolution, though others, like Australia and Canada, abstained from the symbolic vote. After dispatching Vice President Mike Pence to help smooth things over with Arab leaders in the Middle East, Trump sought to reestablish ties with American allies at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, in January 2018. He praised U.K. Prime Minister May and enjoyed a friendly meeting with Netanyahu, though he also took a shot at the Palestinian Authority for refusing to meet with Pence. Advertisement - Continue Reading Below Continuing with a recalibrated approach to relations with its Middle Eastern ally, the Trump administration announced in November 2019 that it no longer considered Israeli settlements in the West Bank to be illegal under international law. A few weeks later, the president sought to bolster support among American Jews by signing an executive order aimed at cracking down on anti-Semitism at college campuses. The order effectively allowed the government to recognize Judaism as both a race or nationality and religion, empowering the Education Department to withhold funding from college or educational programs accused of discriminatory actions against Jews. In January 2020, Trump revealed his "deal of the century" proposal for a two-state solution. His plan envisioned Jerusalem remaining the capital of Israel, with Palestinians getting their own capital in the eastern part of the city, and the authority for Israel to move forward with annexing its West Bank settlements. The proposal was quickly rejected by Palestinians, with Abbas dismissing it as the "slap of the century." In September 2020, Trump presided over the signing of accords between Israel, Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates, in which the two Arab countries normalized relations with Israel. Iran In May 2018, over the objections of European allies, Trump announced that he was withdrawing the U.S. from the Iran nuclear deal enacted by his predecessor and reimposing sanctions on the Middle Eastern country. The announcement initially drew a tepid response from Iran, but President Hassan Rouhani had stronger words on the issue while addressing diplomats in July, noting that "war with Iran is the mother of all wars" and warning his American counterpart to "not play with the lion's tail, because you will regret it eternally." That seemingly enraged Trump, who fired off an all-caps tweet addressed to Rouhani: "Never, ever threaten the United States again or you will suffer consequences the likes of which few throughout history have ever suffered before," he wrote. "We are no longer a country that will stand for your demented words of violence & death. Be cautious!" Tensions mounted again by April 2019, when the Trump administration announced it would no longer grant economic exemptions to the five countries — China, India, Japan, South Korea and Turkey — which had been permitted to buy oil from Iran. Several oil tankers were subsequently attacked near the Strait of Hormuz, with the U.S. holding Iran responsible for the brazen actions. In June 2019, the Iranian military shot down an American drone over contested airspace. Trump said he was minutes away from ordering a strike in retaliation, before electing to impose new sanctions instead. In late December, after an American civilian contractor was killed in a rocket attack on an Iraqi base, the U.S. carried out military strikes against an Iranian-backed militia deemed responsible for the attack. After protesters responded by breaching the outer wall of the U.S. Embassy in Iraq, the animosity escalated with the death of General Qassem Soleimani, Iran's top security and intelligence commander, in a drone strike authorized by President Trump. Advertisement - Continue Reading Below Cuba and Travel Restrictions To pressure Cuba’s communist government to reform and end its support for Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro, Trump tightened travel restrictions to Cuba in April 2019. In June 2019, Trump announced that the State Department would no longer allow private or public ships and aircraft to visit Cuba. The U.S. will also no longer allow “people-to-people” educational travel, which previously proved to be a popular travel exemption. Tourist groups may still be able to get around the ban by applying one of the other 11 travel exemptions that are still allowed. In September 2020, Trump announced new sanctions aimed at curtailing U.S. travel to Cuba. President Obama loosened travel restrictions to Cuba following decades of detente between the countries, initiating a short-lived travel boom to the area. Charlottesville Rally On August 12, 2017, a group of white nationalists in Charlottesville, Virgina, gathered for a “Unite the Right” rally to protest the removal of a statue of Confederate general Robert E. Lee. People in favor of removing the statue felt that it was a symbol implicitly endorsing white supremacy, while the protesters believed removing it was an attempt at erasing history. The rally attracted Ku Klux Klan and neo-Nazis, including former KKK leader David Duke, who told reporters that the protesters were “going to fulfill the promises of Donald Trump” to “take our country back.” When counter-protesters arrived, the demonstration turned violent with racial slurs, pushing and brawling. Then a car, driven by a man who appeared to show marching earlier that day alongside Neo-Nazis in a CNN photo plowed into the crowd, killing a 32-year-old counter-protester and injuring at least 19 others. In comments that day, Trump did not specifically criticize the white nationalists and blamed “hatred, bigotry and violence on many sides.” Two days later, following criticism about his refusal to denounce hate groups, Trump delivered a speech at the White House. “Racism is evil. And those who cause violence in its name are criminals and thugs, including the K.K.K., neo-Nazis, white supremacists and other hate groups that are repugnant to everything we hold dear as Americans,” he said. However, the same day, Kevin Plank, the head of Under Armour, and Kenneth C. Frazier, the African American head of Merck Pharmaceuticals, announced they were resigning from the president’s American Manufacturing Council in reaction to the events. Trump tweeted: “Now that Ken Frazier of Merck Pharma has resigned from President’s Manufacturing Council, he will have more time to LOWER RIPOFF DRUG PRICES!” The next day, Trump reaffirmed his initial comments, telling reporters: “I think there is blame on both sides.” On September 15, Trump re-defended his comments after meeting with Republican Sen. Tim Scott of South Carolina: "I think especially in light of the advent of antifa, if you look at what's going on there, you know, you have some pretty bad dudes on the other side also. And essentially that's what I said." (Antifa is an anti-fascist protest movement that sometimes uses violent tactics to defend against neo-Nazis and white supremacists.) Advertisement - Continue Reading Below 2020 Presidential Campaign In June 2019, Trump launched his 2020 reelection bid with one of his patented rallies at the 20,000-seat Amway Center in Orlando, Florida. The president whipped his supporters into a frenzy by lashing out at the special counsel “witch hunt” and his political enemies, adding that his new slogan would be “Keep America Great.” Trump’s first presidential debate against Democratic challenger Joe Biden in September 2020 was largely criticized as a chaotic event, with the president repeatedly talking over both his opponent and debate moderator Chris Wallace. Trump defended his decision to nominate Amy Coney Barrett to the Supreme Court so close to election day—something Republicans had blocked then-President Barack Obama from doing in 2016—and was also chided for his tepid denunciation of a far-right extremist group and his personal attacks on Biden’s son. Trump appeared more restrained at the final debate in October, where microphones were often muted to prevent interruptions. Although most national polls had Trump well behind Biden heading into election day, the president appeared to be on solid footing as he claimed the crucial state of Florida and jumped out to a lead in other battleground states. However, the race began tipping in Biden’s favor as mail-in ballots gradually added up, prompting the president to lash out about the process and launch lawsuits to challenge the results in Pennsylvania, Michigan, Nevada, and Georgia. On November 7, 2020, four days after election day, Biden was declared the winner, making Trump the first president to lose his reelection bid since George H.W. Bush in 1992. However, Trump refused to concede in a subsequent statement, pointing to the ongoing litigation while noting that “this election is far from over.” The following month, all 538 electors in the Electoral College cast their vote, formalizing Biden’s victory over President Trump. His lawsuits gaining little to no traction in courts around the country, the president urged Georgia Secretary of State Brad Raffensperger in early January 2021 to “find” the nearly 12,000 votes needed to overcome the deficit in the state to Biden. Trump also ratcheted up the pressure on Vice President Mike Pence, as president of the Senate, to reject the electoral votes from contested states. A few loyal senators and dozens of House Republicans supported this effort, announcing their plans to object to the congressional certification of Biden’s electoral college win on January 6, 2021. On the day of the congressional certification, the president held a rally in which he declared that he would “never concede” and exhorted supporters to march to the U.S. Capitol building nearby. The supporters promptly stormed the Capitol and fought with police, at one point taking over the Senate chamber as lawmakers were evacuated for their safety. “These are the things and events that happen when a sacred landslide election victory is so unceremoniously & viciously stripped away from great patriots who have been badly & unfairly treated for so long,” Trump tweeted, adding, “Go home with love & in peace. Remember this day forever!” Advertisement - Continue Reading Below Law enforcement reclaimed control of the complex later that evening, following the chaos that had resulted in four deaths, more than 50 arrests (eventually more than 1,200 people were arrested and charged), and the declaration of a public emergency by Washington D.C. Mayor Muriel Bowser. Congress soon reconvened, its session continuing well past midnight as some members continued voicing their concerns about the election results. In the early hours of January 7, the vice president formally declared Biden the winner of the election. Trump issued a statement shortly afterward ensuring an “orderly transition” of power despite disagreeing with the election results. Later that day, he posted a video on Twitter addressing the “heinous attacks” on the Capitol and also conceded the election. “We have just been through an intense election and emotions are high. But now tempers must be cooled and calm restored,” he said. “Now Congress has certified the results. A new administration will be inaugurated on January 20.” In the years since, however, Trump has continued to falsely cast doubt on his election loss. Because of his posts about the Capitol riots, his social media accounts on Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram were suspended; his access has been restored on all three platforms. Criminal Indictments and Trials After the end of his first term as president, Trump became the subject of four criminal indictments, two each at the state and federal levels. He is the first former U.S. president to be charged with either state or federal crimes. Trump pleaded not guilty in all cases, which regarded hush money payments, classified documents, and election interference. Trump set more history as the first former president to be convicted of a felony in May 2024. He awaits sentencing in that New York case, as his Georgia election interference trial is ongoing. Federal charges against Trump have been dismissed. Read more about his four criminal cases: Conviction in New York Hush Money Trial Federal and Georgia Election Interference Cases Classified Documents Case Sexual Assault and Rape Accusations As of October 2024, a total of 27 women have accused Trump of sexual misconduct, including allegations of assault. Trump has denied all accusations. Trump’s behavior with women was placed under intense scrutiny in October 2016 when, two days before a presidential debate against Hillary Clinton, The Washington Post released a 2005 recording in which he lewdly described kissing and groping women, and trying to initiate an affair with then-married TV personality Nancy O’Dell. The three-minute recording captured Trump speaking to Billy Bush, co-anchor of Access Hollywood, as they prepared for a show segment with soap opera actor Arianne Zucker. “I’ve gotta use some Tic Tacs, just in case I start kissing her,” Trump said in the recording, caught on a microphone that hadn’t been turned off. “You know I’m automatically attracted to beautiful— I just start kissing them. It’s like a magnet. Just kiss. I don’t even wait. And when you’re a star they let you do it. You can do anything.” He also said that because of his celebrity status, he could grab women by their genitals. Advertisement - Continue Reading Below In response, Trump released a statement saying: “This was locker room banter, a private conversation that took place many years ago. Bill Clinton has said far worse to me on the golf course—not even close. I apologize if anyone was offended.” He also posted a videotaped apology on Facebook. “Anyone who knows me knows these words don’t reflect who I am,” he said. His comments on the Access Hollywood tape drew immediate criticism from a number of Republican congressional members, and some GOP critics called for Trump to withdraw from the race, including former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice. Around the same time as the video leak, numerous women began speaking publicly about their past experiences with Trump, alleging he had either sexually assaulted or harassed them based on their looks. Most recently in October 2024, former swimsuit model Stacey Williams alleged Trump groped her inside Trump Tower in 1993 after the pair met through financier and accused sex trafficker Jeffrey Epstein. E. Jean Carroll Sexual Assault Accusations Some of the most prominent allegations against Trump have come from New York journalist E. Jean Carroll. In June 2019, Carroll accused Trump of sexually assaulting her in 1996 at the upscale Manhattan department store Bergdorf Goodman. When the alleged assault was over, Carroll called her friend, author Lisa Birnbach, to describe the encounter. Birnbach told journalists at The New York Times that she told Carroll the incident was rape and that she should call the police. A couple of days later, Carroll told her friend and TV host Carol Martin, who advised her to remain silent. Carroll never publicly discussed her story until more than two decades later, when she described the alleged rape in her 2019 memoir, What Do We Need Men For? An excerpt was published in advance of the release date in a New York Magazine article. Trump initially said he had “never met” Carroll. When a photograph surfaced of the two shaking hands, he said he had “no idea who she is” and called her accusation “fiction” designed to sell her new book. Carroll took her story to civil court, and in May 2023, a jury found Trump liable for sexually abusing her and defaming her over the allegations. The following January, another jury ordered Trump to pay more than $83 million to Carroll in compensatory and punitive damages for the defamatory remarks made during his presidency. Trump vehemently denied the accusations amid an appeal of the first jury ruling in September 2024. 2024 Presidential Campaign Undeterred by his loss in 2020, Trump ran for president a third time, announcing his reelection bid in November 2022. “This is not just a campaign,” he told supporters at his Mar-a-Lago estate in Florida. “This is a quest to save our country.” Trump’s campaign platform again focused heavily on immigration and the economy. He doubled down on his hard-line stance on the U.S.-Mexico border and promised to extend his 2017 tax cuts. He also called for further restrictions on abortion but stopped short of advocating for a national ban. Advertisement - Continue Reading Below Facing a crowded field of Republican challengers, including Florida Governor Ron DeSantis, former U.N. Ambassador Nikki Haley, South Carolina Senator Tim Scott, and businessman Vivek Ramaswany, as well as his former vice president, Mike Pence, Trump didn’t attend the Republican presidential primary debates, opting instead to appear at town halls, rallies, or other events on the same evenings. Many of his political rivals dropped out of the race in the following weeks, with Haley hanging on even after Trump became the presumptive nominee in March 2024 despite mounting criminal indictments and his felony conviction in a hush money payments case. He officially secured the nomination during the Republican National Convention in July 2024, days after surviving an assassination attempt. Running against Democratic incumbent 81-year-old Joe Biden in a rare presidential rematch, 78-year-old Trump spent much of his campaign questioning Biden’s ability to serve as he made disparaging comments about his opponent’s age and mental state. Although both candidates stumbled in the first presidential debate in June 2024, Biden’s clear struggle with delivery led to his late exit from the race the following month. Vice President Kamala Harris moved to the top of their reelection bid, later naming Minnesota Governor Tim Walz as her running mate as Trump tapped Senator JD Vance as his vice presidential candidate. Trump and Vance delivered a resounding win in the November general election, with the victory hailed as a historic political comeback. Trump, at age 78, is the oldest person to be elected president and follows Grover Cleveland as the second commander-in-chief to win nonconsecutive terms. Assassination Attempts Just days before accepting the Republican party’s presidential nomination, Trump was the target of an apparent assassination attempt. On July 14, 2024, a gunman fired at the candidate at a rally in Pennsylvania. A bullet pierced Trump’s ear, as two other people were injured and one attendee was killed. The suspected shooter, identified as Thomas Matthew Cooks, was fatally shot by Secret Service agents. Trump was targeted in a second assassination attempt that September by a man with a rifle who camped outside one of the presidential candidate’s Florida golf courses for 12 hours. The suspect, Ryan Routh, was caught before anyone could be harmed. He was later charged with attempted assassination of a political candidate. “Many people have told me that God spared my life for a reason,” Trump said during his victory speech as he was on the cusp of winning the 2024 election, “and that reason was to save our country and to restore America to greatness, and now we are going to fulfill that mission together.” Dive Deeper cover illustration of assassination of president mckinley by anarchist at exposition buffalo, usa A History of Presidential Assassination Attempts Advertisement - Continue Reading Below Trump and Obama “Birther” Controversy Beginning in early 2011, Trump expressed doubts about the validity of Obama’s birth country to media outlets. To quell the staunch outcry from birtherists, Obama eventually released his birth certificate in April 2011, verifying that he was born in the United States. Regardless, Trump continued to be a vocal critic of President Obama—not only regarding his place of birth, but also on a variety of his policies. In 2013, Trump tweeted that a Hawaiian State Health Director, who died of cardiac arrhythmia following a plane crash, was somehow connected to a cover-up of President Obama's birth certificate. In 2016, as he began to clinch his own nomination as the GOP candidate for president, Trump toned down his stance, telling CNN, “I have my own theory on Obama. Someday I will write a book.” Later that fall, feeling pressure from his campaign advisors to put the conspiracy theory to rest as part of a strategy to appeal to minority voters, Trump issued a statement: "President Barack Obama was born in the United States, period.” At the same time, he also blamed his presidential rival, Hillary Clinton, and her campaign for starting the birther controversy. Wiretapping Allegations On March 4, 2017, without citing specific evidence, Trump released a series of tweets accusing former President Obama of wiretapping the campaign headquarters at Trump Tower before the election. FBI Director James Comey asked the Justice Department to issue a statement refuting Trump’s allegation, while the White House called for a congressional investigation into Trump’s claims. On March 16, 2017, bipartisan leaders from the Senate Intelligence Committee said there was no evidence to support the president’s claim that Trump Tower had been wiretapped. On March 20, 2017, Comey addressed the wiretapping allegations, saying that he had “no information that supports those tweets and we have looked carefully inside the FBI.” Comey also confirmed that the FBI was investigating the Russian government's efforts to interfere in the 2016 presidential election, including links and coordination between individuals associated with the Trump campaign and the Russian government as well as whether any crimes were committed. Comey and Trump On May 9, 2017, Trump abruptly fired Comey, who was in the midst of leading the investigation into whether any Trump advisers colluded with Russia to influence the outcome of the presidential election. The president said he based his decision on recommendations from Attorney General Sessions and Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein, who asserted that Comey should be dismissed over his handling of the investigation of Hillary Clinton's use of a private email server while she was secretary of state. The announcement sent shockwaves throughout the government, with critics comparing Comey's dismissal to the 1973 "Saturday Night Massacre" when President Richard Nixon fired Archibald Cox, the special prosecutor investigating the Watergate scandal which eventually led to Nixon's resignation. Advertisement - Continue Reading Below Democratic Senate Minority Leader Charles Schumer told reporters at a press conference that “every American will rightly suspect that the decision to fire Director Comey was part of a cover-up.” Trump later told reporters at the White House that he had fired Comey “because he wasn’t doing a good job,” and he told Lester Holt in an NBC News interview that his decision was not solely based on recommendations from Sessions and Rosenstein. "Regardless of the recommendation, I was going to fire Comey," the president told Holt in the televised interview. There was more fallout a week after Comey's firing when the New York Times reported that Trump had asked Comey to shut down the investigation into former national security adviser Michael Flynn. According to the New York Times, Comey wrote in a memo that the president told him in a meeting a day after Flynn resigned: "I hope you can see your way clear to letting this go, to letting Flynn go. He is a good guy. I hope you can let this go." The White House denied this claim in a statement. On June 8, Comey made a highly anticipated appearance before the Senate Intelligence Committee. He accused Trump of lying to the public about the nature of his tenure and dismissal, noting that he believed he was fired to affect the FBI probe into Russia's influence in the 2016 election. barron trump stands to the side of his father who speaks into a microphone on a podium with a presidential seal, both wear suit jackets with white collared shirts and ties Getty Images Barron Trump joins his father U.S. President Donald Trump as he makes remarks before pardoning the National Thanksgiving Turkey with National Turkey Federation Chairman Carl Wittenburg and his family in the Rose Garden at the White House November 21, 2017, in Washington, D.C. Mueller Investigation of Donald Trump On May 17, 2017, Deputy Attorney General Rosenstein selected Robert Mueller, former federal prosecutor and FBI director, to serve as a special counsel to lead the investigation into Russian meddling in the 2016 presidential election and possible ties to the Trump campaign. On March 24, 2019, two days after Mueller closed his investigation by submitting a report to Attorney General Barr, the AG summarized the report's content in a letter to congressional leaders. He wrote that there was no evidence of collusion between the Trump campaign and Russian agents, but noted the special counsel's wording about whether the president obstructed justice: "while this report does not conclude that the president committed a crime, it also does not exonerate him." Nonetheless, Trump declared complete exoneration, disparaging the 22-month investigation as an "illegal takedown that failed." Advertisement - Continue Reading Below On October 30, 2018, Mueller announced the first indictments of his investigation, ensnaring former Trump campaign chairman Paul Manafort and his associate Rick Gates on charges of tax fraud, money laundering and foreign lobbying violations. On December 1, Flynn pleaded guilty to one count of lying to the FBI and said he was cooperating with Mueller's team. In January 2018, news surfaced that Mueller was seeking an interview with Trump to inquire about his dismissal of Comey and Flynn, among other topics. The president publicly welcomed that idea, saying he was "looking forward to it." Days later the New York Times reported that Trump had sought to fire Mueller the previous June, before backing off when the White House counsel protested. In early February, the president gave the go-ahead for House Republicans to release a controversial memo that summarized the FBI's attempts to obtain a warrant to wiretap former Trump campaign associate Carter Page. According to the memo, the FBI and DOJ had relied on information from an infamous dossier, whose author was commissioned by the Democratic Party to dig up dirt on Trump. House Democrats countered that the memo left out important information to make it seem that the FBI was biased against Trump, thereby discrediting the bureau's involvement in the Mueller probe. In April, The Times obtained and published a list of four dozen questions that Mueller hoped to ask Trump, ranging from the president's contacts with Manafort to his understanding of the June 2016 meeting at Trump Tower conducted by his oldest son, to the intentions behind some of his tweets as related to possible obstruction of justice. Ultimately, the president never sat down for face-to-face questioning by Mueller, instead of submitting written responses. Mueller’s report was released in March 2019, finding no evidence of collusion but offering obtuse language on whether the president obstructed justice. The furor over the report didn't die down, particularly since the redacted version that was released raised more questions about obstruction and whether Barr was attempting to shield the president from congressional scrutiny. In May 2019, after Trump exerted executive privilege to block the release of the unredacted report. The House Judiciary Committee voted to recommend that the House hold the attorney general in contempt of Congress. Trump and Stormy Daniels Adult-film star Stephanie Clifford, known by her stage name of Stormy Daniels, reportedly signed a nondisclosure agreement just before the 2016 election to remain silent on her affair with Trump. After the Wall Street Journal reported on the situation in early 2018, the Daniels saga became part of the news cycle, leading to a much-publicized appearance on Jimmy Kimmel's late-night show in which she played coy on the issue. In February 2018, Trump's longtime personal lawyer, Michael Cohen, admitted to paying Daniels $130,000 out of his own pocket, though he did not say what the payment was for. In March, Daniels broke her silence on the subject, insisting that the nondisclosure agreement was invalid because Trump had never signed it. Advertisement - Continue Reading Below Late March brought a 60 Minutes interview with Daniels, in which she described her alleged tryst with Trump, as well as a parking lot encounter with an unknown man who warned her to stop discussing the affair in public. The piece aired shortly after a televised interview with another alleged Trump mistress, former Playboy model Karen McDougal, who said she had fallen in love with Trump during their time together. The president delivered his first public remarks on the issue aboard Air Force One in early April, saying he knew nothing about the payment to Daniels. When asked why Cohen felt compelled to shell out $130,000 for what the White House was calling false allegations, Trump responded, "Michael's my attorney, and you'll have to ask Michael." Later in the month, McDougal reached a settlement with American Media Inc (AMI) that allowed her to speak freely about her alleged affair with Trump. The model had signed $150,000 deal in 2016 that gave AMI's The National Enquirer exclusive story rights, though the tabloid never reported on the matter. Under terms of the new contract, McDougal was allowed to keep the $150,000, though she would have to share the profits if she sold or licensed the story to a new party. Shortly afterward, Daniels filed a defamation lawsuit against the president, after he dismissed a composite sketch of a man who allegedly confronted her in a parking lot as a "con job." The suit claimed that Trump had recklessly accused her of being a liar and breaking the law, resulting in more than $75,000 in damages. Michael Cohen Investigation In July 2018, Trump’s former personal lawyer Michael Cohen found himself under investigation by the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Southern District of New York. He released a two-year-old secret recording of a conversation with Trump about payments to AMI for the McDougal story, indicating that the president was aware of the situation dating back to his days as a candidate. The issue magnified in August, when Cohen accepted a deal to plead guilty to eight criminal charges, two of which, he said, came at the president's instigation to violate campaign laws and issue hush payments. Trump's former personal lawyer was sentenced to three years in prison that December. The following February, Cohen appeared before the House Oversight Committee in a televised hearing to testify to an array of Trump's infractions. Along with insisting that his ex-boss knew ahead of time about the Trump Tower meeting with Russians and the WikiLeaks dump of DNC emails, both of which came in mid-2016, he supplied checks as evidence of the president's reimbursement of his payment to Stormy Daniels. Inaugural Committee In February 2019, the U.S. Attorney’s Office in the Southern District of New York issued a subpoena to Trump’s inaugural committee, seeking a collection of documents that included bank accounts of committee members and names of donors, vendors and contractors. The committee grew out of investigations into Michael Cohen. It was believed that prosecutors were investigating crimes related to conspiracy to defraud the United States, false statements and money laundering. Advertisement - Continue Reading Below Pressuring Ukraine and Whistleblower Complaint In September 2019, The Washington Post reported that Trump had ordered the withholding of nearly $400 million in military aid to Ukraine in mid-July, one week before a phone call in which he urged Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelensky to investigate Hunter Biden, the son of 2020 presidential candidate Joe Biden. This tied into reports of a whistleblower complaint from the intelligence community regarding communications between Trump and Ukraine, and the failure of the acting director of national intelligence, Joseph Maguire, to relay the complaint to Congress. Trump admitted to discussing Joe and Hunter Biden with Zelensky, and even released a transcript of their conversation, though he denied that he withheld the military aid as a means for pressuring his counterpart into digging up dirt on a political rival. He later doubled down on his assertion that the Bidens needed to be investigated, calling for the Chinese government to do so. In October, as House Democrats attempted to secure testimony from the unidentified whistleblower, reports surfaced of another individual with first-hand knowledge of several allegations noted in the complaint. William B. Taylor Jr., the acting U.S. ambassador to Ukraine, soon defied State Department orders to share his recollection of events with investigators and corroborate the claims of quid pro quo. He was followed by Alexander Vindman, the top Ukraine expert on the National Security Council, who reportedly confirmed that he was on the phone call between Trump and Zelensky and was concerned that the demand to investigate the Bidens would jeopardize U.S.-Ukraine relations. Impeachment and Acquittal By the time Mueller’s special counsel investigation into Trump ended in March 2019, some Democrats were calling for the initiation of impeachment proceedings, including 2020 Democratic presidential hopefuls Kamala Harris and Cory Booker. Calls for impeachment grew after Mueller held a press conference regarding his report in May 2019. Mueller said he could not clear the President of obstruction of justice but declined to pursue impeachment, leaving Democrats to decide if Trump’s conduct should be investigated for impeachable offenses. However, House Judiciary Committee Chair Jerry Nadler and House Speaker Nancy Pelosi were not in favor of pursuing impeachment. In July 2019, after the House voted to condemn Trump for his Twitter comments about four congresswomen of color, Democrat Al Green of Texas filed a resolution to launch impeachment proceedings against the president. With most of his Democratic colleagues not yet ready to make the plunge, the resolution was defeated by a 332-to-95 vote. The tide turned with the reports of Trump pressuring the Ukrainian president to investigate Joe and Hunter Biden and the administration's attempt to conceal the whistleblower complaint. On September 24, 2019, Pelosi announced that the House was launching a formal impeachment inquiry against Trump. Advertisement - Continue Reading Below On October 31, following five weeks of investigations and interviews, the House voted 232-196 to approve a resolution that established rules for the impeachment process. All but two Democrats and the House's lone independent voted for the measure, while Republicans were unanimous in their opposition. Impeachment hearings commenced on November 13 with testimony from Taylor and another State Department official, as Trump was busy meeting with President Recep Tayyip Erdogan of Turkey. The following week, Gordon Sondland, the U.S. ambassador to the European Union, provided more testimony about what he said was a clear case of quid pro quo, noting that Vice President Pence, Secretary of State Pompeo and other top administration officials were aware of Trump's pressure campaign. On December 10, 2019, House Democrats announced they were moving forward with two articles of impeachment, charging Trump with abuse of power and obstruction of Congress. Eight days later, the House again voted almost entirely along party lines for the two articles, making Trump the third U.S. president to be impeached by the House, after Andrew Johnson, in 1868, and Bill Clinton, in 1998; President Richard Nixon resigned before he could be impeached. The Senate trial formally began on January 21, 2020, with seven House Democrat impeachment managers arguing their case of Trump's abuses against the president's legal defense that everything was valid. Although former national security adviser John Bolton lurked as a potential wild card, following reports that his upcoming book revealed more evidence of Trump tying Ukraine aid to political investigations, his account became irrelevant when the Senate voted against allowing additional witnesses on January 31. The impeachment saga came to an end on February 5, 2020, when the Senate voted along party lines to acquit President Trump on both charges. Mitt Romney, now senator of Utah, was the lone Republican to vote to convict on the charge of abuse of power. Coronavirus After taking a victory lap for beating back the impeachment attempt, Trump faced a new challenge with the emergence of the novel coronavirus from China. The White House initially requested $2.5 billion in emergency funding to deal with the outbreak, a reflection of the president's belief that the threat wasn't particularly dire, though lawmakers on both sides of the aisle suggested that number was too low. On February 26, 2020, the same day that the 60th known coronavirus patient was recorded in the U.S., Trump announced that Vice President Pence would lead the administration's response to the health crisis. "We're very, very ready for this," the president said. "The risk to the American people remains very low." Despite his reassurances, the situation continued to escalate in the coming weeks as the World Health Organization declared the outbreak a pandemic and major American sports leagues suspended their seasons. On March 13, one day after stocks suffered the biggest daily drop since Black Monday of 1987, the president announced that he was declaring a national emergency to free up $50 billion in federal resources to combat the health crisis. Advertisement - Continue Reading Below On March 18, Trump pushed out the Families First Coronavirus Response Act, which provided paid sick leave for some workers, funding for food assistance programs, expanded unemployment benefits and free diagnostic testing. He followed by signing a $2 trillion relief bill on March 27, which established a $500 billion government lending program and allocated funds for both hospitals and individual taxpayers. Facing criticism for his handling of the situation, on April 14, the president announced that he was suspending funding to the WHO for "severely mismanaging and covering up the spread of the coronavirus." The following week, he signed an executive order that halted the issuance of green cards for 60 days — with exemptions for medical workers and family members of U.S. citizens — in order to protect American workers during the pandemic. Trump at times clashed with Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), who sought to reel in the president's ambitions for reopening the country as quickly as possible. In May, after Fauci told the Senate that some schools wouldn't be ready to safely welcome back students in the fall, Trump decried that analysis as "not an acceptable answer." On October 2, 2020, President Trump revealed that he and wife Melania had both tested positive for COVID-19. Later that day he was transferred to Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, after feeling “fatigued," according to his physician. He left the hospital on October 5. Son Barron was also tested and initially tested negative, but it was revealed weeks later that a second test came back positive. Social Media Executive Order Known for his frequent use of Twitter to promote his agenda and attack critics, Trump came under fire in May 2020 for retweeting claims that former congressman turned MSNBC host Joe Scarborough had killed one of the staffers. Around that time, the president delivered a series of tweets alleging that mail-in voting would lead to widespread fraud, prompting Twitter to add fact-checking links to two of his posts. After accusing the social media platform of trying to censor him and "interfering" in the 2020 election, Trump signed an executive order that called for new regulations under Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act of 1996 (CDA) to remove statutory liability protections and cut federal funding for Twitter, Facebook and other tech companies that engage in censorship and political conduct. Quotes Going through tough times is a wonderful thing, and everybody should try it. Once. I DON’T do it for the money. I’ve got enough, much more than I’ll ever need. I do it to do it. Deals are my art form. I pledge to every citizen of our land that I will be president for all Americans. As I’ve said from the beginning, ours was not a campaign, but rather an incredible and great movement made up of millions of hard-working men and women who love their country and want a better, brighter future for themselves and for their families. [2016 presidential victory speech] I will govern by a simple motto: Promises made, promises kept. We’re going to keep our promises. Nothing will stop me from keeping my word to you, the people. Fact Check: We strive for accuracy and fairness. If you see something that doesn’t look right, contact us! Headshot of Biography Editors Biograph Editors Staff Editorial Team and Contributors The staff is a team of people-obsessed and news-hungry editors with decades of collective experience. We have worked as daily newspaper reporters, major national magazine editors, and as editors-in-chief of regional media publications. Among our ranks are book authors and award-winning journalists. Our staff also works with freelance writers, researchers, and other contributors to produce the smart, compelling profiles and articles you see on our site. To meet the team, visit our About Us page: Read full bio Headshot of Catherine Caruso Catherine Caruso Associate Profiles Editor staff in August 2024, having previously worked as a freelance journalist for several years. She is a graduate of Syracuse University, where she studied English literature. When she’s not working on a new story, you can find her reading, hitting the gym, or watching too much TV. Advertisement - Continue Reading Below U.S. Presidents jimmy carter in profile, he is wearing a suit jacket, blue collared shirt and black tie with a blue and white strip, he has a solemn look on his face Why Jimmy Carter Ordered the 1980 Olympics Boycott willie nelson holding a guitar and standing in front of a microphone while smiling and stnading next to a smiling jimmy carter 8 Rock Musician Buddies of Jimmy Carter jimmy carter wearing a suit and tie and speaking into a microphone at a podium, standing next to his wife rosalynn, with supporters in stands behind him How Little-Known Jimmy Carter Won the 1976 Primary jimmy carter smiles at the camera while seated behind a microphone, two framed paintings hang on a wall behind These 10 Jimmy Carter Quotes Will Inspire You president carter and family Meet Jimmy Carter and Rosalynn Carter’s Family jimmy carter smiles and waves to the camera, he is wearing a blue and white striped collared shirt with a navy and dark red diagonal striped tie, a light gray v neck sweater is on top of the shirt and tie, and he also wears a dark gray suit jacket 4 U.S. Presidents Who Won the Nobel Peace Prize jimmy carter and rosalynn carter smile and look past the camera while sitting on an airplace Inside Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter’s 77-Year Love This is an image Biography: Jimmy Carter jimmy carter Jimmy Carter president jimmy carter speaking at podium at merced college Jimmy Carter’s Extraordinary Life in Photos joseph biden President Joe Biden’s Life in Photos cover illustration of assassination of president mckinley by anarchist at exposition buffalo, usa A History of Presidential Assassination Attempts Advertisement - Continue Reading Below Shakespeare, Simplified. Master the world and works of Shakespeare with our free, comprehensive study guide. Explore now Logo x Newsletter Contact Us Other Hearst Subscriptions A Part of Hearst Digital Media A Part of Hearst Digital Media We may earn commission from links on this page, but we only recommend products we back. ©2024 Hearst Magazine Media, Inc. Site contains certain content that is owned A&E Television Networks, LLC. All Rights Reserved. Biography and associated logos are trademarks of A+E Networks®protected in the US and other countries around the globe. Privacy NoticeTerms of UseCA Notice at CollectionDAA Industry Opt OutYour CA Privacy Rights/Shine the Light Cookie Choices Watch Article Talk Read Edit View history Tools Appearance Text Small Standard Large Width Standard Wide Color (beta) Automatic Light Dark From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other uses, see Watch (disambiguation). A modern wristwatch featuring solar charging and Bluetooth capabilities A 1983 Casio watch with touchscreen A watch is a timepiece carried or worn by a person. It is designed to keep a consistent movement despite the motions caused by the person's activities. A wristwatch is designed to be worn around the wrist, attached by a watch strap or other type of bracelet, including metal bands or leather straps. A pocket watch is carried in a pocket, often attached to a chain. A stopwatch is a watch that measures intervals of time. During most of their history, beginning in the 16th century, watches were mechanical devices, driven by clockwork, powered by winding a mainspring, and keeping time with an oscillating balance wheel. These are called mechanical watches.[1][2] In the 1960s the electronic quartz watch was invented, powered by a battery and keeping time with a vibrating quartz crystal. By the 1980s it took over most of the watch market, in what was called the quartz revolution (or the quartz crisis in Switzerland, whose renowned watch industry it decimated).[3][4] In the 2010s, smartwatches emerged, small wrist-worn computers with touchscreens, with functions that go far beyond timekeeping. Modern watches often display the day, date, month, and year. Mechanical watches may have extra features ("complications") such as moon-phase displays and different types of tourbillon. Quartz watches often include timers, chronographs, and alarm functions. Smartwatches and more complicated electronic watches may even incorporate calculators, GPS[5] and Bluetooth technology or have heart-rate monitoring capabilities, and some use radio clock technology to regularly correct the time. Most watches used mainly for timekeeping have quartz movements. But expensive collectible watches, valued more for their elaborate craftsmanship, aesthetic appeal, and glamorous design than for timekeeping, often have traditional mechanical movements, despite being less accurate and more expensive than their electronic counterparts.[3][4][6] As of 2019, the most expensive watch ever sold at auction was the Patek Philippe Grandmaster Chime for US$31.2 million.[7] History Main article: History of watches See also: History of timekeeping devices A pomander watch from 1530, which once belonged to Philip Melanchthon and is now in the Walters Art Museum, Baltimore Origins Watches evolved from portable spring-driven clocks, which first appeared in 15th-century Europe.[citation needed] The first timepieces to be worn, made in the 16th century beginning in the German cities of Nuremberg and Augsburg, were transitional in size between clocks and watches.[8] Nuremberg clockmaker Peter Henlein (or Henle or Hele) (1485–1542) is often credited as the inventor of the watch.[9][10] However, other German clockmakers were creating miniature timepieces during this period, and there is no evidence Henlein was the first.[10][11] Watches were not widely worn in pockets until the 17th century. One account suggests that the word "watch" came from the Old English word woecce – which meant "watchman" – because town watchmen used the technology to keep track of their shifts at work.[12] Another says that the term came from 17th-century sailors, who used the new mechanisms to time the length of their shipboard watches (duty shifts).[13] Development A rise in accuracy occurred in 1657 with the addition of the balance spring to the balance wheel, an invention disputed both at the time and ever since between Robert Hooke and Christiaan Huygens. This innovation increased watches' accuracy enormously, reducing error from perhaps several hours per day[14] to perhaps 10 minutes per day,[15] resulting in the addition of the minute hand to the face from around 1680 in Britain and around 1700 in France.[16] The increased accuracy of the balance wheel focused attention on errors caused by other parts of the movement, igniting a two-century wave of watchmaking innovation. The first thing to be improved was the escapement. The verge escapement was replaced in quality watches by the cylinder escapement, invented by Thomas Tompion in 1695 and further developed by George Graham in the 1720s. Improvements in manufacturing – such as the tooth-cutting machine devised by Robert Hooke – allowed some increase in the volume of watch production, although finishing and assembling was still done by hand until well into the 19th century. Founded in 1735, Blancpain is the oldest registered watch brand in the world. A major cause of error in balance-wheel timepieces, caused by changes in elasticity of the balance spring from temperature changes, was solved by the bimetallic temperature-compensated balance wheel invented in 1765 by Pierre Le Roy and improved by Thomas Earnshaw (1749–1829). The lever escapement, the single most important technological breakthrough, though invented by Thomas Mudge in 1754[17] and improved by Josiah Emery in 1785,[18] only gradually came into use from about 1800 onwards, chiefly in Britain.[19] A watch drawn in Acta Eruditorum, 1737 The British predominated in watch manufacture for much of the 17th and 18th centuries, but maintained a system of production that was geared towards high-quality products for the élite.[20] The British Watch Company modernized clock manufacture with mass-production techniques and the application of duplicating tools and machinery in 1843. In the United States, Aaron Lufkin Dennison started a factory in 1851 in Massachusetts that used interchangeable parts, and by 1861 a successful enterprise operated, incorporated as the Waltham Watch Company.[21] Wristwatches Early wristwatch by Waltham with a metal guard over the crystal, worn by soldiers in World War I (German Clock Museum) Mappin & Webb's wristwatch, advertised as having been in production since 1898 The concept of the wristwatch goes back to the production of the very earliest watches in the 16th century. In 1571, Elizabeth I of England received a wristwatch, described as an "armed watch", from Robert Dudley. The oldest surviving wristwatch (then described as a "bracelet watch") is one made in 1806, and given to Joséphine de Beauharnais.[22] From the beginning, wristwatches were almost exclusively worn by women – men used pocket watches up until the early 20th century.[23] In 1810, the watch-maker Abraham-Louis Breguet made a wristwatch for the Queen of Naples.[24] The first Swiss wristwatch was made in the year 1868 by the Swiss watch-maker Patek Philippe for Countess Koscowicz of Hungary.[25][26] Wristwatches were first worn by military men towards the end of the 19th century, having increasingly recognized the importance of synchronizing maneuvers during war without potentially revealing plans to the enemy through signaling. The Garstin Company of London patented a "Watch Wristlet" design in 1893, but probably produced similar designs from the 1880s. Officers in the British Army began using wristwatches during colonial military campaigns in the 1880s, such as during the Anglo-Burma War of 1885.[23] During the First Boer War of 1880–1881, the importance of coordinating troop movements and synchronizing attacks against highly mobile Boer insurgents became paramount, and the use of wristwatches subsequently became widespread among the officer class. The company Mappin & Webb began production of their successful "campaign watch" for soldiers during the campaign in the Sudan in 1898 and accelerated production for the Second Boer War of 1899–1902 a few years later.[23] In continental Europe, Girard-Perregaux and other Swiss watchmakers began supplying German naval officers with wristwatches in about 1880.[22] Early models were essentially standard pocket-watches fitted to a leather strap, but by the early 20th century, manufacturers began producing purpose-built wristwatches. The Swiss company Dimier Frères & Cie patented a wristwatch design with the now standard wire lugs in 1903. In 1904, Louis Cartier produced a wristwatch to allow his friend Alberto Santos-Dumont to check flight performance in his airship while keeping both hands on the controls as this proved difficult with a pocket watch.[27][28][29] Cartier still markets a line of Santos-Dumont watches and sunglasses.[30] A Vacheron Constantin patrimony wristwatch In 1905, Hans Wilsdorf moved to London, and set up his own business, Wilsdorf & Davis, with his brother-in-law Alfred Davis, providing quality timepieces at affordable prices; the company became Rolex in 1915.[31] Wilsdorf was an early convert to the wristwatch, and contracted the Swiss firm Aegler to produce a line of wristwatches.[32] The impact of the First World War of 1914–1918 dramatically shifted public perceptions on the propriety of the man's wristwatch and opened up a mass market in the postwar era.[33] The creeping barrage artillery tactic, developed during the war, required precise synchronization between the artillery gunners and the infantry advancing behind the barrage. Service watches produced during the war were specially designed for the rigors of trench warfare, with luminous dials and unbreakable glass. The UK War Office began issuing wristwatches to combatants from 1917.[34] By the end of the war, almost all enlisted men wore a wristwatch (or wristlet), and after they were demobilized, the fashion soon caught on: the British Horological Journal wrote in 1917, that "the wristlet watch was little used by the sterner sex before the war, but now is seen on the wrist of nearly every man in uniform and of many men in civilian attire."[35] By 1930, the wristwatch vastly exceeded the pocket watch in market share by a decisive ratio of 50:1. Automatic watches John Harwood invented the first successful self-winding system in 1923. In anticipation of Harwood's patent for self-winding mechanisms expiry in 1930, Glycine founder Eugène Meylan started development on a self-winding system as a separate module that could be used with almost any 8.75 ligne (19.74 millimeter) watch movement. Glycine incorporated this module into its watches in October 1930, and began mass-producing automatic watches.[36] Electric watches The Elgin National Watch Company and the Hamilton Watch Company pioneered the first electric watch.[37] The first electric movements used a battery as a power source to oscillate the balance wheel. During the 1950s, Elgin developed the model 725, while Hamilton released two models: the first, the Hamilton 500, released on 3 January 1957, was produced into 1959. This model had problems with the contact wires misaligning, and the watches returned to Hamilton for alignment. The Hamilton 505, an improvement on the 500, proved more reliable: the contact wires were removed and a non-adjustable contact on the balance assembly delivered the power to the balance wheel. Similar designs from many other watch companies followed. Another type of electric watch was developed by the Bulova company that used a tuning-fork resonator instead of a traditional balance wheel to increase timekeeping accuracy, moving from a typical 2.5–4 Hz with a traditional balance wheel to 360 Hz with the tuning-fork design. Quartz watches The commercial introduction of the quartz watch in 1969 in the form of the Seiko Astron 35SQ, and in 1970 in the form of the Omega Beta 21 was a revolutionary improvement in watch technology. In place of a balance wheel, which oscillated at perhaps 5 or 6 beats per second, these devices used a quartz-crystal resonator, which vibrated at 8,192 Hz, driven by a battery-powered oscillator circuit.[38] Most quartz-watch oscillators now operate at 32,768 Hz, though quartz movements have been designed with frequencies as high as 262 kHz. Since the 1980s, more quartz watches than mechanical ones have been marketed.[39] Smart watches The Timex Datalink wristwatch was introduced in 1994.[40][41][42] The early Timex Datalink Smartwatches realized a wireless data transfer mode to receive data from a PC. Since then, many companies have released their own iterations of a smartwatch, such as the Apple Watch, Samsung Galaxy Watch, and Huawei Watch. Hybrid watches A hybrid smartwatch is a fusion between a regular mechanical watch and a smartwatch.[43] Parts The movement and case are the basic parts of a watch. A watch band or bracelet is added to form a wristwatch; alternatively, a watch chain is added to form a pocket watch.[44] The case is the outer covering of the watch. The case back is the back portion of the watch's case. Accessing the movement (such as during battery replacement) depends on the type of case back, which are generally categorized into four types: Snap-off case backs (press-on case backs): the watch back pulls straight off and presses straight on. Screw-down case backs (threaded case backs): the entire watch back must be rotated to unscrew from the case. Often it has 6 notches on the external part of the case back. Screw back cases: tiny screws hold the case back to the case Unibody: the only way into the case involves prying the crystal off the front of the watch. The crystal, also called the window or watch glass, is the transparent part of the case that allows viewing the hands and the dial of the movement. Modern wristwatches almost always use one of 4 materials:[45] Acrylic glass (plexiglass, hesalite glass): the most impact-resistant ("unbreakable"[46][47]), and therefore used in dive watches and most military watches. Acrylic glass is the lowest cost of these materials, so it is used in practically all low-cost watches. Mineral crystal: a tempered glass. Sapphire-coated mineral crystal Synthetic sapphire crystal: the most scratch-resistant; it is difficult to cut and polish, causing watch crystals made of sapphire to be the most expensive. The bezel is the ring holding the crystal in place.[48] The lugs are small metal projections at both ends of the wristwatch case where the watch band attaches to the watch case.[48] The case and the lugs are often machined from one solid piece of stainless steel.[49] Movement Different kinds of movements move the hands differently as shown in this 2-second exposure. The left watch has a 24-hour analog dial with a mechanical 1/6s "sweep" movement, while the right one has a more common 12-hour dial and a "1s" quartz movement. A Russian mechanical watch movement with exhibition case back, showing its movement. A so-called mystery watch, it is the first transparent watch,[50] c. 1890. The movement is fitted with a cylinder escapement. The movement of a watch is the mechanism that measures the passage of time and displays the current time (and possibly other information including date, month, and day).[51] Movements may be entirely mechanical, entirely electronic (potentially with no moving parts), or they might be a blend of both. Most watches intended mainly for timekeeping today have electronic movements, with mechanical hands on the watch face indicating the time. Mechanical Main article: Mechanical watch Compared to electronic movements, mechanical watches are less accurate, often with errors of seconds per day; are sensitive to position, temperature,[52] and magnetism;[53] are costly to produce; require regular maintenance and adjustments; and are more prone to failures. Nevertheless, mechanical watches attract interest from consumers, particularly among watch collectors. Skeleton watches are designed to display the mechanism for aesthetic purposes. A mechanical movement uses an escapement mechanism to control and limit the unwinding and winding parts of a spring, converting what would otherwise be a simple unwinding into a controlled and periodic energy release. The movement also uses a balance wheel, together with the balance spring (also known as a hairspring), to control the gear system's motion in a manner analogous to the pendulum of a pendulum clock. The tourbillon, an optional part for mechanical movements, is a rotating frame for the escapement, used to cancel out or reduce gravitational bias. Due to the complexity of designing a tourbillon, they are expensive, and typically found in prestigious watches. The pin-lever escapement (called the Roskopf movement after its inventor, Georges Frederic Roskopf), which is a cheaper version of the fully levered movement, was manufactured in huge quantities by many Swiss manufacturers, as well as by Timex, until it was replaced by quartz movements.[54][55][56] Introduced by Bulova in 1960, tuning-fork watches use a type of electromechanical movement with a precise frequency (most often 360 Hz) to drive a mechanical watch. The task of converting electronically pulsed fork vibration into rotary movements is done via two tiny jeweled fingers, called pawls. Tuning-fork watches were rendered obsolete when electronic quartz watches were developed. Traditional mechanical watch movements use a spiral spring called a mainspring as its power source that must be rewound periodically by the user by turning the watch crown. Antique pocket watches were wound by inserting a key into the back of the watch and turning it. While most modern watches are designed to run 40 hours on a winding, requiring winding daily, some run for several days; a few have 192-hour mainsprings, requiring once-weekly winding. Automatic watches Main article: Automatic watch Automatic watch: An eccentric weight, called a rotor, swings with the movement of the wearer's body and winds the spring. A Grand Seiko Automatic watch A self-winding or automatic watch is one that rewinds the mainspring of a mechanical movement by the natural motions of the wearer's body. The first self-winding mechanism was invented for pocket watches in 1770 by Abraham-Louis Perrelet,[57] but the first "self-winding", or "automatic", wristwatch was the invention of a British watch repairer named John Harwood in 1923. This type of watch winds itself without requiring any special action by the wearer. It uses an eccentric weight, called a winding rotor, which rotates with the movement of the wearer's wrist. The back-and-forth motion of the winding rotor couples to a ratchet to wind the mainspring automatically. Self-winding watches usually can also be wound manually to keep them running when not worn or if the wearer's wrist motions are inadequate to keep the watch wound. In April 2013, the Swatch Group launched the sistem51 wristwatch. It has a mechanical movement consisting of only 51 parts,[58] including 19 jewels and a novel self-winding mechanism with a transparent oscillating weight.[59] Ten years after its introduction, it is still the only mechanical movement manufactured entirely on a fully automated assembly line, including adjustment of the balance wheel and the escapement for accuracy by laser.[60] The low parts count and the fully automated assembly make it an inexpensive automatic Swiss watch.[61] Electronic See also: Electric watch and Quartz clock First quartz wristwatch BETA 1 developed by CEH, Switzerland, 1967 Electronic movements, also known as quartz movements, have few or no moving parts, except a quartz crystal which is made to vibrate by the piezoelectric effect. A varying electric voltage is applied to the crystal, which responds by changing its shape so, in combination with some electronic components, it functions as an oscillator. It resonates at a specific highly stable frequency, which is used to accurately pace a timekeeping mechanism. Most quartz movements are primarily electronic but are geared to drive mechanical hands on the face of the watch to provide a traditional analog display of the time, a feature most consumers still prefer.[citation needed] In 1959 Seiko placed an order with Epson (a subsidiary company of Seiko and the 'brain' behind the quartz revolution) to start developing a quartz wristwatch. The project was codenamed 59A. By the 1964 Tokyo Summer Olympics, Seiko had a working prototype of a portable quartz watch which was used as the time measurements throughout the event.[citation needed] The first prototypes of an electronic quartz wristwatch (not just portable quartz watches as the Seiko timekeeping devices at the Tokyo Olympics in 1964) were made by the CEH research laboratory in Neuchâtel, Switzerland. From 1965 through 1967 pioneering development work was done on a miniaturized 8192 Hz quartz oscillator, a thermo-compensation module, and an in-house-made, dedicated integrated circuit (unlike the hybrid circuits used in the later Seiko Astron wristwatch). As a result, the BETA 1 prototype set new timekeeping performance records at the International Chronometric Competition held at the Observatory of Neuchâtel in 1967.[62] In 1970, 18 manufacturers exhibited production versions of the beta 21 wristwatch, including the Omega Electroquartz as well as Patek Philippe, Rolex Oysterquartz and Piaget. Quartz Movement of the Seiko Astron, 1969 (Deutsches Uhrenmuseum, Inv. 2010-006) The first quartz watch to enter production was the Seiko 35 SQ Astron, which hit the shelves on 25 December 1969, swiftly followed by the Swiss Beta 21, and then a year later the prototype of one of the world's most accurate wristwatches to date: the Omega Marine Chronometer. Since the technology having been developed by contributions from Japanese, American and Swiss,[63] nobody could patent the whole movement of the quartz wristwatch, thus allowing other manufacturers to participate in the rapid growth and development of the quartz watch market. This ended – in less than a decade – almost 100 years of dominance by the mechanical wristwatch legacy. Modern quartz movements are produced in very large quantities, and even the cheapest wristwatches typically have quartz movements. Whereas mechanical movements can typically be off by several seconds a day, an inexpensive quartz movement in a child's wristwatch may still be accurate to within half a second per day – ten times more accurate than a mechanical movement.[64] After a consolidation of the mechanical watch industry in Switzerland during the 1970s, mass production of quartz wristwatches took off under the leadership of the Swatch Group of companies, a Swiss conglomerate with vertical control of the production of Swiss watches and related products. For quartz wristwatches, subsidiaries of Swatch manufacture watch batteries (Renata), oscillators (Oscilloquartz, now Micro Crystal AG) and integrated circuits (Ebauches Electronic SA, renamed EM Microelectronic-Marin). The launch of the new SWATCH brand in 1983 was marked by bold new styling, design, and marketing. Today, the Swatch Group maintains its position as the world's largest watch company. Seiko's efforts to combine the quartz and mechanical movements bore fruit after 20 years of research, leading to the introduction of the Seiko Spring Drive, first in a limited domestic market production in 1999 and to the world in September 2005. The Spring Drive keeps time within quartz standards without the use of a battery, using a traditional mechanical gear train powered by a spring, without the need for a balance wheel either. In 2010, Miyota (Citizen Watch) of Japan introduced a newly developed movement that uses a 3-pronged quartz crystal that was exclusively produced for Bulova to be used in the Precisionist or Accutron II line, a new type of quartz watch with ultra-high frequency (262.144 kHz) which is claimed to be accurate to +/− 10 seconds a year and has a smooth sweeping second hand rather than one that jumps each second.[65] World's first radio clock wrist watch, Junghans Mega (analog model) Radio time signal watches are a type of electronic quartz watch that synchronizes (time transfers) its time with an external time source such as in atomic clocks, time signals from GPS navigation satellites, the German DCF77 signal in Europe, WWVB in the US, and others. Movements of this type may, among others, synchronize the time of day and the date, the leap-year status and the state of daylight saving time (on or off). However, other than the radio receiver, these watches are normal quartz watches in all other aspects. Electronic watches require electricity as a power source, and some mechanical movements and hybrid electronic-mechanical movements also require electricity. Usually, the electricity is provided by a replaceable battery. The first use of electrical power in watches was as a substitute for the mainspring, to remove the need for winding. The first electrically powered watch, the Hamilton Electric 500, was released in 1957 by the Hamilton Watch Company of Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Watch batteries (strictly speaking cells, as a battery is composed of multiple cells) are specially designed for their purpose. They are very small and provide tiny amounts of power continuously for very long periods (several years or more). In most cases, replacing the battery requires a trip to a watch-repair shop or watch dealer; this is especially true for watches that are water-resistant, as special tools and procedures are required for the watch to remain water-resistant after battery replacement. Silver-oxide and lithium batteries are popular today; mercury batteries, formerly quite common, are no longer used, for environmental reasons. Cheap batteries may be alkaline, of the same size as silver-oxide cells but providing shorter life. Rechargeable batteries are used in some solar-powered watches. Some electronic watches are powered by the movement of the wearer. For instance, Seiko's kinetic-powered quartz watches use the motion of the wearer's arm: turning a rotating weight which causes a tiny generator to supply power to charge a rechargeable battery that runs the watch. The concept is similar to that of self-winding spring movements, except that electrical power is generated instead of mechanical spring tension. Solar powered watches are powered by light. A photovoltaic cell on the face (dial) of the watch converts light to electricity, which is used to charge a rechargeable battery or capacitor. The movement of the watch draws its power from the rechargeable battery or capacitor. As long as the watch is regularly exposed to fairly strong light (such as sunlight), it never needs a battery replacement. Some models need only a few minutes of sunlight to provide weeks of energy (as in the Citizen Eco-Drive). Some of the early solar watches of the 1970s had innovative and unique designs to accommodate the array of solar cells needed to power them (Synchronar, Nepro, Sicura, and some models by Cristalonic, Alba, Seiko, and Citizen). As the decades progressed and the efficiency of the solar cells increased while the power requirements of the movement and display decreased, solar watches began to be designed to look like other conventional watches.[66] A rarely used power source is the temperature difference between the wearer's arm and the surrounding environment (as applied in the Citizen Eco-Drive Thermo). Display Analog Poljot chronograph Casio AE12 Casio AE12 LCA (liquid-crystal-analog) watch Traditionally, watches have displayed the time in analog form, with a numbered dial upon which are mounted at least a rotating hour hand and a longer, rotating minute hand. Many watches also incorporate a third hand that shows the current second of the current minute. In quartz watches this second hand typically snaps to the next marker every second. In mechanical watches, the second hand may appear to glide continuously, though in fact it merely moves in smaller steps, typically one-fifth to one-tenth of a second, corresponding to the beat (half period) of the balance wheel. With a duplex escapement, the hand advances every two beats (full period) of the balance wheel, typically 1⁄2-second; this happens every four beats (two periods, 1 second), with a double duplex escapement. A truly gliding second hand is achieved with the tri-synchro regulator of Spring Drive watches. All three hands are normally mechanical, physically rotating on the dial, although a few watches have been produced with "hands" simulated by a liquid-crystal display. Analog display of the time is nearly universal in watches sold as jewelry or collectibles, and in these watches, the range of different styles of hands, numbers, and other aspects of the analog dial is very broad. In watches sold for timekeeping, analog display remains very popular, as many people find it easier to read than digital display; but in timekeeping watches the emphasis is on clarity and accurate reading of the time under all conditions (clearly marked digits, easily visible hands, large watch faces, etc.). They are specifically designed for the left wrist with the stem (the knob used for changing the time) on the right side of the watch; this makes it easy to change the time without removing the watch from the wrist. This is the case if one is right-handed and the watch is worn on the left wrist (as is traditionally done). If one is left-handed and wears the watch on the right wrist, one has to remove the watch from the wrist to reset the time or to wind the watch. Analog watches, as well as clocks, are often marketed showing a display time of approximately 1:50 or 10:10. This creates a visually pleasing smile-like face on the upper half of the watch, in addition to enclosing the manufacturer's name. Digital displays often show a time of 12:08, where the increase in the number of active segments or pixels gives a positive feeling.[67][68] Tactile Tissot, a Swiss luxury watchmaker, makes the Silen-T wristwatch with a touch-sensitive face that vibrates to help the user to tell time eyes-free. The bezel of the watch features raised bumps at each hour mark; after briefly touching the face of the watch, the wearer runs a finger around the bezel clockwise. When the finger reaches the bump indicating the hour, the watch vibrates continuously, and when the finger reaches the bump indicating the minute, the watch vibrates intermittently.[69] Eone Timepieces, a Washington D.C.–based company, launched its first tactile analog wristwatch, the "Bradley", on 11 July 2013 on the Kickstarter website. The device is primarily designed for sight-impaired users, who can use the watch's two ball bearings to determine the time, but it is also suitable for general use. The watch features raised marks at each hour and two moving, magnetically attached ball bearings. One ball bearing, on the edge of the watch, indicates the hour, while the other, on the face, indicates the minute.[70][71] Digital A digital display shows the time as a number, e.g., 12:08 instead of a short hand pointing towards the number 12 and a long hand 8/60 of the way around the dial. The digits are usually shown as a seven-segment display. The first digital mechanical pocket watches appeared in the late 19th century. In the 1920s, the first digital mechanical wristwatches appeared. The first digital electronic watch, a Pulsar LED prototype in 1970, was developed jointly by Hamilton Watch Company and Electro-Data, founded by George H. Thiess.[72] John Bergey, the head of Hamilton's Pulsar division, said that he was inspired to make a digital timepiece by the then-futuristic digital clock that Hamilton themselves made for the 1968 science fiction film 2001: A Space Odyssey. On 4 April 1972, the Pulsar was finally ready, made in an 18-carat gold case and sold for $2,100. It had a red light-emitting diode (LED) display. Digital LED watches were very expensive and out of reach to the common consumer until 1975, when Texas Instruments started to mass-produce LED watches inside a plastic case. These watches, which first retailed for only $20,[73] reduced to $10 in 1976, saw Pulsar lose $6 million and the Pulsar brand sold to Seiko.[74] A Casio DBA-800 databank watch with phone dialling capabilities, c. 1987 An early LED watch that was rather problematic was The Black Watch made and sold by British company Sinclair Radionics in 1975. This was only sold for a few years, as production problems and returned (faulty) product forced the company to cease production. Most watches with LED displays required that the user press a button to see the time displayed for a few seconds because LEDs used so much power that they could not be kept operating continuously. Usually, the LED display color would be red. Watches with LED displays were popular for a few years, but soon the LED displays were superseded by liquid crystal displays (LCDs), which used less battery power and were much more convenient in use, with the display always visible and eliminating the need to push a button before seeing the time. Only in darkness would a button needed to be pressed to illuminate the display with a tiny light bulb, later illuminating LEDs and electroluminescent backlights.[75] The first LCD watch with a six-digit LCD was the 1973 Seiko 06LC, although various forms of early LCD watches with a four-digit display were marketed as early as 1972 including the 1972 Gruen Teletime LCD Watch, and the Cox Electronic Systems Quarza. The Quarza, introduced in 1972 had the first Field Effect LCD readable in direct sunlight and produced by the International Liquid Crystal Corporation of Cleveland, Ohio.[76] In Switzerland, Ebauches Electronic SA presented a prototype eight-digit LCD wristwatch showing time and date at the MUBA Fair, Basel, in March 1973, using a twisted nematic LCD manufactured by Brown, Boveri & Cie, Switzerland, which became the supplier of LCDs to Casio for the CASIOTRON watch in 1974.[77] A problem with LCDs is that they use polarized light. If, for example, the user is wearing polarized sunglasses, the watch may be difficult to read because the plane of polarization of the display is roughly perpendicular to that of the glasses.[78][79] If the light that illuminates the display is polarized, for example if it comes from a blue sky, the display may be difficult or impossible to read.[80] From the 1980s onward, digital watch technology vastly improved. In 1982, Seiko produced the Seiko TV Watch[81] that had a television screen built-in,[82] and Casio produced a digital watch with a thermometer (the TS-1000) as well as another that could translate 1,500 Japanese words into English. In 1985, Casio produced the CFX-400 scientific calculator watch. In 1987, Casio produced a watch that could dial telephone numbers (the DBA-800) and Citizen introduced one that would react to voice. In 1995, Timex released a watch that allowed the wearer to download and store data from a computer to their wrist. Some watches, such as the Timex Datalink USB, feature dot matrix displays. Since their apex during the late 1980s to mid-1990s high technology fad, digital watches have mostly become simpler, less expensive timepieces with little variety between models. Cortébert digital mechanical pocket watch (1890s) Cortébert digital mechanical pocket watch (1890s) Cortébert digital mechanical wristwatch (1920s) Cortébert digital mechanical wristwatch (1920s) A silver Pulsar LED watch from 1976 A silver Pulsar LED watch from 1976 A Timex digital watch with an always-on display of the time and date A Timex digital watch with an always-on display of the time and date A digital LCD watch with electroluminescent backlight A digital LCD watch with electroluminescent backlight Samsung Galaxy Watch series smartwatches with OLED displays Samsung Galaxy Watch series smartwatches with OLED displays Illuminated This subsection needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this subsection. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Watch" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) An illuminated watch face, using a luminous compound Many watches have displays that are illuminated, so they can be used in darkness. Various methods have been used to achieve this. Mechanical watches often have luminous paint on their hands and hour marks. In the mid-20th century, radioactive material was often incorporated in the paint, so it would continue to glow without any exposure to light. Radium was often used but produced small amounts of radiation outside the watch that might have been hazardous.[83] Tritium was used as a replacement, since the radiation it produces has such low energy that it cannot penetrate a watch glass. However, tritium is expensive – it has to be made in a nuclear reactor – and it has a half-life of only about 12 years so the paint remains luminous for only a few years. Nowadays, tritium is used in specialized watches, e.g., for military purposes (see Tritium illumination). For other purposes, luminous paint is sometimes used on analog displays, but no radioactive material is contained in it. This means that the display glows soon after being exposed to light and quickly fades. Watches that incorporate batteries often have electric illumination in their displays. However, lights consume far more power than electronic watch movements. To conserve the battery, the light is activated only when the user presses a button. Usually, the light remains lit for a few seconds after the button is released, which allows the user to move the hand out of the way. Views of a liquid crystal display, both with electroluminescent backlight switched on (top) and switched off (bottom) Digital LCD wristwatch Timex Ironman with electroluminescent backlighting In some early digital watches, LED displays were used, which could be read as easily in darkness as in daylight. The user had to press a button to light up the LEDs, which meant that the watch could not be read without the button being pressed, even in full daylight. In some types of watches, small incandescent lamps or LEDs illuminate the display, which is not intrinsically luminous. These tend to produce very non-uniform illumination. Other watches use electroluminescent material to produce uniform illumination of the background of the display, against which the hands or digits can be seen. Speech synthesis Talking watches are available, intended for the blind or visually impaired. They speak the time out loud at the press of a button. This has the disadvantage of disturbing others nearby or at least alerting the non-deaf that the wearer is checking the time. Tactile watches are preferred to avoid this awkwardness, but talking watches are preferred for those who are not confident in their ability to read a tactile watch reliably. Handedness Wristwatches with analog displays generally have a small knob, called the crown, that can be used to adjust the time and, in mechanical watches, wind the spring. Almost always, the crown is located on the right-hand side of the watch so it can be worn of the left wrist for a right-handed individual. This makes it inconvenient to use if the watch is being worn on the right wrist. Some manufacturers offer "left-hand drive", aka "destro", configured watches which move the crown to the left side[84] making wearing the watch easier for left-handed individuals. A rarer configuration is the bullhead watch. Bullhead watches are generally, but not exclusively, chronographs. The configuration moves the crown and chronograph pushers to the top of the watch. Bullheads are commonly wristwatch chronographs that are intended to be used as stopwatches off the wrist. Examples are the Citizen Bullhead Change Timer[85] and the Omega Seamaster Bullhead.[86] Digital watches generally have push-buttons that can be used to make adjustments. These are usually equally easy to use on either wrist. Functions A chronograph wristwatch by Audemars Piguet Breguet squelette watch 2933 with tourbillon Perpetual calendar wristwatch by Patek Philippe Customarily, watches provide the time of day, giving at least the hour and minute, and often the second. Many also provide the current date, and some (called "complete calendar" or "triple date" watches) display the day of the week and the month as well. However, many watches also provide a great deal of information beyond the basics of time and date. Some watches include alarms. Other elaborate and more expensive watches, both pocket and wrist models, also incorporate striking mechanisms or repeater functions, so that the wearer could learn the time by the sound emanating from the watch. This announcement or striking feature is an essential characteristic of true clocks and distinguishes such watches from ordinary timepieces. This feature is available on most digital watches. A complicated watch has one or more functions beyond the basic function of displaying the time and the date; such a functionality is called a complication. Two popular complications are the chronograph complication, which is the ability of the watch movement to function as a stopwatch, and the moonphase complication, which is a display of the lunar phase. Other more expensive complications include Tourbillon, Perpetual calendar, Minute repeater, and Equation of time. A truly complicated watch has many of these complications at once (see Calibre 89 from Patek Philippe for instance). Some watches can both indicate the direction of Mecca[87] and have alarms that can be set for all daily prayer requirements.[88] Among watch enthusiasts, complicated watches are especially collectible. Some watches include a second 12-hour or 24-hour display for UTC or GMT. The similar-sounding terms chronograph and chronometer are often confused, although they mean altogether different things. A chronograph is a watch with an added duration timer, often a stopwatch complication (as explained above), while a chronometer watch is a timepiece that has met an industry-standard test for performance under pre-defined conditions: a chronometer is a high quality mechanical or a thermo-compensated movement that has been tested and certified to operate within a certain standard of accuracy by the COSC (Contrôle Officiel Suisse des Chronomètres). The concepts are different but not mutually exclusive; so a watch can be a chronograph, a chronometer, both, or neither. Timex Datalink USB Dress edition from 2003 with a dot matrix display; the Invasion video game is on the screen. Electronic sports watches, combining timekeeping with GPS and/or activity tracking, address the general fitness market and have the potential for commercial success (Garmin Forerunner, Garmin Vivofit, Epson,[5] announced model of Swatch Touch series[89]). Braille watches have analog displays with raised bumps around the face to allow blind users to tell the time. Their digital equivalents use synthesised speech to speak the time on command. Fashion A so-called "Boule de Genève" (Geneva ball), c. 1890, 21.5k yellow gold. A type of pendant watch intended to be used as an accessory for women. They usually came with a matching brooch or chain. Wristwatches and antique pocket watches are often appreciated as jewelry or as collectible works of art rather than just as timepieces.[90] This has created several different markets for wristwatches, ranging from very inexpensive but accurate watches (intended for no other purpose than telling the correct time) to extremely expensive watches that serve mainly as personal adornment or as examples of high achievement in miniaturization and precision mechanical engineering. Traditionally, dress watches appropriate for informal (business), semi-formal, and formal attire are gold, thin, simple, and plain, but increasingly rugged, complicated, or sports watches are considered by some to be acceptable for such attire. Some dress watches have a cabochon on the crown or faceted gemstones on the face, bezel, or bracelet. Some are made entirely of faceted sapphire (corundum). Many fashions and department stores offer a variety of less-expensive, trendy, "costume" watches (usually for women), many of which are similar in quality to basic quartz timepieces but which feature bolder designs. In the 1980s, the Swiss Swatch company hired graphic designers to redesign a new annual collection of non-repairable watches. Trade in counterfeit watches, which mimic expensive brand-name watches, constitutes an estimated US$1 billion market per year.[91] Space The Omega Speedmaster, selected by NASA for use on space missions in the 1960s The zero-gravity environment and other extreme conditions encountered by astronauts in space require the use of specially tested watches. The first-ever watch to be sent into space was a Russian "Pobeda" watch from the Petrodvorets Watch Factory. It was sent on a single orbit flight on the spaceship Korabl-Sputnik 4 on 9 March 1961. The watch had been attached without authorisation to the wrist of Chernuchka, a dog that successfully did exactly the same trip as Yuri Gagarin, with exactly the same rocket and equipment, just a month before Gagarin's flight.[92] On 12 April 1961, Gagarin wore a Shturmanskie (a transliteration of Штурманские which actually means "navigator's") wristwatch during his historic first flight into space. The Shturmanskie was manufactured at the First Moscow Factory. Since 1964, the watches of the First Moscow Factory have been marked by the trademark "Полёт", transliterated as "POLJOT", which means "flight" in Russian and is a tribute to the many space trips its watches have accomplished. In the late 1970s, Poljot launched a new chrono movement, the 3133. With a 23 jewel movement and manual winding (43 hours), it was a modified Russian version of the Swiss Valjoux 7734 of the early 1970s. Poljot 3133 were taken into space by astronauts from Russia, France, Germany and Ukraine. On the arm of Valeriy Polyakov, a Poljot 3133 chronograph movement-based watch set a space record for the longest space flight in history.[93] Astronaut Nancy J. Currie wears the Timex Ironman Triathlon Datalink model 78401 during STS 88. Through the 1960s, a large range of watches was tested for durability and precision under extreme temperature changes and vibrations. The Omega Speedmaster Professional was selected by NASA, the U.S. space agency, and it is mostly known thanks to astronaut Buzz Aldrin who wore it during the 1969 Apollo 11 Moon landing. Heuer became the first Swiss watch in space thanks to a Heuer Stopwatch, worn by John Glenn in 1962 when he piloted the Friendship 7 on the first crewed U.S. orbital mission. The Breitling Navitimer Cosmonaute was designed with a 24-hour analog dial to avoid confusion between AM and PM, which are meaningless in space. It was first worn in space by U.S. astronaut Scott Carpenter on 24 May 1962 in the Aurora 7 Mercury capsule.[94] Since 1994 Fortis is the exclusive supplier for crewed space missions authorized by the Russian Federal Space Agency. China National Space Administration (CNSA) astronauts wear the Fiyta[95] spacewatches. At BaselWorld, 2008, Seiko announced the creation of the first watch ever designed specifically for a space walk, Spring Drive Spacewalk. Timex Datalink is flight certified by NASA for space missions and is one of the watches qualified by NASA for space travel. The Casio G-Shock DW-5600C and 5600E, DW 6900, and DW 5900 are Flight-Qualified for NASA space travel.[96][97] Various Timex Datalink models were used both by cosmonauts and astronauts. Scuba diving Main article: Diving watch Seiko 7002–7020 Diver's 200 m on a 4-ring NATO style strap Watch construction may be water-resistant. These watches are sometimes called diving watches when they are suitable for scuba diving or saturation diving. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) issued a standard for water-resistant watches which also prohibits the term "waterproof" to be used with watches, which many countries have adopted. In the United States, advertising a watch as waterproof has been illegal since 1968, per Federal Trade Commission regulations regarding the "misrepresentation of protective features".[98][99][100] Water-resistance is achieved by the gaskets which forms a watertight seal, used in conjunction with a sealant applied on the case to help keep water out. The material of the case must also be tested in order to pass as water-resistant.[101] None of the tests defined by ISO 2281 for the Water Resistant mark are suitable to qualify a watch for scuba diving. Such watches are designed for everyday life and must be water-resistant during exercises such as swimming. They can be worn in different temperature and pressure conditions but are under no circumstances designed for scuba diving.[citation needed][102] The standards for diving watches are regulated by the ISO 6425 international standard. The watches are tested in static or still water under 125% of the rated (water) pressure, thus a watch with a 200-metre rating will be water-resistant if it is stationary and under 250 metres of static water. The testing of the water-resistance is fundamentally different from non-dive watches, because every watch has to be fully tested. Besides water resistance standards to a minimum of 100-metre depth rating, ISO 6425 also provides eight minimum requirements for mechanical diver's watches for scuba diving (quartz and digital watches have slightly differing readability requirements). For diver's watches for mixed-gas saturation diving two additional ISO 6425 requirements have to be met. Watches are classified by their degree of water resistance, which roughly translates to the following (1 metre = 3.281 feet):[103] Main article ISO 6425 Water-resistance rating Suitability Remarks Water Resistant or 30 m Suitable for everyday use. Splash/rain resistant. Not suitable for diving, swimming, snorkeling, water-related work, or fishing. Water Resistant 50 m Suitable for swimming, white-water rafting, non-snorkeling water related work, and fishing. Not suitable for diving. Water Resistant 100 m Suitable for recreational surfing, swimming, snorkeling, sailing, and water sports. Not suitable for diving. Water Resistant 200 m Suitable for professional marine activity and serious surface water sports. Suitable for diving. Diver's 100 m Minimum ISO standard for scuba diving at depths not requiring helium gas. Diver's 100 m and 150 m watches are generally old(er) watches. Diver's 200 m or 300 m Suitable for scuba diving at depths not requiring helium gas. Typical ratings for contemporary diver's watches. Diver's 300+ m helium safe Suitable for saturation diving (helium-enriched environment). Watches designed for helium mixed-gas diving will have additional markings to indicate this. Some watches use bar instead of meters, which may then be multiplied by 10, and then subtract 10 to be approximately equal to the rating based on metres. Therefore, a 5 bar watch is equivalent to a 40-metre watch. Some watches are rated in atmospheres (atm), which are roughly equivalent to bar.[citation needed] Navigation Main article: Direction-finding watch There is a traditional method by which an analog watch can be used to locate north and south. The Sun appears to move in the sky over a 24-hour period while the hour hand of a 12-hour clock face takes twelve hours to complete one rotation. 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Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2021. "In the late 1960s teams of engineers working independently in Japan, Switzerland, and the United States used newly created electronic components to completely reinvent the wristwatch" (PDF). IEEE. 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 October 2015. Retrieved 7 June 2016. Quartz mechanisms usually have a resonant frequency of 32768 Hz, chosen for ease of use (being 215). Using a simple 15 stage divide-by-two circuit, this is turned into a 1 pulse per second signal responsible for the watch's timekeeping. "Bulova introduces the most accurate watch in the world, the Precisionist". Crunch gear. 23 March 2010. Archived from the original on 10 March 2011. Retrieved 8 July 2012. "History of the Solar Wristwatch". Archived from the original on 12 August 2007. Retrieved 17 January 2007. "Why Time Stands Still for Watchmakers". The New York Times. 28 November 2008. Archived from the original on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2008. Barbara Mikkelson (13 May 2011). "The Ten Ten Tenet". Snopes . Barbara and David P. Mikkelson. Archived from the original on 3 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2013. "Tissot Silen-T User's Manual" (PDF). Support.tissot.ch. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2017. Anita Li (14 July 2013). "Innovative Tactile Watch Helps You 'Feel What Time it Is'". Mashable. Archived from the original on 16 July 2013. Retrieved 14 July 2013. Callum Borchers (12 July 2013). "Thanks to Kickstarter, tactile watch debuts". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 14 July 2013. Retrieved 14 July 2013. "All in Good Time: HILCO EC director donates prototype of world's first working digital watch to Smithsonian". Texas Co-op Power. February 2012. Archived from the original on 9 February 2013. Retrieved 21 July 2012. ""TI $20 Watch", The Jerome and Dorothy Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation, [Smithsonian Institution]". Invention.smithsonian.org. Archived from the original on 18 August 2011. Retrieved 28 October 2017. "Nerd Watch - Vintage Electronics Have Soul – The Pocket Calculator Show Website". Pocketcalculatorshow Archived from the original on 29 October 2017. Retrieved 28 October 2017. U.S. patent 4,096,550: Walter Boller, Marco Donati, Juerg Fingerle, Peter Wild, Illuminating Arrangement for a Field-Effect Liquid-Crystal Display as well as Fabrication and Application of the Illuminating Arrangement, filed 15 October 1976. "Casio TA-1000 Electronic Clock & Calculator". Magical Gadgets, Sightings & Brags. Pocket Calculator Show. Archived from the original on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2007. Peter J. Wild. "First-Hand:Liquid Crystal Display Evolution - Swiss Contributions". ETHW. Archived from the original on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2011. Ostdiek, Vern; Bord, Donald (2012). Inquiry into Physics. Cengage Learning. p. 343. ISBN 978-1-133-71150-6. Extract of page 343 Breithaupt, Jim (2001). Physics (illustrated ed.). Nelson Thornes. p. 151. ISBN 0-7487-6243-4. Extract of page 151 Ge, Zhibing; Wu, Shin-Tson (2010). Transflective Liquid Crystal Displays. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 39–40. ISBN 978-0-470-68906-6. Extract of page 39-40 Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2014. "T001 Instruction Manual" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 October 2012. Retrieved 27 May 2012. "Alan's Vintage Watches". Radium Watch Dial Pattern. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2015. "A Guide to "Destro": Watches from Sinn, Mühle, Citizen, and More - Worn & Wound". Wornandwound 10 May 2016. Archived from the original on 23 August 2017. Retrieved 28 October 2017. CITIZEN "BULLHEAD" CHALLENGE TIMER "Hands-On: With The Omega Seamaster Bullhead (Live Pics + Pricing)". Hodinkee Archived from the original on 2 August 2017. Retrieved 28 October 2017. "Muslim watches". Watchismo. Archived from the original on 28 September 2015. Retrieved 14 April 2012. "Islamic Watch & Clock". ALFAJR. Archived from the original on 4 April 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2012. Hug, Daniel : Swatch lanciert 2015 eine intelligente Uhr. In: NZZ am Sonntag, 27 July 2014, page 26 (German) Nazanin Lankarani (21 January 2013). "Buying Back a Forgotten Chinese Heritage". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 5 November 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2013. "We try to explain why it makes sense to spend $500,000 on a watch." "Havocscope Counterfeit Watches Market Value: $1 billion". Archived from the original on 6 May 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2011. Burgess, Colin; Dubbs, Chris (2007). Animals in Space: From Research Rockets to the Space Shuttle (illustrated ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. p. 213. ISBN 978-0-387-49678-8. Extract of page 213 "Russian Space Watches History". Netgrafik.ch. Archived from the original on 12 December 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2012. "Navitimer, the aviator favourite watch". Breitling. Archived from the original on 4 April 2018. Retrieved 17 January 2007. " Fiyta. Archived from the original on 15 January 2007. Retrieved 17 January 2007. "NASAexplores 5-8 Article: What Time is It?". 14 November 2006. Archived from the original on 14 November 2006. Retrieved 23 October 2011. "NASAexplores - Express Lessons and Online Resources". 4 March 2008. Archived from the original on 4 March 2008. Retrieved 23 October 2011. The Timex Blog. "WHAT MAKES A WATCH WATER-RESISTANT?". Timex. Archived from the original on 27 December 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2021. Federal Trade Commission (16 June 1997). "FTC's Guides for Advertising and Marketing Watches Up for Review". Archived from the original on 27 December 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2021. Code of Federal Regulations (1 January 1997). "16 CFR 245.5 - Misrepresentation of protective features" (PDF). . Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 December 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2001. "Watch Industry Questions and Answers: Water-Resistance". Europa Star. VNU eMedia Inc. Archived from the original on 18 February 2007. Retrieved 17 January 2007. "What you need to know about water resistance". The Watch Pages. 29 July 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2023. "Watches". . Archived from the original on 15 July 2017. Retrieved 28 October 2017. Further reading Beckett, Edmund, A Rudimentary Treatise on Clocks, Watches and Bells, 1903, from Project Gutenberg Berner, G.A., Illustrated Professional Dictionary of Horology, Federation of the Swiss Watch Industry FH 1961–2012 Daniels, George, Watchmaking, London: Philip Wilson Publishers, 1981 (reprinted 15 June 2011) De Carle, Donald, (Illustrations by E. A. Ayres), Practical Watch Repairing, 3rd edition, New York : Skyhorse Pub., 2008. ISBN 978-1-60239-357-8. Significant information on watches, their history, and inner workings. Denn, Mark, "The Tourbillon and How It Works," IEEE Control Systems Magazine, June 2010, IEEE Control Systems Society, DOI 10.1109/MCS.2010.936291. Donzé, Pierre-Yves. "Dynamics of innovation in the electronic watch industry: a comparative business history of Longines (Switzerland) and Seiko (Japan), 1960-1980." Essays in Economic & Business History 37.1 (2019): 120-145. online Donzé, Pierre-Yves (2022). The business of time: A global history of the watch industry. Manchester University Press. Grafton, Edward, Horology, a popular sketch of clock and watch making, London: Aylett and Jones, 1849 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Watches. American and Swiss Watchmaking in 1876 by Jacques David The Watch Factories of America Past and Present by Henry G. Abbott (1888) Federation of the Swiss Watch Industry FH UK patent GB218487, Improvements relating to wrist watches, 1923 patent resulting from John Harwood's invention of a practical self-winding watch mechanism. vte Jewellery Forms Anklet Barrette Belly chain Belt buckle Bindi Bolo tie Bracelet Brooch Chatelaine Collar pin Crown Cufflink Earring Ferronnière Genital Lapel pin Necklace Neck ring Pectoral Pendant Ring Tiara Tie chain Tie clip Tie pin Toe ring Watch pocket strap Making People Bench jeweler Clockmaker Goldsmith Jewellery designer Lapidarist Silversmith Watchmaker Processes Carving Casting centrifugal lost-wax vacuum Enameling Engraving Filigree Jewelry model Metal clay Plating Polishing Repoussé and chasing Soldering Stonesetting Wire sculpture Wire wrapped jewelry Tools Draw plate File Hammer Mandrel Pliers Materials Precious metals Gold Palladium Platinum Rhodium Silver Precious metal alloys Britannia silver Colored gold Crown gold Electrum Shakudō Shibuichi Sterling 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award's inaugural winner Country United States Presented by Time Formerly called Man of the Year Woman of the Year First awarded 1927; 98 years ago Last awarded Donald Trump (2024) Person of the Year (called Man of the Year or Woman of the Year until 1999)[1] is an annual issue of the American news magazine and website Time featuring a person, group, idea, or object that "for better or for worse ... has done the most to influence the events of the year".[2] The Time website or a partner organization also runs an annual online reader's poll that has no effect on the selection, although no poll was held in 2023 or 2024.[3][4] Background The tradition of selecting a "Man of the Year" began privately in 1927, with Time editors contemplating the news makers of the year after a series of "slow news days" leading up to New Year's Day.[4] The idea originally focused on a Man of the Week before it was decided to use Lindbergh to represent the predominant story of 1927, with the magazine listing him as Man of the Year being published in early 1928.[4] The idea was also an attempt to remedy the editorial embarrassment earlier that year of not having aviator Charles Lindbergh on its cover following his historic transatlantic flight.[4] By the end of the year, it was decided that a cover story featuring Lindbergh as the Man of the Year would serve both purposes.[5] Before the online poll was instituted, "readers were invited to weigh in by mail."[4] Selection National leaders Since the list began, every serving president of the United States has been a Man or Person of the Year at least once, with the exceptions of Calvin Coolidge (in office at the time of the first issue), Herbert Hoover (the subsequent president), and Gerald Ford (the only president never to have been elected to the office of president or vice president). Most were named Man or Person of the Year either the year they were elected or while they were in office; the only one to be given the title before being elected was Dwight D. Eisenhower, in 1944, as Supreme Commander of the Allied Invasion Force, eight years before his first election. He received the title again in 1959 while in office. Franklin D. Roosevelt became the first chosen US president and is the only person to have received the title three times, first as president-elect (1932) and later as the incumbent president (1934 and 1941). All countries' heads of state or government to have been chosen as Man, Woman, or Person of the Year (arranged in chronological order by country name, from the most frequently selected) are: Number of selections Office Name 24 (14 unique leaders) President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt (1932, 1934, 1941); Harry S. Truman (1945, 1948); Dwight D. Eisenhower (1959); John F. Kennedy (1961); Lyndon B. Johnson (1964, 1967); Richard Nixon (1971, 1972); Jimmy Carter (1976); Ronald Reagan (1980, 1983); George H. W. Bush (1990); Bill Clinton (1992, 1998); George W. Bush (2000, 2004); Barack Obama (2008, 2012); Joe Biden (2020); and Donald Trump (2016, 2024) 6 (4 unique leaders) General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Joseph Stalin (1939, 1942); Nikita Khrushchev (1957); Yuri Andropov (1983); and Mikhail Gorbachev (1987, 1989) 4 Chancellor of Germany Adolf Hitler (1938); Konrad Adenauer (1953); Willy Brandt (1970); and Angela Merkel (2015) 3 Pope (Sovereign leader of the Vatican City) John XXIII (1962); John Paul II (1994); and Francis (2013) 2 (1 unique leader) Paramount leader of the People's Republic of China Deng Xiaoping (1978, 1985) 2 Prime Minister of France Pierre Laval (1931); and Charles de Gaulle (1958) 1 Premier of the Republic of China Chiang Kai-shek (1937) 1 President of Egypt Anwar Sadat (1977) 1 Emperor of Ethiopia Haile Selassie (1935) 1 Prime Minister of Iran Mohammad Mosaddegh (1951) 1 Supreme Leader of Iran Ruhollah Khomeini (1979) 1 Prime Minister of Israel Yitzhak Rabin (1993) 1 President of the Palestinian National Authority Yasser Arafat (1993) 1 President of the Philippines Corazon Aquino (1986) 1 President of Russia Vladimir Putin (2007) 1 King of Saudi Arabia Faisal (1974) 1 State President of South Africa F.W. de Klerk (1993) 1 President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy (2022) 1 Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Winston Churchill (1940) 1 Queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms Elizabeth II (1952) Notes Winston Churchill was chosen a second time for the special "Man of the Half-Century" edition in 1949 while serving as Leader of the Opposition before his second premiership; Charles de Gaulle was chosen while being elected President of France before formally taking office; Lech Wałęsa and Nelson Mandela were chosen before being elected President of Poland and President of South Africa, respectively. Women Before 1999, four women were granted the title as individuals: three as "Woman of the Year"—Wallis Simpson (1936), Queen Elizabeth II (1952), and Corazon Aquino (1986)—and one as half of "Man and Wife of the Year", Soong Mei-ling (jointly with Chiang Kai-shek) in 1937.[6] "American Women" were recognized as a group in 1975. Other classes of people recognized comprise both men and women, such as "Hungarian Freedom Fighters" (1956), "U.S. Scientists" (1960), "The Inheritors" (1966), "The Middle Americans" (1969), "The American Soldier" (1950 and 2003), "You" (2006), "The Protester" (2011), and "Ebola Fighters" (2014). However, the title on the magazine remained "Man of the Year" for both the 1956 "Hungarian Freedom Fighter" and the 1966 "Twenty-five and Under" editions which both featured a woman standing behind a man, and "Men of the Year" on the 1960 "U.S. Scientists" edition which exclusively featured men on its cover. It was not until the 1969 edition on "The Middle Americans" that the title embraced "Man and Woman of the Year". In 1999, the title was changed to the gender-neutral "Person of the Year" (its first recipient under the new name being Jeff Bezos of ).[7] Women who have been selected for recognition after the renaming include "The Whistleblowers" (Cynthia Cooper, Coleen Rowley, and Sherron Watkins) in 2002; Melinda Gates (jointly with Bill Gates and Bono) in 2005; Angela Merkel (2015); "The Silence Breakers" (2017); Greta Thunberg (2019); Kamala Harris (jointly with Joe Biden) in 2020; and Taylor Swift (2023). To celebrate International Women's Day in 2020, Time editors released 89 new magazine covers, each showing women, in addition to the 11 already chosen, as counterparts to the Man of the Year choices from the past century.[8] Since 2022, Time has awarded a separate "Women of the Year" title to a number of women each year, in a similar fashion to Time 100. [9] Groups and non-humans Despite the name, the title is not just granted to individuals. Pairs of people such as married couples and political opponents, classes of people, and inanimate objects have all been selected for the special year-end issue. Multiple named people Chiang Kai-shek and Soong Mei-ling, president and first lady of China (1937) William Anders, Frank Borman, and Jim Lovell, crew of Apollo 8 (1968) Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger, political allies (1972) Ronald Reagan and Yuri Andropov, Cold War rivals (1983) Nelson Mandela and F. W. de Klerk; Yasser Arafat and Yitzhak Rabin, political leaders leading peace negotiations (1993) Bill Clinton and Ken Starr, key figures in the Clinton impeachment (1998) Cynthia Cooper, Coleen Rowley, and Sherron Watkins, whistleblowers (2002) Bill Gates, Melinda Gates, and Bono, philanthropists (2005) Joe Biden and Kamala Harris, American president-elect and vice president-elect (2020) Classes of unnamed people The American fighting-man / The American soldier (1950 and 2003) The Hungarian freedom fighter (1956) U.S. scientists (1960) The Inheritor (1966) Middle Americans (1969) American women (1975) You (2006) The Protester (2011) Ebola fighters (2014) The Silence Breakers (2017) The Guardians (2018) Inanimate objects The Computer (Machine of the Year, 1982) The Endangered Earth (Planet of the Year, 1988) Abstract concepts The Spirit of Ukraine (2022) Special editions In 1949, Winston Churchill was named Man of the Half-Century,[10] and the last issue of 1989 named Mikhail Gorbachev as "Man of the Decade".[11] The December 31, 1999 issue of Time named Albert Einstein the "Person of the Century".[12] Both Franklin D. Roosevelt and Mahatma Gandhi were chosen as runners-up.[13] Aside from Einstein, the December 31 edition also named Persons of the Century for every century of the 2nd millennium: William the Conqueror for the 11th century, Saladin for the 12th century, Genghis Khan for the 13th century, Giotto for the 14th century, Johannes Gutenberg for the 15th century, Elizabeth I for the 16th century, Isaac Newton for the 17th century, Thomas Jefferson for the 18th century, and Thomas Edison for the 19th century.[14] Controversial choices Despite the magazine's frequent statements to the contrary, the designation is often regarded as an honor and spoken of as an award or prize, simply based on many previous selections of admirable people.[15] However, Time points out that controversial figures such as Adolf Hitler (1938); Joseph Stalin (1939 and 1942); Nikita Khrushchev (1957); and Ayatollah Khomeini (1979) have also been granted the title for their impact on events.[16] Nevertheless, as a result of the public backlash it received from the American audience for naming Khomeini Man of the Year in 1979, the magazine's editors have since shied away from using figures who are controversial in the United States, fearing reductions in sales or advertising revenue.[17] Time's Person of the Year for 2001, immediately following the September 11 attacks, was Rudy Giuliani, who was then mayor of New York City.[18] The stated rules of selection—the individual or group of individuals who have had the bigger influence on the year's events—made Osama bin Laden the more likely choice that year; however, Giuliani was selected for symbolizing the American response to the attacks, in the same way that Albert Einstein was selected Person of the Century for representing a century of scientific exploration and wonder instead of Adolf Hitler, who was arguably a stronger candidate.[19] The selections were ultimately based on, as the magazine describes it, "who they believed had a stronger influence on history and who represented either the year or the century the most."[citation needed] Withdrawn and alleged selections In 1941, the fictional elephant Dumbo from Walt Disney's animated film of the same name was selected to be "Mammal of the Year", and a cover was created showing the title character in a formal portrait style. However, the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7 pre-empted the cover. The U.S. president Franklin Delano Roosevelt was named Man of the Year for a record third time, although Dumbo's Mammal of the Year profile still appeared on the inside pages of the magazine.[20] Filmmaker Michael Moore claims that director Mel Gibson cost him the opportunity to be Person of the Year alongside Gibson in 2004. Moore's controversial political documentary Fahrenheit 9/11 became the highest-grossing documentary of all time the same year Gibson's The Passion of the Christ became a box-office success and also caused significant controversy. Moore said in an interview "I got a call right after the '04 election from an editor from Time Magazine. He said,' Time Magazine has picked you and Mel Gibson to be Time's Person of the Year to put on the cover, Right and Left, Mel and Mike. The only thing you have to do is pose for a picture with each other. And do an interview together.' I said 'OK.' They call Mel up, he agrees. They set the date and time in LA. I'm to fly there. He's flying from Australia. Something happens when he gets home ... Next thing, Mel calls up and says, 'I'm not doing it. I've thought it over and it is not the right thing to do.' So they put Bush on the cover."[21] U.S. president Donald Trump claimed on Twitter in November 2017 that Time editors had told him he would "probably" be named Person of the Year for a second time, conditional on an interview and photo shoot, which he had refused. Time denied that they had made any such promises or conditions to Trump, who was named a runner-up.[22] Persons of the Year 19271930194019501960197019801990200020102020 Year Image Choice Lifetime Notes Runners-up 1927 Charles Lindbergh 1902–1974 Lindbergh completed the first solo transatlantic flight in May 1927 by piloting his monoplane Spirit of St. Louis from Garden City, New York to Paris, France. 1928 Walter Chrysler 1875–1940 In 1928, Chrysler oversaw a merger of his company, Chrysler, with Dodge before beginning work on the Chrysler Building. 1929 Owen D. Young 1874–1962 Young chaired a committee which authored 1929's Young Plan, a program for settlement of German reparations after World War I. 1930 Mahatma Gandhi 1869–1948 Gandhi was the leader of India's independence movement. In 1930, he led the Salt Satyagraha, a 240-mile march to protest the imposition of taxes on salt by the British Raj. 1931 Pierre Laval 1883–1945 Laval was first appointed Prime Minister of France in 1931. He was popular in the American press at the time for opposing the Hoover Moratorium, a temporary freeze on World War I debt payments that was disliked in both France and the US.[23] 1932 Franklin D. Roosevelt 1882–1945 Roosevelt won the 1932 US presidential election by a landslide, defeating the incumbent, Herbert Hoover. 1933 Hugh S. Johnson 1882–1942 In 1933, Johnson was appointed director of the National Recovery Administration. US President Franklin D. Roosevelt gave him the task of bringing industry, labor and government together to create codes of "fair practices" and set prices. 1934 Franklin D. Roosevelt (2) 1882–1945 Roosevelt was President of the United States from 1933 to 1945. In 1934, Roosevelt's New Deal reforms were beginning to bring results. 1935 Haile Selassie 1892–1975 Selassie was Emperor of Ethiopia in 1935, when Italian forces invaded Ethiopia, starting the Second Italo-Abyssinian War. 1936 Wallis Simpson 1896–1986 In 1936, Simpson's relationship with King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom led the king to abdicate the throne to marry her. 1937 Chiang Kai-shek 1887–1975 Chiang was Premier of the Republic of China at the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937. Soong Mei-ling 1898–2003 Soong was wife of Chiang Kai-shek from 1927 until his death in 1975, and was active in rallying support for the Republic of China in the US. Addressed as Madame Chiang Kai-Shek by the magazine, she was recognized together with her husband as "Man & Wife of the Year".[6] 1938 Adolf Hitler 1889–1945 As Chancellor of Germany, Hitler oversaw the unification of Germany with Austria and the Sudetenland in 1938, after the Anschluss and Munich Agreement respectively. Instead of a conventional portrait, the cover was an illustration by Rudolph von Ripper entitled 'From the unholy organist, a hymn of hate'.[24] 1939 Joseph Stalin 1878–1953 In 1939, Stalin was General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and Premier of the Soviet Union. He oversaw the signing of a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany before invading eastern Poland. 1940 Winston Churchill 1874–1965 Churchill was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during the Dunkirk evacuation and the Battle of Britain. 1941 Franklin D. Roosevelt (3) 1882–1945 Roosevelt was President of the United States in 1941 during the attack on Pearl Harbor, declaration of war against Japan and resulting entry of the United States into World War II. The editors had already chosen Dumbo as their "Mammal of the Year" before the Pearl Harbor attack, but quickly changed it to Roosevelt.[20] 1942 Joseph Stalin (2) 1878–1953 By 1942, Stalin was General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and Premier of the Soviet Union, overseeing the Battle of Stalingrad (1942–1943). 1943 George C. Marshall 1880–1959 As United States Army Chief of Staff in 1943, General Marshall was instrumental in organizing US actions in World War II. 1944 Dwight D. Eisenhower 1890–1969 General Eisenhower was Supreme Allied Commander in Europe during 1944's Operation Overlord. 1945 Harry S. Truman 1884–1972 Truman became President of the United States after the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1945, authorizing the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. 1946 James F. Byrnes 1882–1972 In 1946, Byrnes was United States Secretary of State during the Iran crisis of 1946, taking an increasingly hardline position in opposition to Stalin. His speech, "Restatement of Policy on Germany", set the tone of future US policy, repudiating the Morgenthau Plan economic policies and giving Germans hope for the future. 1947 George C. Marshall (2) 1880–1959 Appointed United States Secretary of State in 1947, Marshall was the architect of the Marshall Plan. 1948 Harry S. Truman (2) 1884–1972 Truman was elected in his own right as President of the United States in 1948, which is considered to be one of the greatest election upsets in American history.[25][26][27] 1949 Winston Churchill (2) 1874–1965 Proclaimed as the "Man of the half-century", Churchill had led Britain and the Allies to victory in WWII. In 1949, Churchill was Leader of the Opposition. 1950 The American fighting-man Representing US troops involved in the Korean War (1950–1953) 1951 Mohammad Mossadegh 1882–1967 In 1951, Mossadegh was appointed Prime Minister of Iran and expelled western oil companies, starting the Abadan Crisis. 1952 Elizabeth II 1926–2022 In 1952, Elizabeth acceded to the throne of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms upon the death of her father, King George VI. 1953 Konrad Adenauer 1876–1967 In 1953, Adenauer was re-elected as Chancellor of West Germany. Adenauer was overseeing the reconstruction of Germany and the Economic Miracle, had successfully restored relations with Germany's wartime enemies in the West, and was working towards European integration.[28] 1954 John Foster Dulles 1888–1959 As United States Secretary of State in 1954, Dulles was architect of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization. 1955 Harlow Curtice 1893–1962 Curtice was President of General Motors (GM) from 1953 to 1958. In 1955, GM sold five million vehicles and became the first corporation to earn US$1 billion in a single year.[29] 1956 The Hungarian freedom fighter Representing Hungarian revolutionaries involved in the 1956 uprising against the Soviet-dominated government, which was put down by the Soviet Army 1957 Nikita Khrushchev 1894–1971 In 1957, Khrushchev consolidated his leadership of the Soviet Union, surviving a plot to dismiss him by Stalinist members within the Presidium, and leading the Soviet Union into the Space Race with the launch of Sputnik 1. 1958 Charles de Gaulle 1890–1970 De Gaulle was appointed Prime Minister of France in May 1958 and, following the collapse of the Fourth Republic and establishment of the Fifth Republic, was then elected as President of France in December. 1959 Dwight D. Eisenhower (2) 1890–1969 Eisenhower was President of the United States from 1953 to 1961. In 1959, Eisenhower arranged the state visit by Nikita Khrushchev to the United States and toured several countries, becoming the first US president to visit India.[30] 1960 U.S. Scientists Time claimed in 1960 "science is at the apogee of its power for good or evil", although it noted that "the 15 men [on the cover] include two or three whose greatest work is probably behind them". The cover and piece spotlights the following scientists: [31] 1961 John F. Kennedy 1917–1963 Kennedy was inaugurated as President of the United States in 1961, ordering the failed invasion of Cuba by U.S.-trained Cuban exiles. 1962 John XXIII 1881–1963 Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from 1958 to 1963. In 1962, he volunteered as a mediator in the Cuban Missile Crisis between the U.S. and USSR, gaining praise from both sides. He also initiated the Second Vatican Council that same year. 1963 Martin Luther King Jr. 1929–1968 A leader of the American Civil rights movement, King delivered his famous "I Have a Dream" speech in 1963. 1964 Lyndon B. Johnson 1908–1973 Johnson was elected in his own right as President of the United States in 1964, secured the passage of the Civil Rights Act, declared a War on poverty, and escalated US involvement in the Vietnam War. 1965 William Westmoreland 1914–2005 General Westmoreland was commander of US forces in South Vietnam during the Vietnam War. 1966 The Inheritor Representing a generation of American men and women, aged 25 and under – the Baby Boom generation, who in 1966 made up nearly half the population and were influential both in the counterculture of the 1960s and as drafted soldiers in the Vietnam War. The face most prominently seen on the cover representing the generation was that of Thomas M. McLaughlin.[32][33] 1967 Lyndon B. Johnson (2) 1908–1973 Johnson was President of the United States from 1963 to 1969. Time noted that it had been a year of setbacks and failures for Johnson, with race riots across the US, deepening involvement in the Vietnam War, and the Dump Johnson movement within his own party.[34] 1968 The Apollo 8 astronauts Frank Borman: 1928–2023 Jim Lovell: Born 1928 William Anders: 1933–2024 In 1968, the American crew of Apollo 8 (William Anders, Frank Borman and Jim Lovell) became the first humans to travel beyond low Earth orbit, orbiting the Moon and paving the way for the first human Moon landings in 1969. 1969 The Middle Americans Conservative, small-town Americans, also referred to as the silent majority. Time saw Middle America as the driving force behind Richard Nixon's 1968 election win, the background of the American astronauts of Apollo 11, and the conservative side of debates on social issues such as school desegregation, prayer in public schools, sex education and drugs policy.[35][36] 1970 Willy Brandt 1913–1992 As Chancellor of West Germany, Brandt was acknowledged for "seeking to bring about a fresh relationship between East and West" through his "bold approach to the Soviet Union and the East Bloc". In 1970, Brandt renounced German claims on Poland and recognized East Germany, and acknowledged the Holocaust in Nazi-occupied Poland with the symbolic Kniefall von Warschau.[37] 1971 Richard Nixon 1913–1994 Nixon was President of the United States from 1969 to 1974. In 1971, Nixon had withdrawn the US dollar from the gold standard, triggering the Nixon shock, created the Economic Stabilization Program, and re-opened relations with communist China.[38] 1972 Richard Nixon (2) 1913–1994 As President of the United States, Nixon visited China in 1972, the first U.S. president to do so. Nixon later secured the SALT I pact with the Soviet Union before being re-elected in one of the largest landslide election victories in American history. Henry Kissinger 1923–2023 Kissinger, as Nixon's National Security Advisor, traveled with the President to China in 1972, and was negotiating peace in the Vietnam War. 1973 John Sirica 1904–1992 In 1973, as Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, Sirica ordered President Nixon to turn over Watergate-related recordings of White House conversations. 1974 Faisal 1906–1975 Faisal, King of Saudi Arabia, was acknowledged in the wake of the 1973–1974 oil crisis, which arose when Saudi Arabia withdrew its oil from world markets to protest Western support for Israel during the Yom Kippur War. 5 1975 American women Highlighting the successes of the American feminist movement and "the status of the everyday, usually anonymous woman, who moved into the mainstream of jobs, ideas and policy making". The cover and piece spotlights the following women: [41] 9 1976 Jimmy Carter 1924–2024 In 1976, Carter was elected President of the United States, defeating incumbent President Gerald Ford. 1977 Anwar Sadat 1918–1981 Sadat, as President of Egypt, traveled to Israel in 1977—the first Arab leader to do so—to discuss normalization of Egypt–Israel relations. 1978 Deng Xiaoping 1904–1997 Deng, as Vice Premier, overthrew Hua Guofeng to assume de facto control over China in 1978, as Paramount leader. 4 1979 Ruhollah Khomeini 1902–1989 Khomeini led the 1979 Iranian Revolution, establishing himself as Supreme Leader. 4 1980 Ronald Reagan 1911–2004 Reagan was elected President of the United States in 1980, defeating incumbent President Jimmy Carter. 4 1981 Lech Wałęsa Born 1943 Leader of the Polish Solidarity trade union and architect of the Gdańsk Agreement until his arrest by the communist authorities and the imposition of martial law in Poland in December 1981 4 1982 The Computer Denoted "Machine of the Year" to herald the dawn of the Information Age The feature spotlights the following people, in order: 4 1983 Ronald Reagan (2) 1911–2004 In 1983, as President of the United States, Reagan ordered the invasion of Grenada and championed the Strategic Defense Initiative. 4 Yuri Andropov 1914–1984 Andropov, as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, was a critic of the Strategic Defense Initiative and tried to revive stagnating Soviet economy. Andropov was hospitalized in August 1983 and died in 1984. 1984 Peter Ueberroth Born 1937 Ueberroth orchestrated the organization of the 1984 Summer Olympics, which involved a Soviet-led boycott. 4 1985 Deng Xiaoping (2) 1904–1997 As Paramount Leader of China, Deng acknowledged the need for "sweeping economic reforms that have challenged Marxist orthodoxies". In 1985, Deng had lifted price controls and eased the restrictions on private ownership and business.[59] 4 1986 Corazon Aquino 1933–2009 Aquino was a prominent figure in 1986's People Power Revolution, being elected president of the Philippines. 3 1987 Mikhail Gorbachev 1931–2022 As general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and leader of the Soviet Union, Gorbachev oversaw perestroika and glasnost political reforms in 1987, aimed at liberalizing Soviet society. 5 1988 The Endangered Earth Planet of the Year, representing the growing environmental movement as well as several natural and ecological disasters that struck in 1988: among them were the 1988–1989 North American drought, "syringe tide", 1988 Bangladesh cyclone and 1988 Armenian earthquake, as well as ozone depletion, global warming, radioactive contamination and deforestation.[66] 1989 Mikhail Gorbachev (2) 1931–2022 Acknowledged as "Man of the Decade". Gorbachev, as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Soviet leader), oversaw 1989's first free Soviet elections in history before the fragmentation of the Eastern Bloc and overthrow of Soviet-dominated communist governments in Eastern Europe. 1990 George H. W. Bush 1924–2018 As President of the United States, Bush oversaw U.S. involvement in the Gulf War (1990–1991). 4 1991 Ted Turner Born 1938 Founder of CNN. The piece particularly highlighted CNN's coverage of Operation Desert Storm and the Gulf War, proclaiming it "History as it happens". 7 1992 Bill Clinton Born 1946 Clinton was elected President of the United States in 1992, defeating incumbent President George H. W. Bush. 1993 The Peacemakers Represented by Yasser Arafat, F. W. de Klerk, Nelson Mandela, and Yitzhak Rabin. De Klerk, as State President of South Africa, oversaw Mandela's release from prison in 1990. In 1993, the pair were negotiating the end of the Apartheid system, and had just jointly won the Nobel Peace Prize. Arafat, as President of the Palestinian National Authority, and Rabin, as Prime Minister of Israel, signed the 1993 Oslo Accord, the first face-to-face agreement between Palestinian and Israeli authorities. 1994 John Paul II 1920–2005 Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from 1978 to 2005. In 1994, he had been active in several social debates: he released a book-length interview and the English translation of the Catechism of the Catholic Church, ruled out the ordination of women, criticized the promotion of abortion and family planning at the Cairo Conference, and established relations with Israel.[71] 1995 Newt Gingrich Born 1943 Leader of the "Republican Revolution", a Republican Party election landslide, which led to Gingrich being elected Speaker of the House 1996 David Ho Born 1952 Ho, a scientist, pioneered much AIDS research. In 1996, he had announced that a medical trial of combination therapy had reduced the viral load in HIV-positive patients to levels too low to be measured, changing the disease profile from terminal to a manageable disease.[72] 1997 Andrew Grove 1936–2016 In 1997, Grove was chairman and CEO of Intel, recognized as a pioneer in the semiconductor industry and taken as a representative of the Digital Revolution and the tech boom. 3 1998 Bill Clinton (2) Born 1946 As President of the United States, Clinton was impeached in 1998 following the Lewinsky scandal. The Senate acquitted him of the charges. 5 Ken Starr 1946–2022 Starr, a lawyer investigating various figures within the Clinton administration, published his Starr Report in 1998, opening the door for the impeachment of Bill Clinton. 1999 Jeff Bezos Born 1964 Bezos is the founder and was the CEO of at that point one of the most successful companies in the dot-com boom. 2000 George W. Bush Born 1946 In 2000, Bush was elected President of the United States, defeating incumbent Vice President Al Gore. 4 2001 Rudy Giuliani Born 1944 Giuliani, Mayor of New York City at the time of the September 11 attacks in 2001, was selected as a symbol of America's response to the attacks. 2002 The Whistleblowers Represented by Cynthia Cooper, Coleen Rowley, and Sherron Watkins. In 2001, Watkins uncovered accounting irregularities in the financial reports of Enron, testifying before Congressional committees the following year. In 2002, Cooper exposed a $3.8 billion fraud at WorldCom. At the time, this was the largest incident of accounting fraud in U.S. history. In 2002, Rowley, an FBI agent, gave testimony about the FBI's mishandling of information related to the September 11 attacks of 2001. 2003 The American soldier (2) Representing U.S. forces around the world, especially in the Iraq War (2003–2011) 2004 George W. Bush (2) Born 1946 In 2004, Bush was re-elected President of the United States, defeating John Kerry and overseeing US involvement in the Iraq War. 2005 The Good Samaritans Represented by Bono, Bill Gates, and Melinda Gates. Bono, philanthropist and member of the rock band U2, helped to organize the 2005 Live 8 concerts. Bill Gates, founder of Microsoft and richest person in the world at the time, and his wife Melinda, founded the philanthropic Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. 2006 You[76] Representing individual content creators on the World Wide Web 4 2007 Vladimir Putin[78] Born 1952 Putin was President of Russia from 2000 to 2008, and from 2012 onwards. In 2007, it was apparent that Putin's power would continue after his presidential term expired: he had suppressed much of the opposition to his rule, including having a suspected role in the 2006 assassination of Anna Politkovskaya and poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko, and had secured his position as Prime Minister of Russia to his loyalist successor Dmitry Medvedev. 4 2008 Barack Obama[80] Born 1961 In 2008, Obama was elected President of the United States, defeating John McCain to become the first African-American President of the United States in January 2009. 4 2009 Ben Bernanke[82] Born 1953 Chairman of the Federal Reserve during the financial crisis of 2007–08 and the following Great Recession 4 2010 Mark Zuckerberg[84] Born 1984 Founder of the social-networking website Facebook. In 2010, Facebook passed half a billion users but was involved in privacy disputes, and Zuckerberg had been the subject of the Oscar-winning biographical film The Social Network. 4 2011 The Protester[86] Recognizing the historic significance of many grassroots protests across the world during that year, such as the ongoing Arab Spring and those against austerity measures in Greece and later in Spain, against corruption in India, against the drug war in Mexico, for education in Chile, for social justice in Israel, as well as the riots in England, the anti-government protests in Russia and the emerging global Occupy movement[86] 4 2012 Barack Obama (2)[88] Born 1961 In 2012, Obama was re-elected President of the United States, defeating Mitt Romney. 4 2013 Pope Francis[90] Born 1936 Elected Pope of the Roman Catholic Church in 2013, following the resignation of Pope Benedict XVI 4 2014 Ebola fighters[92] "Ebola fighters" refers to health care workers who helped stop the spread of the Ebola virus during the Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa, including not only doctors and nurses, but also ambulance attendants, burial parties and others.[93] Those represented on the covers included 4 2015 Angela Merkel Born 1954 Chancellor of Germany from 2005 to 2021, recognized for leadership in the Greek debt crisis and European migrant crisis[100] 6 2016 Donald Trump Born 1946 In 2016, Trump was elected President of the United States, defeating Hillary Clinton. 5 2017 The Silence Breakers The people who spoke out against sexual abuse and harassment, including the figureheads of the American MeToo movement. Represented on the cover by strawberry picker Isabel Pascual (pseudonym), lobbyist Adama Iwu, actress Ashley Judd, software engineer Susan Fowler, singer-songwriter Taylor Swift, and a sixth woman, a hospital worker who wished to remain anonymous and whose face cannot be seen. The feature also specifically spotlights, in order: 6 2018 The Guardians Journalists who faced persecution, arrest or murder for their reporting. Those highlighted on four different covers were: Jamal Khashoggi, Washington Post columnist murdered for his criticism of the Saudi crown prince; Maria Ressa, editor of the Philippine news website Rappler, who was indicted for her critical coverage of Rodrigo Duterte's controversially violent policies; Wa Lone and Kyaw Soe Oo, Reuters journalists captured in Myanmar while investigating the Inn Din massacre; the staff of The Capital, a Maryland newspaper whose office was targeted by a gunman who killed five of its employees in a mass shooting.[120] The feature also spotlights the following journalists, in order: 6 2019 Greta Thunberg Born 2003 Swedish environmental activist and founder of the School Strike for Climate campaign. In 2019, Thunberg led the Global Week for Future with over four million protestors and addressed the 2019 UN Climate Action Summit with her "How Dare You" speech.[128] 4 2020 Joe Biden[130] Born 1942 In 2020, Biden and Harris were elected President and Vice President of the United States respectively, defeating incumbent President Donald Trump and Vice President Mike Pence.[131] In January 2021, Harris became the first woman, first African American, and first Asian American vice president. 3 Kamala Harris[130] Born 1964 2021 Elon Musk[133] Born 1971 CEO of Tesla, Inc., founder and CEO of SpaceX. In 2021, Musk had become the richest person in the world and first person reported to have a net worth of over 300 billion US dollars. Recognized for the achievements of stated companies in the prior years, including the first all-civilian orbital flight, as well as his public image and controversies.[134] Time did not release a shortlist for 2021.[135] 2022 Volodymyr Zelenskyy[136] Born 1978 President of Ukraine since 2019, and supreme commander-in-chief during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 9 The Spirit of Ukraine[138] "The Spirit of Ukraine" represents the "resilience of the Ukrainian people and the Ukrainian resistance, as well as foreign aid to Ukraine". The feature spotlights the following people and organizations, in order: 2023 Taylor Swift Born 1989 Singer-songwriter whose 2023–2024 Eras Tour became the highest-grossing concert tour of all time.[139] The tour had a significant cultural and economic impact in 2023. Time described Swift as the first Person of the Year to be recognized for their "achievement in the arts". Swift was also on the 2017 Person of the Year cover, called "The Silence Breakers". She was noted by the magazine as the first woman to appear twice on a Person of the Year cover.[140] 8 2024 Donald Trump (2) Born 1946 In 2024, Trump was re-elected President of the United States, defeating incumbent Vice President Kamala Harris and becoming the second president to win two nonconsecutive terms after Grover Cleveland in 1892.[141][142] 9 Other categories Every year, in addition to the main Person of the Year, Time (sometimes alongside a partner company) acknowledges impactful people or groups in other categories. This is a relatively recent practice, beginning in 1998 when Mark McGwire was awarded the title of Hero of the Year and becoming a regular event in 2018 with the re-introduction of the Heroes of the Year award. Heroes of the Year was joined by Athlete of the Year, CEO of the Year, Entertainer of the Year and Guardians of the Year in 2019, Kid of the Year in 2020, Breakthrough of the Year, Dreamer of the Year, Icon of the Year and Innovator of the Year in 2022, Team of the Year in 2023 and Community of the Year in 2024. In line with the introduction of these new categories, Time has expanded their annual Person of the Year private event to include and celebrate their recipients. The event, titled A Year in TIME beginning in 2023, has been held at Plaza Hotel since 2022.[144][145] A Year in TIME typically features interviews, speeches and performances from some of the categories' winners, as well as winners of other Time awards. Some of these are then posted to Time's official YouTube channel. Athlete of the Year Athlete of the Year was awarded in partnership with Oura Health in 2021[146] and LG in 2022.[147] Year Choice Notes 2019 United States women's national soccer team The international women's soccer team for the United States, who won the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup[148] 2020 LeBron James American basketball player, won the 2020 NBA Finals with his Los Angeles Lakers[149] 2021 Simone Biles American gymnast, pulled out of multiple gymnastics events during the Tokyo Olympics for mental health concerns[146] 2022 Aaron Judge American baseball outfielder, hit the most home runs in a season in the history of the American League with 62[147] 2023 Lionel Messi Argentine footballer, won the 2022 FIFA World Cup with Argentina national team, record eighth Ballon d'Or and transferred to Inter Miami CF[150] 2024 Caitlin Clark American women's basketball player, was the All-WNBA, 2024 WNBA Rookie of the Year with the Indiana Fever.[151] CEO of the Year In 2019 and 2020, this selection was called Businessperson of the Year. Year Choice Notes 2019 Bob Iger CEO and executive chairman of The Walt Disney Company[152] 2020 Eric Yuan CEO and founder of Zoom Video Communications[153] 2023 Sam Altman CEO and co-founder of OpenAI[154] 2024 Lisa Su CEO, president and chair of AMD[155] Community of the Year Community of the Year is awarded in partnership with Land O'Lakes. Year Choice Notes 2024 People of Agriculture[156] Representing the global rural farming community Dreamer of the Year Dreamer of the Year is awarded in partnership with American Family Insurance. Year Choice Notes 2022 Donnel Baird[157] American entrepreneur and CEO of BlocPower 2023 Syd Kitson[158] Chairman and CEO of Kitson and Partners and former professional American football guard 2024 Portland Fire & Rescue[159] The fire and rescue department of Portland, which helped combat the 2024 Oregon wildfires. American Family Insurance Claims and Sales Teams, Omaha[159] American Family Insurance's claims support team, which provided crucial support in the aftermath of a tornado outbreak in April 2024 in Blair, Nebraska. Rebuilding Together, Tampa Bay[159] American non-profit organization that provided relief in the Tampa Bay area following the destruction of hurricanes Helene and Milton. Icon of the Year Year Choice Notes 2022 Michelle Yeoh[160] Malaysian actress 2024 Elton John[161] British singer-songwriter Kid of the Year Year Choice Notes Runners-up 2020 Gitanjali Rao[162] Scientist and inventor 4 2021 Orion Jean[163] Humanitarian 18 2024 Heman Bekele[165] Scientist and inventor 5 Breakthrough of the Year In 2022, this selection was called Breakthrough Artist of the Year. Year Choice Notes 2022 Mickey Guyton[167] American country music artist 2023 Alex Newell[168] American actor Team of the Year Team of the Year is awarded in partnership with Smartsheet. Year Choice Notes Runners-up 2023 HP's Social Impact team[169] The team consists of Michele Malejki, Mariama Kabia, Anshu Grover, Ina Progonati, Stephanie Bormann and Julio Vera Barajas. 2 Entertainer of the Year In 2022, Entertainer of the Year was awarded in partnership with Montblanc.[171] Year Choice Notes 2019 Lizzo American rapper and singer-songwriter[172] 2020 BTS South Korean K-pop boy band[173] 2021 Olivia Rodrigo American singer-songwriter[174] 2022 Blackpink South Korean K-pop girl group[171] Hero(es) of the Year In 2020, Heroes of the Year was awarded in partnership with State Farm.[175] Year Choice Notes 1998 Mark McGwire[176] Baseball player for the St. Louis Cardinals, who hit 70 home runs in 1998, breaking the single-season home run record.[177] In 2010, McGwire admitted he used steroids during the 1998 season.[178] 2018 The Thai Cave Rescuers[179] The Tham Luang cave rescue took place during June and July 2018, where a group of 12 boys and their junior soccer team's assistant coach Ekkapol Chantawong, who had been trapped in a cave for over two weeks, were successfully located and rescued through an operation involving over 10,000 people. Time's corresponding article highlights the heroic actions of Chantawong, Narongsak Osottanakorn (the governor of Chiang Rai province at the time and overseer of the rescue operation),[180] John Volanthen and Rick Stanton (two divers who first found the group alive),[181] Samarn Kunan (the rescue's only immediate casualty) and Richard Harris (the anesthesiologist and cave diver who played a crucial role in the rescue). James Shaw Jr.[179] Shaw disarmed a gunman during the Nashville Waffle House shooting on April 22, 2018, preventing the death toll from going above 4, and started a GoFundMe campaign the following day which went on to raise over $240,000 for the families of the shooting's 4 fatalities. Brad Brown[179] Brown, a hospital chaplain at Feather River Hospital in Paradise, California, assisted with the evacuation of the hospital during Camp Fire and personally drove three immobile patients out of town, successfully getting them to a hospital in Chico after hours of potentially fatal road delays. Tammie Jo Shults[179] Shults was the pilot of Southwest Airlines Flight 1380 on April 17, 2018, who, along with her first officer Darren Lee Ellisor, saved the lives of 143 following the failure of an engine which had fragments break off that damaged other parts of the plane and killed 1 passenger. Mamoudou Gassama[179] On May 26, 2018, Gassama scaled four floors of an apartment building in Paris in under a minute, saving the life of a four-year-old boy dangling from a balcony and drawing comparisons to Spider-Man. 2019 Defenders of Notre Dame[182] Time's corresponding article discusses the actions of those who saved Notre-Dame's sacred treasures during the fire on April 15, 2019 (particularly Antoine-Marie Préaut, a conservator of Paris's historic monuments, and Laurent Prades, Notre-Dame's operational director), the ~400 firefighters who combatted the fire, and those who had begun preparing for the cathedral's reconstruction. Ryan Kyote[182] Kyote, a nine-year-old resident of Napa, California, used his allowance to pay off his grade's $74 lunch debt. His mother posted about it on social media and the story went viral, starting a wider national movement against school lunch debt.[183] As a result, Kyote's school district reversed their lunch debt policy and a law was passed in California banning "lunch shaming" (a term for giving worse food to students with debt). Satchel Smith[182] Smith, a 21-year-old student in Beaumont, Texas, was the sole employee trapped in a hotel alongside 90 guests for over 30 hours during Tropical Storm Imelda. He stayed awake during the whole ordeal, and was assisted by guests in making dinner and providing stranded truckers with food and water. Nicole Chamberlain[182] On November 11, 2019, Chamberlain, a bus driver in Waukesha, Wisconsin, saw a two-year-old girl and her six-year-old brother alone in temperatures below 20 °F (−7 °C) near a busy intersection. She brought them on board her bus, warmed them up and stayed with them until their grandmother showed up alongside police officers. Keanon Lowe[182] On May 19, 2019, Lowe, a teacher at Parkrose High School in Portland, Oregon, saw a student armed with a shotgun and successfully disarmed him, preventing his suicide and a school shooting. Immediately after, he gave the student a sympathetic hug and provided him with comforting words. Chella Phillips[182] Phillips, who runs a dog refuge in Nassau, Bahamas, managed to protect the refuge's 82 dogs, alongside 15 other dogs, from Hurricane Dorian in her own home. During the week following the hurricane, she sent 68 of those dogs to homes and rescue groups in the United States after her story went viral there. 2020 Australia's Volunteer Firefighters[184] Time's corresponding article highlights the work done by volunteer firefighters during the 2019–20 Australian bushfire season, including three that died on the job. Jason Chua and Hung Zhen Long[185] Chua and Hung, co-owners of the Beng Who Cooks food stall in Singapore, committed to delivering free food to those who could not afford it during COVID-19 lockdowns from April to June 2020. In total, they spent $11,000 on ~2,500 free meals. Greg Dailey[186] Following the rise of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020, Dailey, a newspaper deliveryman in Mercer County, New Jersey, began a new service of dropping off goods free of charge. During the rest of the year, he, with the help of his family, supplied over 140 homes and conducted over 1000 grocery runs in his local area. Rahul Dubey[187] On June 1, 2020, during the George Floyd protests in Washington, D.C., Dubey provided refuge in his home to ~70 protestors who were being barricaded and pepper-sprayed by police, even letting them stay overnight to avoid curfew breaches. Pastor Reshorna Fitzpatrick and Bishop Derrick Fitzpatrick[188] In April 2020, Reshorna and Derrick Fitzpatrick, a married couple who run Stone Temple Missionary Baptist Church in Chicago, began providing ~300 food boxes per week to people who became unemployed following the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. They expanded their operation throughout the year, obtaining a supply of fresh produce from a local Black- and women-led nonprofit farm, providing hot soup every week and giving out supplies such as face masks and hand sanitizer. 2021 Vaccine scientists[189] The feature is dedicated to those that contributed to the creation of COVID-19 vaccines, and in particular spotlights Katalin Karikó, Barney S. Graham, Kizzmekia Corbett and Drew Weissman, pioneers of mRNA vaccine technology. 2022 Women of Iran[190] After the death of Mahsa Amini on September 16, 2022, who was arrested for allegedly wearing her hijab improperly and later died after she had been —according to eyewitnesses— severely beaten by religious morality police officers, massive global protests began.[191] Initial protests, mostly led by women, demanded an end to the mandatory hijab law, which has been in place since the 1979 Islamic revolution.[192] According to Iran Human Rights, at least 481 protesters including 64 minors have been killed in these protests as of January 9, 2023.[193] Innovator of the Year Year Choice Notes 2022 Gregory Robinson and the James Webb Space Telescope team[194] Robinson was the telescope's program director from 2018 to 2022. Guardians of the Year In 2020, Guardians of the Year was awarded in partnership with Amazon.[195] Year Choice Notes 2019 American public servants[196] The feature spotlights those involved in that year's impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump, particularly Marie Yovanovitch, William Taylor, Fiona Hill, Alexander Vindman, Mark Sandy, Jennifer Williams, David Holmes, Laura Cooper and the original whistleblower. 2020 Anthony Fauci and frontline health workers[195] Recognising the actions of frontline health workers around the world that helped contain and reduce the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Fauci was the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases at the time, and is credited with being a pivotal figure in the United States' fight against the pandemic. Porche-Bennett-Bey, Assa Traoré and racial justice organizers[197] Recognising the actions of those who organized racial justice movements such as the George Floyd protests. Bennett-Bey, a resident of Kenosha, Wisconsin, gained media attention for her activism following the shooting of Jacob Blake. Traoré is an activist and the sister of Adama Traoré, a black French man who died in police custody in 2016. The police officers accused of brutality were cleared of blame on May 29, 2020, triggering a new wave of protests against police brutality in solidarity with the at the time ongoing George Floyd protests. Online poll From 2010 to 2022, Time held an annual online poll for the readers to vote for who they believed to be the Person of the Year. While many mistakenly believed the winner of the poll to be the Person of the Year, the title, as mentioned above, is decided by the editors of Time.[198] Year Readers' Choice Notes 2010 Julian Assange Founder of WikiLeaks[199] 2011 Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Prime Minister of Turkey[200] 2012 Kim Jong-un Supreme Leader of North Korea[201] 2013 Abdel Fattah el-Sisi President of Egypt[202] 2014 Narendra Modi Prime Minister of India[203] 2015 Bernie Sanders United States Senator from Vermont and 2016 presidential candidate[204] 2016 Narendra Modi Prime Minister of India[205] 2017 Mohammad bin Salman Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia[206] 2018 BTS K-pop band[207] 2019 Hong Kong Protesters Protesters in Hong Kong in response to the extradition bill[208] 2020 Essential Workers Those who worked during the COVID-19 pandemic[209] 2021 Jair Bolsonaro President of Brazil[210] 2022 Women Protesters in Iran Women protesters in Iran who took part in the Mahsa Amini protests[211] An online reader's choice poll was also held in 1998, with professional wrestler Mick Foley and murdered college student Matthew Shepard as the top vote-getters, although the final result is unknown.[212][74] See also Time 100 Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century Time100 Impact Awards Canadian Newsmaker of the Year (Time), printed in the Canadian issue of Time until 2008 Breakthrough of the Year Forbes list of the World's Most Powerful People References Gray, Eliza (June 26, 2015). 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Archived from the original on December 13, 2021. Retrieved December 13, 2021. "Women Protesters in Iran Win Time's 2022 Person of the Year Reader Poll". Time. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved December 7, 2023. Buechner, M. M. (December 21, 1998). "Time Man of the Year Poll Roils Internet". Time. Archived from the original on March 27, 2023. Retrieved March 27, 2023. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Time magazine Persons of the Year. Rothman, Lily (December 5, 2017). "Here's the History of TIME's Person of the Year Franchise". Time. Archived from the original on December 7, 2022. (Updated through 2024) vte Time Persons of the Year 1927–1950 Charles Lindbergh (1927)Walter Chrysler (1928)Owen D. Young (1929)Mohandas Gandhi (1930)Pierre Laval (1931)Franklin D. Roosevelt (1932)Hugh S. Johnson (1933)Franklin D. Roosevelt (1934)Haile Selassie (1935)Wallis Simpson (1936)Chiang Kai-shek / Soong Mei-ling (1937)Adolf Hitler (1938)Joseph Stalin (1939)Winston Churchill (1940)Franklin D. Roosevelt (1941)Joseph Stalin (1942)George Marshall (1943)Dwight D. Eisenhower (1944)Harry S. Truman (1945)James F. Byrnes (1946)George Marshall (1947)Harry S. Truman (1948)Winston Churchill (1949)The American Fighting-Man (1950) 1951–1975 Mohammed Mosaddeq (1951)Elizabeth II (1952)Konrad Adenauer (1953)John Foster Dulles (1954)Harlow Curtice (1955)Hungarian Freedom Fighters (1956)Nikita Khrushchev (1957)Charles de Gaulle (1958)Dwight D. Eisenhower (1959)U.S. Scientists: George Beadle / Charles Draper / John Enders / Donald A. Glaser / Joshua Lederberg / Willard Libby / Linus Pauling / Edward Purcell / Isidor Rabi / Emilio Segrè / William Shockley / Edward Teller / Charles Townes / James Van Allen / Robert Woodward (1960)John F. Kennedy (1961)Pope John XXIII (1962)Martin Luther King Jr. (1963)Lyndon B. Johnson (1964)William Westmoreland (1965)The Generation Twenty-Five and Under (1966)Lyndon B. Johnson (1967)The Apollo 8 Astronauts: William Anders / Frank Borman / Jim Lovell (1968)The Middle Americans (1969)Willy Brandt (1970)Richard Nixon (1971)Henry Kissinger / Richard Nixon (1972)John Sirica (1973)King Faisal (1974)American Women: Susan Brownmiller / Kathleen Byerly / Alison Cheek / Jill Conway / Betty Ford / Ella Grasso / Carla Hills / Barbara Jordan / Billie Jean King / Susie Sharp / Carol Sutton / Addie Wyatt (1975) 1976–2000 Jimmy Carter (1976)Anwar Sadat (1977)Deng Xiaoping (1978)Ayatollah Khomeini (1979)Ronald Reagan (1980)Lech Wałęsa (1981)The Computer (1982)Ronald Reagan / Yuri Andropov (1983)Peter Ueberroth (1984)Deng Xiaoping (1985)Corazon Aquino (1986)Mikhail Gorbachev (1987)The Endangered Earth (1988)Mikhail Gorbachev (1989)George H. W. Bush (1990)Ted Turner (1991)Bill Clinton (1992)The Peacemakers: Yasser Arafat / F. W. de Klerk / Nelson Mandela / Yitzhak Rabin (1993)Pope John Paul II (1994)Newt Gingrich (1995)David Ho (1996)Andrew Grove (1997)Bill Clinton / Ken Starr (1998)Jeff Bezos (1999)George W. Bush (2000) 2001–present Rudolph Giuliani (2001)The Whistleblowers: Cynthia Cooper / Coleen Rowley / Sherron Watkins (2002)The American Soldier (2003)George W. Bush (2004)The Good Samaritans: Bono / Bill Gates / Melinda Gates (2005)You (2006)Vladimir Putin (2007)Barack Obama (2008)Ben Bernanke (2009)Mark Zuckerberg (2010)The Protester (2011)Barack Obama (2012)Pope Francis (2013)Ebola Fighters: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. Kent Brantly / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / Salome Karwah (2014)Angela Merkel (2015)Donald Trump (2016)The Silence Breakers (2017)The Guardians: Jamal Khashoggi / Maria Ressa / Wa Lone / Kyaw Soe Oo / Staff of The Capital (2018)Greta Thunberg (2019)Joe Biden / Kamala Harris (2020)Elon Musk (2021)Volodymyr Zelenskyy / Spirit of Ukraine (2022)Taylor Swift (2023)Donald Trump (2024) Categories: Annual magazine issuesCelebrityTime (magazine) |