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1870 Sacramento CALIFORNIA newspaper with a SPEECH by Indian Chief RED CLOUD + NEGR0 man is LYNCHED in Lexington MISSOURI - inv # 6M-409
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SEE PHOTO(s) - COMPLETE ORIGINAL NEWSPAPER, the Sacramento Reporter (CA) dated Jun 16, 1870. This original newspaper contains a front page heading and 3/4 column report of a speech given by Sioux Indian Chief RED CLOUD while meeting with US officials in Washington, DC.
This issue also contains front page "stacked" headings: "LYNCH LAW IN MISSOURI / A Little White Girl Shockingly Outraged by a NEGR0 at Lexington / The Fiend Hanged by Citizens" with a 1/3 column detailed account of the lynching of a Black man in Lexington, MO.
Red Cloud (c.?1822 – December 10, 1909) was a leader of the Oglala Lakota from 1865 to 1909. He was one of the most capable Native American opponents whom the United States Army faced in the western territories. He led the Lakota to victory over the United States during Red Cloud's War, establishing the Lakota as the only nation to defeat the United States on American soil. The largest action of the war was the 1866 Fetterman Fight, with 81 US soldiers killed; it was the worst military defeat suffered by the US Army on the Great Plains until the Battle of the Little Bighorn 10 years later. In 1870, Red Cloud visited Washington D.C. and met with Commissioner of Indian Affairs Ely S. Parker (a Seneca and U.S. Army General), and President Ulysses S. Grant.
Red Cloud (1822–1909) was a Lakota chief. The Lakota were one of the divisions of the Sioux (the name “Sioux” apparently derives from the French understanding of a term other Indian tribes around the western Great Lakes used to describe the Sioux). In the early eighteenth century, as a result of fighting among the Indian groups, the Lakota moved westward from the western Great Lakes area (present-day Minnesota and Wisconsin) onto lands held by other Indians. As they encountered horses on the plains, the Lakota began to develop the buffalo-hunting culture that European settlers would encounter more than a hundred years later. By that time the Lakota had become a major power among the Indians on the northern plains.
As Americans traveled west to Oregon and California, and then to Montana, after the discovery of gold (1848 and 1862 respectively) conflicts between Americans and the Lakota increased. Red Cloud’s War was the name given to a series of raids and skirmishes that occurred between 1866 and 1868. (The war also included the destruction of a cavalry detachment of eighty-one troopers by Indians in 1866, a fight that involved Red Cloud.) The fighting effectively closed the Bozeman Trail, in what is now the northeastern corner of Wyoming, connecting the Oregon Trail with the gold-mining areas of Montana.
The war concluded with the Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868), which created a Sioux reservation in what is now western South Dakota and gave the Sioux some adjacent land, including some in the area of the Bozeman Trail. Red Cloud signed the treaty, as did chiefs from other Indian tribes. As so often in such cases, the treaty did not produce peace. The Sioux fought with the Crow, the Indians who had occupied land the Sioux now used for hunting, and with Americans who continued to move through and settle on their lands, particularly after gold was discovered in the Black Hills (1875), part of the reservation created by the Treaty of Fort Laramie. The U.S. government did not, in the opinion of the Indians, meet its treaty responsibilities, which included providing food and tools. When Red Cloud made his visit to Washington in 1870, such problems were already occurring, as the Grant administration tried to develop its new peace policy with the Indians. Red Cloud had asked for the visit to discuss the Fort Laramie Treaty and the movement of the Lakota to a reservation.
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