2026 Article Talk Read Edit View history Tools Appearance hide Text Small Standard Large Width Standard Wide Color (beta) Automatic Light Dark From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 2026JanuaryFebruaryMarchAprilMayJuneJulyAugustSeptemberOctoberNovemberDecember Years Millennium 3rd millennium Centuries 20th century21st century 22nd century Decades 2000s2010s2020s 2030s2040s Years 2023202420252026 202720282029 vte 2026 by topic Arts Animation AnimeArchitectureComicsFilm HorrorLiterature PoetryRadioScience fictionTelevisionVideo games esports Music AlbumsBy genre ClassicalCountryHip hopJazzLatinMetalRockBy place AfricaAsia ChinaJapanKoreaPhilippinesAustraliaBrazilCanadaEurope IrelandScandinavia NorwaySwedenUnited KingdomUnited States Politics and government ElectionsInternational leadersOrganized crimeReligion Religious leadersSovereign statesSovereign state leadersTerritorial governors Science and technology ArchaeologyBiotechnologyComputing (AI)PalaeontologyQuantum computing and communicationSenescence researchSustainable energy research Environment Birding and ornithologyClimate changeWeather TornadoesTropical cyclones Transportation AviationRail transportSpaceflightTransportation technology Sports American footballAssociation footballAthletics (sport)BadmintonBaseballBasketballChessCombat sportsCricketCyclingGolfIce hockeyPro wrestlingRugby unionSwimmingTennisVolleyball By sovereign state AfghanistanAlbaniaAlgeriaAndorraAngolaAntarcticaAntigua and BarbudaArgentinaArmeniaAustraliaAustriaAzerbaijanThe BahamasBahrainBangladeshBarbadosBelarusBelgiumBelizeBeninBhutanBoliviaBosnia and HerzegovinaBotswanaBrazilBruneiBulgariaBurkina FasoBurundiCambodiaCameroonCanadaCape VerdeCentral African RepublicChadChileChinaColombiaCosta RicaComorosCongoD.R. 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Predicted and scheduled events January 1 Bulgaria will adopt the euro and become the 21st member state of the eurozone.[1] Cyprus will begin its role as President of the Council of the European Union. The Canadian Grocery Code of Conduct goes into effect.[2] January 6 – The 2025 Jubilee will end on this day. January 11 The 2026 Beninese parliamentary election is scheduled to be held. The 2025–26 Myanmar general election is scheduled to be held. January 15 – The 2026 Ugandan general election is scheduled to be held. January 18 – The 2026 Portuguese presidential election is scheduled to be held. January 22 – The United States officially leaves the World Health Organization.[3] January 28 – Sarah Mullally will become primate of the Church of England. February 1 – The 2026 Costa Rican general election is scheduled to be held. February 5 – The New START Treaty is scheduled to expire.[4] February 6–22 – The Winter Olympics are scheduled to be held in Milan and Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy. February 7–March 8 – The 2026 Men's T20 World Cup is scheduled to be held in India and Sri Lanka. February 8 – The 2026 Thai general election is scheduled to be held. February 12 – The 2026 Bangladeshi general election is scheduled to be held. February 22 – The 2026 Laotian parliamentary election is scheduled to be held. March 5 – The 2026 Nepalese general election is scheduled to be held. March 6–15 – The Winter Paralympics are scheduled to be held in Milan and Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy. March 8 – The 2026 Colombian parliamentary election is scheduled to be held. March 15 – The 2026 Vietnamese legislative election is scheduled to be held.[5] March 20–22 – The 2026 World Athletics Indoor Championships are scheduled to be held at Kujawsko-Pomorska Arena Toruń in Toruń, BiT City, Kuyavian–Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland.[6][7] March 29 – If not triggered earlier, the 2026 Slovenian parliamentary election will be held no later than this date. April 12 The 2026 Peruvian general election is scheduled to be held. The 2026 Beninese presidential election is scheduled to be held. May 12–16 – The Eurovision Song Contest 2026 is scheduled to be held in Vienna, Austria, following their win at the Eurovision Song Contest 2025.[8] May 31 – The 2026 Colombian presidential election is scheduled to be held. June 1 – The 2026 Ethiopian general election is scheduled to be held. June 7 – The 2026 Armenian parliamentary election is scheduled to be held. June 11–July 19 – The 2026 FIFA World Cup is scheduled to be held in Canada, Mexico, and the United States. July 23–August 2 – The 2026 Commonwealth Games are scheduled to held in Glasgow, Scotland.[9] August 13 – The 2026 Zambian general election is scheduled to be held. August 30 The 2026 Estonian presidential election is scheduled to be held. The 2026 Haitian general election is scheduled to be held. September 4–13 – The 2026 FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup is scheduled to be held in Berlin, Germany. September 5–27 – The 2026 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup is scheduled to be held in Poland (Łódź, Katowice, Sosnowiec, and Bielsko-Biała).[10][11] September 13 – The 2026 Swedish general election is scheduled to be held. September 19–October 4 – The 2026 Asian Games is scheduled to take place around Aichi Prefecture in Japan. September 20 – If not triggered earlier, the 2026 Russian legislative election will be held no later than this date. October 3 – If not triggered earlier, the 2026 Latvian parliamentary election will be held no later than this date. October 4 The 2026 Brazilian general election is scheduled to be held. The 2026 Bosnian general election is scheduled to be held. October 27 – If not triggered earlier, the 2026 Israeli legislative election will be held no later than this date. October 31 – If not triggered earlier, the 2026 Danish general election will be held no later than this date. November 3 – The 2026 United States elections will be held. November 15 – Voyager 1 will reach 1 light day distance from Earth, 49 years after its launch in 1977. December 19 – If not triggered earlier, the 2026 New Zealand general election will be held no later than this date.[12] December 3–20 – The 2026 European Women's Handball Championship is scheduled to be held in Czech Republic, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Turkey.[13] December 22 – The 2026 South Sudanese general election is scheduled to be held, the first since the country's independence in 2011.[14] Date unknown April The 2026 Hungarian parliamentary election is scheduled to be held. If not triggered earlier, the 2026 Djiboutian presidential election will be held no later than this date. May – The 2026 Lebanese general election is scheduled to be held. June – If not triggered earlier, the 2026 Algerian parliamentary election will be held no later than this date. July – If not triggered earlier, the 2026 São Toméan presidential election will be held no later than this date. September The 2026 Moroccan general election is scheduled to be held. The 2026 São Toméan parliamentary election is scheduled to be held. September/October – The 2026 Speedway Grand Prix is scheduled to be held at the PGE Narodowy in Warsaw, Poland. October – The 2026 Cape Verdean presidential election is scheduled to be held. November – The 2026 Bulgarian presidential election is scheduled to be held. December – The 2026 Gambian presidential election is scheduled to be held. The 2026 Republic of the Congo presidential election is scheduled to be held. The 2026 Cape Verdean parliamentary election is scheduled to be held. The 2026 ASEAN Summit is scheduled to be held in the Philippines. The Artemis II mission is scheduled to launch. References "Bulgaria ready to use the euro from 1 January 2026: Council takes final steps" (Press release). Council of the European Union. July 8, 2025. Marfo, Dorcas (December 15, 2025). "The grocery code of conduct will take effect Jan. 1. Here's what this means for Canadian shoppers". CTV News. Retrieved December 16, 2025. "US to leave World Health Organization on Jan. 22, 2026, says UN". Reuters. "New START to Expire in Two Years as Russia Refuses Talks". Arms Control Association. February 4, 2024. Retrieved November 18, 2024. "NA approves shortened term, sets 2026 election date". Viet Nam News. May 21, 2025. Więcławski, Tomasz (March 23, 2023). "Mamy to! Lekkoatletyczne Halowe Mistrzostwa Świata 2026 odbędą się w Toruniu". Polish Press Agency (in Polish). Retrieved April 1, 2023. Czołgowski, Dariusz (March 22, 2023). "Halowe mistrzostwa świata w lekkiej atletyce w 2026 r. odbędą się w Toruniu". Gazeta Wyborcza. Retrieved April 1, 2023. Schumacher, Elizabeth. "Eurovision: Vienna to host European Song Contest 2026". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved August 22, 2025. "Sports announced for Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games". BBC News. October 22, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2025. "FIFA Council appoints Chile and Poland as hosts of FIFA youth competitions". FIFA. December 17, 2023. Retrieved December 17, 2023. "Polska gospodarzem Mistrzostw Świata Kobiet U-20 w 2026 roku!" (in Polish). Polish Football Association (PZPN). December 17, 2023. Retrieved December 18, 2023. "Key information and dates". Elections. Retrieved September 6, 2025. "Organisers for Women's EHF EURO 2026 confirmed". EHF. European Handball Federation. March 8, 2024. "South Sudan postpones December elections by 2 years citing incomplete preparations". Associated Press. September 14, 2024. Retrieved September 14, 2024. Mount Rushmore Article Talk Read Edit View history Tools Appearance Text Small Standard Large Width Standard Wide Color (beta) Automatic Light Dark Coordinates: 43°52′44″N 103°27′33″W Checked Page protected with pending changes From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For the band, see Mount Rushmore (band). Mount Rushmore National Memorial Shrine of Democracy Tȟuŋkášila Šákpe View of Mount Rushmore, showing the sculpted heads of George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt and Abraham Lincoln Map showing the location of Mount Rushmore National Memorial Shrine of Democracy Tȟuŋkášila Šákpe Map showing the location of Mount Rushmore National Memorial Shrine of Democracy Tȟuŋkášila Šákpe Show map of South Dakota Show map of the United States Show all Location Pennington County, South Dakota Nearest city Keystone, South Dakota Coordinates 43°52′44″N 103°27′33″W Area 1,278 acres (5.17 km2) Authorized March 3, 1925; 100 years ago Visitors 2,440,449 (in 2022)[1] Governing body National Park Service Website www.nps.gov/moru Mount Rushmore National Memorial U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. Historic district Built 1927–1941 Architect Gutzon and Lincoln Borglum NRHP reference No. 66000718 Added to NRHP October 15, 1966 The Mount Rushmore National Memorial is a national memorial centered on a colossal sculpture carved into the granite face of Mount Rushmore (Lakota: Tȟuŋkášila Šákpe, or Six Grandfathers) in the Black Hills near Keystone, South Dakota, United States. The sculptor, Gutzon Borglum, named it the Shrine of Democracy,[2] and oversaw the execution from 1927 to 1941 with the help of his son, Lincoln Borglum.[3][4] The sculpture features 60-foot-tall (18 m) depictions of the heads of four United States presidents: George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln,[5] respectively chosen to represent the nation's foundation, expansion, development, and preservation.[6] Mount Rushmore attracts more than two million visitors annually[1] to the memorial park which covers 1,278 acres (2.00 sq mi; 517 hectares).[7] The mountain's elevation is 5,725 feet (1,745 m) above sea level.[8] Borglum chose Mount Rushmore in part because it faces southeast for maximum sun exposure. The carving was the idea of Doane Robinson, South Dakota's state historian. Robinson originally wanted the sculpture to feature American West heroes, such as Lewis and Clark, their expedition guide Sacagawea, Oglala Lakota chief Red Cloud,[9] Buffalo Bill Cody,[10] and Oglala Lakota chief Crazy Horse.[11] Borglum chose the four presidents instead. Peter Norbeck, U.S. senator from South Dakota, sponsored the project and secured federal funding.[12] Construction began in 1927 and the presidents' faces were completed between 1934 and 1939. After Gutzon Borglum died in March 1941, his son Lincoln took over as leader of the construction project. Each president was originally to be depicted from head to waist, but lack of funding forced construction to end on October 31, 1941,[13] and only Washington's sculpture includes any detail below chin level. The sculpture at Mount Rushmore was built on land that was taken from the Sioux Nation in the 1870s.[14] The Sioux continue to demand return of the land, and in 1980 the US Supreme Court ruled in United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians that the taking of the Black Hills required just compensation, and awarded the tribe $102 million. The Sioux have refused the money, and demand the return of the land. This conflict continues, leading some critics of the monument to refer to it as a "Shrine of Hypocrisy".[15] History "Six Grandfathers" to "Mount Rushmore" Mount Rushmore and the surrounding Black Hills (Pahá Sápa) are considered sacred by Plains Indians such as the Arapaho, Cheyenne, and Lakota Sioux, who used the area for centuries as a place to pray and gather food, building materials, and medicine.[16] The Lakota called the mountain "Six Grandfathers" (Tȟuŋkášila Šákpe),[17] symbolizing ancestral deities personified as the six directions: north, south, east, west, above (sky), and below (earth).[18] In the latter half of the 19th century, expansion by the United States into the Black Hills led to the Sioux Wars. In the 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie, the U.S. government granted exclusive use of all of the Black Hills, including Six Grandfathers, to the Sioux in perpetuity.[16][18] Six Grandfathers was a significant part of the spiritual journey taken in the early 1870s by Lakota leader Black Elk (Heȟáka Sápa, also known as "The Sixth Grandfather")[19] that culminated at the nearby Black Elk Peak[17] (Hiŋháŋ Káǧa, "Making of Owls").[20][21] U.S. general George Armstrong Custer summited Black Elk Peak a few years later in 1874 during the Black Hills Expedition, which triggered the Black Hills Gold Rush and Great Sioux War of 1876.[22] In 1877, the U.S. broke the Treaty of Fort Laramie and asserted control over the area, leading to an influx of settlers and prospectors.[16][18] Among those prospectors was New York mining promoter James Wilson, who organized the Harney Peak Tin Company, and hired New York attorney Charles E. Rushmore to visit the Black Hills and confirm the company's land claims. Rushmore visited the area on three or four trips over the span of 1884 and 1885. During one of these visits, Rushmore was traveling near the base of the peak and, impressed with it, asked his guide, Bill Challis, the mountain's name; Challis replied that the mountain did not have a name, but that it would henceforth be named after Rushmore.[23][24][25] The name "Mount Rushmore" continued to be used locally, and was officially recognized by the United States Board of Geographic Names in June 1930.[18][24] Concept, design and funding The completed sculpture By the 1920s, South Dakota had become a U.S. state, and was a popular destination for road trippers visiting the Black Hills National Forest, Wind Cave National Park, and Needles Highway.[16] In 1923,[23][26][27] the Secretary of the South Dakota State Historical Society, Doane Robinson, who would come to be known as the "Father of Mount Rushmore",[18][28] learned about the "Shrine to the Confederacy", a project to carve the likenesses of Confederate generals into the side of Stone Mountain, Georgia, that had been underway since 1915.[16] Seeking to boost tourism to South Dakota, Robinson began promoting the idea of a similar monument in the Black Hills.[18][23][29] Robinson initially approached sculptor Lorado Taft, but Taft was ill at the time and uninterested in Robinson's project. Robinson next sought the help of then-U.S. Senator Peter Norbeck, who had established Custer State Park when he was Governor in 1919. Norbeck cautiously supported Robinson's plan, and Robinson began campaigning for it publicly.[23][29][30] The Sioux Falls Argus Leader was also an early proponent of Robinson's plan.[23] Robinson's plan had some support in South Dakota, but it also faced opposition, with opposition being particularly vehement in the Black Hills area.[23][31] Many people there opposed the project on conservationist grounds, wishing to leave the appearance of the area unaltered.[23][32] Many others opposed it because they did not want an influx of tourism to the area.[32] Cora Babbitt Johnson, editor of the Hot Springs, South Dakota newspaper, the Hot Springs Star, was particularly outspoken in her opposition to the planned sculptures.[23][29][30] Others opposed to the plan included the Black Hills Federation of Women's Clubs and the Yankton Daily Press & Dakotan.[29][32][33] Through 1924, predominant opinion in South Dakota was either opposed or indifferent to the memorial project, and it was only through considerable lobbying on the part of Robinson and Borglum that the project began to gain support in early 1925.[23][30][31] South Dakota Governor Carl Gunderson also leaned toward opposition to the project, but informed Senator Norbeck that he would not actively oppose it.[23][30] Although many Lakota and other Native Americans would come to oppose the Mount Rushmore statues as a desecration of their sacred land during the modern era of Native American civil rights movement, Native groups did not openly protest the monument during the time of its planning and construction. Indeed, Black Elk would visit the site in 1936 while it was still under construction.[34] On August 20, 1924, Robinson wrote to Gutzon Borglum, the sculptor of "Shrine to the Confederacy", asking him to travel to the Black Hills region to determine whether the carving could be accomplished.[31][35] Borglum, who had involved himself with the Ku Klux Klan,[relevant? – discuss] one of the Stone Mountain memorial's funders, had been having disagreements with the Stone Mountain Memorial Association, and on September 24, 1924, travelled to South Dakota to meet Robinson.[36][37] The press reported a later, March 7, 1925, conference between Norbeck and Borglum, with specific mention of the Washington-Lincoln design and the use of Black Elk Peak (Mount Harney).[38] Borglum was formally offered the project, but said he would withhold his decision until conflicts with the Stone Mountain Confederate Memorial Carving were settled.[39] Borglum's original plan was to make the carvings in 490-foot-high (150 m) granite pillars known as "The Needles" (Hiŋháŋ Káǧa). The Needles were an established area landmark, being a centerpiece of Custer State Park and the scenic Needles Highway. The proposal to turn the Needles into sculptures had aroused some of the strongest opposition to the project, and the idea was abandoned in order to assuage opposition.[23][29][31] (It was later noted that the Needles would have been too small and unstable to support carving on the scale that Borglum wished to carry out.)[18] On August 14, 1925, Borglum summitted Black Elk Peak while scouting alternative locations,[24] and reportedly said upon seeing Mount Rushmore, "America will march along that skyline."[35] He chose Mount Rushmore, a grander location, partly because it faced southeast and enjoyed maximum exposure to sunlight.[18] Borglum rejected Robinson's original plan of depicting characters from the Old West, such as Lewis and Clark, Red Cloud, Sacagawea, John C. Fremont, and Crazy Horse, and instead decided to depict four American presidents: George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, and Theodore Roosevelt.[16][18][26] The four presidential faces were said to be carved into the granite with the intention of symbolizing "an accomplishment born, planned, and created in the minds and by the hands of Americans for Americans".[40] Senator Norbeck and Congressman William Williamson of South Dakota introduced bills in early 1925 for permission to use federal land,[41] which passed easily. South Dakota legislation had less support, only passing narrowly on its third attempt, which Governor Gunderson signed into law on March 5, 1925. The approval came without any allocated funds, however, leaving the project to be financed by private sources.[23][30] Private funding came slowly and Borglum invited President Calvin Coolidge to the dedication ceremony, at which he promised federal funding. The dedication ceremony was held on August 10, 1927, and carving of the sculpture got underway in October 4. The Mount Rushmore National Memorial Act, which authorized up to $250,000 in matching funds, was introduced to Congress in 1928 and signed into law by Coolidge on February 25, 1929, just before leaving office. The 1929 presidential transition to Herbert Hoover delayed funding until an initial federal match of $54,670.56 was acquired.[42] Mount Rushmore (Six Grandfathers) before construction, c. 1905 Mount Rushmore (Six Grandfathers) before construction, c. 1905 Early model of the design Early model of the design Construction underway, with Jefferson leftmost, before unstable rock necessitated a design change Construction underway, with Jefferson leftmost, before unstable rock necessitated a design change Original mockup of the Mount Rushmore sculpture "before funding ran out"[43] Original mockup of the Mount Rushmore sculpture "before funding ran out"[43] Construction of George Washington's likeness Construction of George Washington's likeness Closeup view of final sculptures Closeup view of final sculptures Construction Main article: Construction of Mount Rushmore Between October 4, 1927, and October 31, 1941, Gutzon Borglum and 400 workers[44] sculpted the colossal 60-foot-high (18 m) carvings of United States Presidents George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln to represent the first 150 years of American history. These presidents were selected by Borglum because of their role in preserving the Republic and expanding its territory.[35][40] The carving of Mount Rushmore involved the use of dynamite, followed by the process of "honeycombing", where workers drill holes close together, allowing small pieces to be removed by hand.[45] In total, about 450,000 short tons (410,000 t) of rock were blasted off the mountainside.[46] The project was completed without a single fatality.[47][48] The image of Thomas Jefferson was originally intended to appear in the area at Washington's right, but after the work there was begun, the rock was found to be unsuitable, so the work on Jefferson's figure was dynamited, and a new figure was sculpted to Washington's left.[35] Plaque at Mount Rushmore National Monument with names of monument workers The chief carver of the mountain was Luigi Del Bianco, an artisan and stonemason who emigrated to the U.S. from Friuli in Italy and was chosen to work on this project because of his understanding of sculptural language and ability to imbue emotion in the carved portraits.[3][4] In 1933, the National Park Service took Mount Rushmore under its jurisdiction. Julian Spotts helped with the project by improving its infrastructure. For example, he had the tram upgraded so it could reach the top of Mount Rushmore for the ease of workers. By July 4, 1934, Washington's face had been completed and was dedicated. The face of Thomas Jefferson was dedicated in 1936, and Abraham Lincoln's on September 17, 1937. In 1937, a bill was introduced in Congress to add the head of civil-rights leader Susan B. Anthony, but a rider was passed on an appropriations bill requiring federal funds be used to finish only those heads that had already been started at that time.[49] In 1939, the face of Theodore Roosevelt was dedicated.[50] The Sculptor's Studio – a display of unique plaster models and tools related to the sculpting – was built in 1939 under the direction of Borglum. Borglum died from an embolism in March 1941. His son, Lincoln Borglum, continued the project. Originally, it was planned that the figures would be carved from head to waist,[51] but insufficient funding forced the carving to end. Borglum had also planned a massive panel in the shape of the Louisiana Purchase commemorating in eight-foot-tall (2.4 m) gilded letters the Declaration of Independence, U.S. Constitution, Louisiana Purchase, and seven other territorial acquisitions from the Alaska Purchase to the Panama Canal Zone.[52] In total, the entire project cost US$989,992.32 (equivalent to $21.2 million in 2024).[53] Nick Clifford, the last remaining carver, died in November 2019 at age 98.[54] Later developments Harold Spitznagel and Cecil Doty designed the original visitor center, finished in 1957, as part of the Mission 66 effort to improve visitors' facilities at national parks and monuments across the country.[55][56] Ten years of redevelopment work culminated with the completion of extensive visitor facilities and sidewalks in 1998, such as a Visitor Center, the Lincoln Borglum Museum, and the Presidential Trail. On October 15, 1966, Mount Rushmore was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. A 500-word essay giving the history of the United States by Nebraska student William Andrew Burkett was selected as the college-age group winner in a 1934 competition, and that essay was placed on the Entablature on a bronze plate in 1973.[49][57] Members of the American Indian Movement led an occupation of the monument in 1971, naming it "Mount Crazy Horse", and Lakota holy man John Fire Lame Deer planted a prayer staff on top of the mountain. Lame Deer said that the staff formed a symbolic shroud over the presidents' faces "which shall remain dirty until the treaties concerning the Black Hills are fulfilled."[58] In 1991, President George H. W. Bush officially dedicated Mount Rushmore National Memorial.[59] In 2004, Gerard Baker was appointed superintendent of the park, the first and so far only Native American in that role. Baker stated that he will open up more "avenues of interpretation", and that the four presidents are "only one avenue and only one focus."[60] Proposals to add additional faces In 1937, when the sculpture was not yet complete, a bill in Congress supporting the addition of women's rights activist Susan B. Anthony failed. When the sculpture was completed in 1941, the sculptors said that the remaining rock was not suitable for additional carvings. This stance was shared by RESPEC, an engineering firm charged with monitoring the stability of the rock in 1989. Proposals of additional sculptures include John F. Kennedy after his assassination in 1963, and Ronald Reagan in 1985 and 1999 – the latter proposal receiving a debate in Congress at the time.[61] Barack Obama was asked about his own potential addition in 2008 and he joked that his ears were too large.[62] Donald Trump has expressed interest in his own addition to the mountain. During a 2017 rally in Ohio, Trump said, "I'd ask whether or not you some day think I will be on Mount Rushmore ... If I did it joking, totally joking, having fun, the fake news media will say, 'He believes he should be on Mount Rushmore.' So I won't say it."[63] South Dakota Governor Kristi Noem described the potential addition as Trump's "dream" in 2018.[64] On January 28, 2025, Rep. Anna Paulina Luna (R-FL) introduced a bill, H.R. 792, in the House of Representatives to add Trump's likeness to the monument.[65] It is not possible to add another president to the memorial because the rock that surrounds the existing faces is not suitable for additional carving,[66] and because additional sculpting could create instabilities in the existing carvings.[62] Black Hills land dispute Main article: Black Hills land claim The Black Hills, in which Mount Rushmore is situated, is the subject of a land claim by the Lakota people that both precedes the construction of the memorial and is ongoing. The Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868) had granted the Black Hills to the Lakota in perpetuity, but the United States took the area from the tribe after the Great Sioux War of 1876. The 1980 United States Supreme Court decision United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians[67] ruled that the Sioux had not received just compensation for their land in the Black Hills.[68] The court proposed $102 million as compensation for the loss of the Black Hills. However, the tribe has refused the settlement, arguing that this would amount to payment for land they never agreed to sell.[69] Crazy Horse Memorial Construction on the Crazy Horse Memorial began in 1940 elsewhere in the Black Hills. Ostensibly to commemorate the Native American leader and as a response to Mount Rushmore, if completed it would be larger than Mount Rushmore. The Crazy Horse Memorial Foundation has rejected offers of federal funds. Its construction has the support of some Lakota chiefs, but it is the subject of controversy, even among Native American tribes.[70] National Memorial site description Map of central memorial area, Mount Rushmore National Memorial. The 1,278-acre (517-hectare) site of Mount Rushmore National Memorial extends northward from the sculptures to include the entirety of Mount Rushmore and half of Old Baldy Mountain, and southward to Grizzly Bear Creek, where it borders on the Black Elk Wilderness and has a trail connection to the South Dakota Centennial Trail. The main road through the park is South Dakota Highway 244, which branches off of U.S. Route 16A near the eastern entrance to the park, beyond which lies the town of Keystone. The National Memorial is bounded by Black Hills National Forest on all sides. Mount Rushmore National Memorial is centered on the monumental sculptures, which are faced by a building and terrace complex that is designed to optimize viewing of the sculptures. A broad walkway known as Avenue of Flags is situated between the main parking lot, the park shops, and the Grand View Terrace. The walkway was added during the 1976 United States Bicentennial and is lined with the flags of all 50 current states, as well as the District of Columbia, three territories, and two commonwealths, arranged in alphabetical order.[71] At the end of the Avenue of Flags lies the Grand View Terrace (added in 1998, along with the amphitheater), which is designed to offer a prime vantage point for the sculptures.[72] The terrace is built atop the Lincoln Borglum Visitor Center, which serves as a museum housing exhibits on the history of Mount Rushmore and its construction and on the presidents depicted in the sculpture.[73] A large amphitheater extends below the museum and terrace and offers a place for seated viewing of the sculptures, as well as ranger talks, and is the central point for the memorial's evening program.[74] The Presidential Trail is a 0.6-mile (1 km) loop trail that begins at and returns to the Visitor Center, and includes close views of the sculpture from the edge of Mount Rushmore's talus slope, as well as access to the Sculptor's Studio.[75] The studio is connected to the Visitor Center by a series of long stairways (160 and 262 steps, respectively) with the Borglum Viewing Terrace between the two.[76] The Sculptor's Studio, built in 1939, was Gutzon Borglum's second on-site studio. It was kept intact after the 1941 opening of the memorial to showcase Borglum's models, tools, and working effects and to house exhibits on the techniques used in build the sculptures.[77] An additional scenic viewpoint can be found farther away from the main memorial complex, to the west, along Highway 244. The spot is known as Profile View, and as the name suggests, offers a profile view of the sculptures.[78] U.S. Route 16A, known locally as Iron Mountain Road, routes through the hills east of the park and offers more distant viewpoints at several key points along its route, such as the Doane Robinson Tunnel and Norbeck Overlook.[79][80] Avenue of Flags Avenue of Flags Exhibit, Borglum Visitor Center Exhibit, Borglum Visitor Center Amphitheater and sculptures Amphitheater and sculptures Sculptor's Studio Sculptor's Studio Close up view of George Washington, Presidential Trail Close up view of George Washington, Presidential Trail Memorial complex, as seen from Mount Rushmore. Memorial complex, as seen from Mount Rushmore. Hall of Records The uncompleted Hall of Records, located near the mountain top, in a crag behind Lincoln's head. The 1998 time capsule can be seen at the entrance. Borglum originally envisioned a grand Hall of Records where America's greatest historical documents and artifacts, including the United States Constitution and Declaration of Independence, could be protected and exhibited for visitors. The Hall of Records was to be located in a vault that was cut into the interior of the mountain, with an entrance near the top, behind the presidential heads. Borglum envisioned the construction of a long series of stairways that would lead up the side of Mount Rushmore to the vault's entrance.[81][82] Borglum and his workers managed to start the project, beginning a vault high on Mount Rushmore, in a crag behind the Abraham Lincoln figure. However, they only managed to cut about 70 feet (21 m) into the rock, before work stopped in 1939 to focus on the heads. No further work on the Hall of Records was carried out after completion of the statues in 1941. No trail was ever built to the uncompleted vault and because of the general policy of keeping visitors away from the mountaintop, the vault has been off-limits to the public, except for a few individuals who have been allowed to document the site while accompanied by park rangers.[81][82][83] In 1998, a stone time capsule was constructed inside the mouth of the cave housing 16 enamel panels with biographical and historical information about Mount Rushmore, as well as the texts of the documents Borglum wanted to preserve there. The repository consists of a teakwood box inside of a titanium vault placed in the ground with an engraved granite capstone. The capstone is typically covered by a wooden lid to further protect it from the elements.[81][82][83] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Text of the Hall of Records capsule panels. Monument conservation The ongoing conservation of the site is overseen by the National Park Service.[84] Maintenance of the memorial requires mountain climbers to monitor and seal cracks annually.[85] Due to budget constraints, the memorial is not regularly cleaned to remove lichens. However, in 2005 Alfred Kärcher, a German manufacturer of pressure washing and steam cleaning machines, conducted a free cleanup operation which lasted several weeks, using pressurized water at over 200 °F (93 °C).[86] Other efforts to conserve the monument have included replacement of the sealant applied originally to cracks in the stone by Gutzon Borglum, which had proved ineffective at providing water resistance. The components of Borglum's sealant included linseed oil, granite dust, and white lead, but a modern silicone replacement for the cracks is now used, disguised with granite dust.[87] In 1998, electronic monitoring devices were installed to track movement in the topology of the sculpture to an accuracy of 0.12 inches (3 mm). The site was digitally recorded in 2009 using a terrestrial laser scanning method as part of the international Scottish Ten project, providing a high-resolution record to aid the conservation of the site. This data was made publicly accessible online.[88] Geology Mount Rushmore is largely composed of granite. The memorial is carved on the northwest margin of the Black Elk Peak granite batholith in the Black Hills of South Dakota, so the geologic formations of the heart of the Black Hills region are also evident at Mount Rushmore. The batholith magma intruded into the pre-existing mica schist rocks during the Proterozoic, 1.6 billion years ago.[89] Coarse grained pegmatite dikes are associated with the granite intrusion of Black Elk Peak and are visibly lighter in color, thus explaining the light-colored streaks on the foreheads of the presidents.[citation needed] The Black Hills granites were exposed to erosion during the Neoproterozoic, but were later buried by sandstone and other sediments during the Cambrian. Remaining buried throughout the Paleozoic, they were re-exposed again during the Laramide orogeny around 70 million years ago.[89] The Black Hills area was uplifted as an elongated geologic dome.[90] Subsequent erosion stripped the granite of the overlying sediments and the softer adjacent schist. Some schist does remain and can be seen as the darker material just below the sculpture of Washington.[citation needed] The tallest mountain in the region is Black Elk Peak (7,242 ft or 2,207 m). Borglum selected Mount Rushmore as the site for several reasons. The rock of the mountain is composed of smooth, fine-grained granite. The durable granite erodes only 1 inch (25 mm) every 10,000 years, thus was more than sturdy enough to support the sculpture and its long-term exposure.[35] The mountain's height of 5,725 feet (1,745 m) above sea level[8] made it suitable, and because it faces the southeast, the workers also had the advantage of sunlight for most of the day. Soils and hydrology The Mount Rushmore area is underlain by well drained alfisol soils of very gravelly loam (Mocmount) to silt loam (Buska) texture, brown to dark grayish brown.[91] The area receives about 18 inches (460 mm) of precipitation on average per year, enough to support abundant animal and plant life. Trees and other plants help to control surface runoff. Dikes, seeps, and springs help to dam up water that is flowing downhill, providing watering spots for animals. In addition, stones like sandstone and limestone help to hold groundwater, creating aquifers.[92] Climate Mount Rushmore has a dry-winter humid continental climate (Dwb in the Köppen climate classification). The two wettest months of the year are May and June. Orographic lift causes brief but strong afternoon thunderstorms during the summer.[93] Climate data for Mount Rushmore National Memorial (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1962–present) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °F (°C) 70 (21) 68 (20) 78 (26) 85 (29) 93 (34) 99 (37) 100 (38) 99 (37) 97 (36) 86 (30) 75 (24) 68 (20) 100 (38) Mean maximum °F (°C) 57.8 (14.3) 57.3 (14.1) 65.2 (18.4) 72.9 (22.7) 81.5 (27.5) 89.2 (31.8) 92.7 (33.7) 90.9 (32.7) 87.2 (30.7) 77.0 (25.0) 65.4 (18.6) 57.2 (14.0) 94.0 (34.4) Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 36.8 (2.7) 36.3 (2.4) 44.2 (6.8) 50.2 (10.1) 59.6 (15.3) 71.1 (21.7) 78.7 (25.9) 77.5 (25.3) 69.1 (20.6) 55.0 (12.8) 44.4 (6.9) 36.6 (2.6) 55.0 (12.8) Daily mean °F (°C) 27.8 (−2.3) 27.3 (−2.6) 34.8 (1.6) 41.0 (5.0) 50.6 (10.3) 61.5 (16.4) 68.9 (20.5) 67.8 (19.9) 59.4 (15.2) 45.9 (7.7) 35.7 (2.1) 28.2 (−2.1) 45.7 (7.6) Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 18.8 (−7.3) 18.4 (−7.6) 25.4 (−3.7) 31.8 (−0.1) 41.5 (5.3) 51.9 (11.1) 59.1 (15.1) 58.0 (14.4) 49.6 (9.8) 36.8 (2.7) 27.0 (−2.8) 19.8 (−6.8) 36.5 (2.5) Mean minimum °F (°C) −5.8 (−21.0) −4.2 (−20.1) 3.8 (−15.7) 15.3 (−9.3) 26.9 (−2.8) 39.8 (4.3) 48.1 (8.9) 45.9 (7.7) 32.2 (0.1) 17.2 (−8.2) 6.8 (−14.0) −2.2 (−19.0) −12.6 (−24.8) Record low °F (°C) −38 (−39) −29 (−34) −16 (−27) 1 (−17) 14 (−10) 27 (−3) 40 (4) 33 (1) 19 (−7) −4 (−20) −12 (−24) −31 (−35) −38 (−39) Average precipitation inches (mm) 0.48 (12) 0.76 (19) 1.35 (34) 2.62 (67) 4.80 (122) 3.58 (91) 3.59 (91) 2.29 (58) 1.76 (45) 1.80 (46) 0.59 (15) 0.50 (13) 24.12 (613) Average snowfall inches (cm) 7.2 (18) 8.9 (23) 9.6 (24) 13.1 (33) 1.5 (3.8) 0.2 (0.51) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 0.9 (2.3) 4.9 (12) 6.4 (16) 6.6 (17) 59.3 (151) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 5.1 6.1 6.7 9.7 13.6 13.4 12.4 10.5 7.7 7.1 4.5 4.7 101.5 Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 4.5 4.9 3.9 3.4 0.8 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 1.7 3.0 4.0 26.5 Source: NOAA[94][95] Biodiversity and ecology Mount Rushmore falls within the EPA ecoregion of the Black Hills Plateau (17b), an extension of the Middle Rockies ecoregion (17) that is entirely surrounded by the Northwestern Great Plains ecoregion (43).[96][97] Flora and fauna Black Hills granitic peaks and ponderosa pine forest, MRNM. The effect of a pine beetle outbreak can be seen among the trees. The flora and fauna of Mount Rushmore are similar to those of the rest of the Black Hills region of South Dakota. The forested areas of the park are largely composed of ponderosa pine, with the majority of it consisting of old-growth stands.[98][99] Other tree species are found individually or in small groves and include quaking aspen, bur oak, white spruce, and paper birch.[99] Nine species of shrubs grow near Mount Rushmore. There are also a wide variety of wildflowers, including common blanketflower, common sunflower, purple coneflower, upright prairie coneflower, pale agoseris, sawsepal penstemon, Lewis flax, purple prairie clover, wild bergamot, and hoary vervain.[100] Towards higher elevations, plant life becomes sparser.[101] Avibase lists 154 species of birds as occurring within the park.[102] Common birds include turkey vultures, red-tailed hawks, red-naped sapsuckers, white-breasted nuthatches, mountain bluebirds, and dark-eyed juncos.[103][104] Herps found in the park include western chorus frogs and northern leopard frogs,[105] along with several species of snake. Grizzly Bear Creek and Starling Basin Creek, the two streams in the memorial, support fish such as longnose dace and brook trout.[citation needed] Mountain goat, Grand View Terrace Mountain goats are a common sight in the park, but are not native fauna. They are descendants of a herd that the Canadian government gifted to Custer State Park in 1924, which later escaped and are now widespread through the Black Hills.[101][106] Common native terrestrial mammals include mule deer, yellow-bellied marmots, American red squirrels, least chipmunks, and eastern and white-footed deer mice.[106][107] Coyotes[107] and northern flying squirrels[108] are also occasionally seen. The monument is also an important habitat for bats, and 11 species of bats have been reported from the park, including silver-haired and hoary bats and the endangered northern myotis. The fungus causing white-nose syndrome in bats has not been detected in the park, but has been detected at the nearby Badlands National Park.[109] Forest ecology A 2007 study found that almost two-thirds of the park's acreage (850 acres (344 hectares)) consisted of old-growth ponderosa pine forest, and of this 44% had no history of logging at all. This is unusual in the Black Hills, which has been heavily logged in the years since Euroamerican settlement, and represents one of the largest contiguous area of old-growth forest in the Black Hills, second only to Custer State Park.[98] Forest fires occur in the ponderosa forests surrounding Mount Rushmore with a mean interval of every 27 years, as indicated by dendrochronology studies of local trees. Large fires are not common. Most events have been ground fires that serve to clear forest debris.[110] A 2010 article by a National Park Service fire ecologist notes that due to historical fire suppression policies in and around the park, much of the park's forested area had become overgrown with small understory trees that could serve as fuel for a large forest fire. The article recommended a regime of mechanical thinning and woodchipping followed by prescribed burning to mitigate the fire hazard, as well as to make the forest more resilient against pine beetle infestation and to restore the natural stand structure in these woodlands.[111] Environmental issues A 2016 investigation by the U.S. Geological Survey found unusually high concentrations of perchlorate in the surface water and groundwater of the area.[112][113] A sample collected from a stream had a maximum perchlorate concentration of 54 micrograms per liter, roughly 270 times higher than samples taken from locations outside the area.[114] The report concluded the probable cause of the contamination was the aerial fireworks displays that had taken place on Independence Days from 1998 to 2009.[113][115] The National Park Service also reported that at least 27 forest fires around Mount Rushmore in that same period (1998 to 2009) have been caused by fireworks displays.[116] Nevertheless, an environmental impact assessment issued in 2020 left room for the possibility of returning fireworks to the memorial in the future.[117] Recreation The centerpiece of the park is the monument and viewing the monument and associated activities is the main attraction of the National Memorial. However, the larger 1,278-acre (517-hectare) park includes natural areas beyond the memorial itself. Rock climbing and bouldering are popular activities within the park and nearby areas,[118] though climbing anywhere close to the statues is prohibited and carries legal penalties.[119] However, areas to the north of the memorial are popular climbing areas, and include the face of Mount Rushmore opposite the statues and the neighboring peak Old Baldy Mountain, as well as numerous other needles, peaks, and boulders. Noted climbers Jan and Herb Conn pioneered many climbing routes in this area in the 1940s and eventually came to make their home in the Black Hills in 1949.[118][120] The area has over 800 climbing routes today, most requiring a high degree of technical skill.[118][121] The best-known walking trail in the park is the Presidential Trail, near to the main memorial complex. However, there are also two hiking trails that are found in more remote areas of the park. The Blackberry Trail extends from just across from the main parking lot through the southern part of the park and into the Black Elk Wilderness, connecting to the Centennial Trail about 0.8 miles (1.3 km) from the trailhead.[122] There is also a trail to the top of Old Baldy Mountain at the northern edge of the park. The trail begins at the Wrinkled Rock trailhead, just outside of the west entrance to the park and most of its course is outside of the boundaries of the National Memorial. It leads to the summit of Old Baldy after 1.5 miles (2.4 km), where there is a panoramic view of the Black Hills from the summit. However, only the backside of Mount Rushmore is in the line of sight from the summit and the statues cannot be seen.[123][124] Camping is not allowed within the boundaries of the National Memorial,[125] however, there are public and private campgrounds and dispersed camping in the neighboring Black Hills National Forest.[126][127] Tourism Historical visitor count[1] Year Visitors 1941 393,000 1950 740,499 1960 1,067,000 1970 1,965,700 1980 1,284,888 1990 1,671,673 2000 1,868,876 2010 2,331,237 2020 2,074,986 Tourism is South Dakota's second-largest industry, and Mount Rushmore is the state's top tourist attraction.[128] A total of 2,440,449 people visited the park in 2022.[1] The popularity of the location, as with many other national monuments, derives from its immediate recognizability; "there are no substitutes for iconic resources such as the Statue of Liberty, the Lincoln Memorial, or Mount Rushmore. These locations are one of a kind places".[129] In the 1950s and 1960s, local Lakota Sioux elder Benjamin Black Elk (son of medicine man Black Elk, who had been present at the Battle of the Little Bighorn) was known as the "Fifth Face of Mount Rushmore", posing for photographs with thousands of tourists daily in his native attire. The South Dakota State Historical Society notes that he was one of the most photographed people in the world over that 20-year period.[130] Legacy and commemoration 1952 Mount Rushmore Stamp Issued in United States 3-cent Mount Rushmore stamp, 1952 1974 Mount Rushmore Stamp Issued in United States 26-cent Mount Rushmore "Shrine of Democracy" airmail stamp, 1974 The 1991 Mount Rushmore 50th Anniversary commemorative silver dollar Borglum titled his sculpture at Mount Rushmore as the Shrine of Democracy, but the illegal seizure of the Black Hills where the memorial is located has led to some critics to refer to it as the "Shrine of Hypocrisy".[15][131][132][133] On August 11, 1952, the U.S. Post Office issued the Mount Rushmore Memorial 3-cent commemorative stamp on the 25th anniversary of the dedication of the Mount Rushmore National Memorial.[134] On January 2, 1974, a 26-cent airmail stamp depicting the monument was also issued.[135] In 1991 the United States Mint released commemorative silver dollar, half-dollar, and five-dollar coins celebrating the 50th anniversary of the monument's dedication,[136][137][138] and the sculpture was the main subject of the 2006 South Dakota state quarter.[139] In music, American composer Michael Daugherty's 2010 piece for chorus and orchestra, "Mount Rushmore", depicts each of the four presidents in separate movements. The piece sets texts by George Washington, William Billings, Thomas Jefferson, Maria Cosway, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln.[140] By contrast, the song, "Little Snakes", by Protest The Hero, "addresses the violent colonial history involved in the sculpting of Mount Rushmore", critiquing the monument as a symbol of colonialism, referencing the genocide of indigenous peoples and the ownership of slaves by George Washington and Thomas Jefferson.[141][142] The Washington Nationals baseball club uses large foam rubber depictions of the "Rushmore Four" in both their marketing campaigns and in a series of in-stadium promotions such as the Presidents Race.[143][144] In popular culture Main article: Mount Rushmore in popular culture Roger Thornhill (Cary Grant) and Eve Kendall (Eva Marie Saint) dangle precipitously from the sculpture of George Washington in the 1959 film North by Northwest. The film trailer for North by Northwest prominently features the site and sculpture. Mount Rushmore has been depicted in multiple films, comic books, and television series.[145][146] Its functions vary from settings for action scenes to the site of hidden locations.[145] Its most famous appearance is as the location of the final chase scene in the 1959 film North by Northwest.[146][147][148][129] It is used as a secret base of operations by the protagonists in the 2004 film Team America: World Police,[149][150] and the secret underground city of Cíbola is located there in the 2007 film National Treasure: Book of Secrets.[145][146][147] In the Phineas and Ferb episode Candace Loses Her Head, both Phineas and Ferb sculpt Candace's face on the monument for her 15th birthday.[151] In some films, the presidential faces are replaced with others;[145] examples include the 1980 film Superman II and the 1996 film Mars Attacks! where the villains add their faces to the monument, and the 2003 film Head of State where the newly elected president's face is added.[147][152] In works showing attacks on landmarks to signify the scope of a threat, Mount Rushmore is a common target; examples include the aforementioned facial replacements in Superman II and Mars Attacks! as well as natural disasters in works like the 2006 miniseries 10.5: Apocalypse and terrorist attacks as in the 1997 film The Peacekeeper.[152] An atypical representation of the monument appears in the 2013 film Nebraska, where instead of being treated with reverence it is criticized for being unfinished.[147][153] See also Crazy Horse Memorial, another large sculpture in the Black Hills List of colossal sculpture in situ List of national memorials of the United States List of sculptures of presidents of the United States List of statues of Abraham Lincoln List of statues of George Washington List of statues of Thomas Jefferson List of tallest statues Presidential memorials in the United States Young Mao Zedong statue, a large relief carved of granite, although not carved into the rock Atatürk Mask, a large relief sculpture, although not carved into the rock References "Annual Park Ranking Report for Recreation Visits in: 2022". 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Retrieved August 9, 2020. "United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians, 448 U.S. 371 (1980)". Findlaw. Retrieved February 11, 2021. "Significant Indian Cases". The United States Department of Justice. United States Government. May 12, 2015. Archived from the original on July 4, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2020. Fritz, Mike; Sreenivasan, Hari; LeGro, Tom (August 24, 2011). "Why the Sioux are refusing $1.3 billion". PBS NewsHour. Lame Deer, John (Fire) and Richard Erdoes. Lame Deer Seeker of Visions. Simon and Schuster, New York, 1972. Paperback ISBN 0-671-55392-5 "Avenue of Flags, Mount Rushmore National Memorial". US National Park Service. nd. Retrieved July 6, 2025. "Grand View Terrace, Mount Rushmore National Memorial". US National Park Service. nd. Retrieved July 6, 2025. "Lincoln Borglum Visitor Center". US National Park Service. nd. Retrieved July 6, 2025. "Mount Rushmore National Memorial Amphitheater". US National Park Service. nd. Retrieved July 6, 2025. "Presidential Trail, Mount Rushmore National Memorial". US National Park Service. nd. Retrieved July 6, 2025. "Borglum View Terrace, Mount Rushmore National Memorial". US National Park Service. nd. Retrieved July 6, 2025. "Sculptor's Studio, Mount Rushmore National Memorial". US National Park Service. nd. Retrieved July 6, 2025. "Profile View, Mount Rushmore National Memorial". US National Park Service. nd. Retrieved July 6, 2025. "Black Hills National Forest: Norbeck Overlook". US Forest Service. February 19, 2025. Retrieved July 7, 2025. "Iron Mountain Road (North Entrance), Mount Rushmore National Memorial". US National Park Service. nd. Retrieved July 7, 2025. "Hall of Records". Mount Rushmore National Memorial web site. National Park Service. June 14, 2004. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved July 4, 2007. "Hall of Records". Mount Rushmore National Memorial. U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved September 22, 2024. What's Inside? (June 25, 2020). What's inside Mount Rushmore?. Retrieved July 7, 2025 – via YouTube. "Caring for a Monumental Sculpture" (PDF). National Park Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 13, 2009. Retrieved July 8, 2013. "Preservation". Mount Rushmore National Memorial (U.S. National Park Service). January 30, 2023. Retrieved March 24, 2023. "For Mount Rushmore, An Overdue Face Wash". The Washington Post. July 11, 2005. Retrieved March 17, 2010. "Preservation – Mount Rushmore National Memorial". National Park Service. Retrieved December 26, 2020. "Mount Rushmore National Memorial". CyArk. Archived from the original on July 12, 2013. Retrieved July 8, 2013. Geologic Activity. National Park Service. Irvin, James R. Great Plains Gallery Archived July 20, 2006, at the Wayback Machine (2001). Retrieved March 16, 2006. "SoilWeb: An Online Soil Survey". University of California, Davis. Retrieved August 27, 2017. Nature & Science- Groundwater. National Park Service. Retrieved April 1, 2006. "Weather History". National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. June 23, 2004. Archived from the original on July 6, 2008. Retrieved January 27, 2013. "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved October 28, 2021. "Station: MT RUSHMORE NMEM, SD". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved October 28, 2021. Bryce, Sandra A; Omernik, James M; Pater, David E; and 6 others (1998). "Map of Level III and Level IV ecoregions in North Dakota and South Dakota" (PDF) (Map). US Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved July 4, 2025. Continued by: "Summary table: Characteristics of ecoregions of North Dakota and South Dakota" (PDF). "Ecoregions of North America". US Environmental Protection Agency. November 25, 2015. Retrieved July 4, 2025. Symstad, Amy J; Bynum, Michael (2007). "Conservation value of Mount Rushmore National Memorial's forest". Natural Areas Journal. 27 (4): 293–301. doi:10.3375/0885-8608(2007)27[293:CVOMRN]2.0.CO;2. Brown, Peter M; Wienk, Cody L; Symstad, Amy J (2008). "Fire and forest history at Mount Rushmore" (PDF). Ecological Applications. 18 (8): 1984–1999. Bibcode:2008EcoAp..18.1984B. doi:10.1890/07-1337.1. PMID 19263892. "Wildflowers". Mount Rushmore National Memorial. US National Park Service. nd. Retrieved July 6, 2025. "Mount Rushmore National Memorial: Flora and fauna". American Park Network. Archived from the original on October 30, 2001. Retrieved July 6, 2025. Lepage, Denis (2025). "Mount Rushmore National Memorial bird checklist". Avibase - Bird Checklists of the World. Retrieved July 6, 2025. "Birds". Mount Rushmore National Memorial. US National Park Service. nd. Retrieved July 6, 2025. "Birds at Mount Rushmore". Mount Rushmore National Memorial. nd. Retrieved July 6, 2025. "Amphibians". Mount Rushmore National Memorial. US National Park Service. nd. Retrieved July 6, 2025. "Mammals". Mount Rushmore National Memorial. US National Park Service. nd. Retrieved July 6, 2025. Schmidt, Cheryl A; Sudman, Philip D; Marquardt, Shauna R; Licht, Daniel S (December 31, 2004). Inventory of mammals at ten National Park Service units in the Northern Great Plains from 2002-2004 (Report). Keystone, SD: Northern Great Plains Inventory & Monitoring Network, US National Park Service. pp. 63–71. Licht, Daniel S; Bubac, Christi; Swedlund, Jane (August 2012). Flying squirrel distribution and habitat use at Mount Rushmore National Memorial (Report). US National Park Service (NPS Natural Resource Technical Report. NPS/MORU/NRTR 2012/607). Licht, Daniel S (2019). "Bat acoustic monitoring at Mount Rushmore National Memorial". US National Park Service. Retrieved July 6, 2025. "Forests". Mount Rushmore National Memorial. US National Park Service. nd. Retrieved July 5, 2025. Wienk, Cody (2010). "Management of ponderosa pine forest at Mount Rushmore National Memorial using thinning and prescribed fire". Park Science. 27 (1): 26–30. Hoogestraat, Galen K; Rowe, Barbara L (2016). "Perchlorate and selected metals in water and soil within Mount Rushmore National Memorial, South Dakota, 2011–15". Scientific Investigations Report (Report). US Geological Survey (Scientific Investigations Report 2016-5030). doi:10.3133/sir20165030. "Fireworks Likely Caused Water Contamination at Mount Rushmore". United States Geological Survey. May 2, 2016. Retrieved June 27, 2020. "Mt. Rushmore H2O pollution: Fireworks to blame?". WGBA. Associated Press. May 3, 2016. Fears, Darryl (May 3, 2016). "Officials knew fireworks at Mount Rushmore could cause a fire. But they didn't expect this". The Washington Post. O'Dowd, Peter; Raphelson, Samantha (July 3, 2020). "50 Years After Mount Rushmore Occupation, Native Americans Are 'Still Fighting'". WBUR. Retrieved April 4, 2021. Mount Rushmore National Memorial Independence Day holiday fireworks event: Environmental assessment (Report). US National Park Service, Planning, Environment and Public Comment (PEPC). February 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2025. Burr, Andrew (May 16, 2012). "Monumental". Climbing. Outside Inc. Retrieved July 6, 2025. "Safety". Mount Rushmore National Memorial. US National Park Service. nd. Retrieved July 6, 2025. Higbee, Paul (February 1, 2012). "Explorers of an unseen world". South Dakota Magazine. Retrieved July 6, 2025. Busse, Andrew; Burr, Andrew (2012). The Needles of Rushmore: Climbing in and Around South Dakota's Mt Rushmore National Memorial. Boulder, Colorado: Fixed Pin Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9819016-8-8. "Hiking The Blackberry Trail, Mount Rushmore National Memorial". US National Park Service. nd. Retrieved July 6, 2025. Zimny, Michael (September 9, 2020). "The Black Hills' other Old Baldy". South Dakota Public Broadcasting. Retrieved July 6, 2025. "Hike to Old Baldy Mountain". Black Hills Hiking, Biking, and More. nd. Retrieved July 6, 2025. "Eating & Sleeping". Mount Rushmore National Memorial. US National Park Service. nd. Retrieved July 6, 2025. "Camping". Mount Rushmore National Memorial. US National Park Service. nd. Retrieved July 6, 2025. "Black Hills National Forest: Camping & Cabins". US Forest Service. nd. Retrieved July 6, 2025. "Popular South Dakota Attractions >>South Dakota". southdakota.com. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 21, 2015. Thomas J. Liu, John B. Loomis, and Linda J. Bilmes, "Exploring the contribution of National Parks to the entertainment industry's intellectual property", in Linda J. Bilmes and John B. Loomis, Valuing U.S. National Parks and Programs: America's Best Investment (Routledge, 2020), p. 95–98. Kilen Ode, Jeanne (1984). Dakota Images: Benjamin Black Elk (PDF). Vol. 14. South Dakota State Historical Society. Hoople, Robin (December 1, 2006). "Great Stone Faces: Henry James, Theodore Roosevelt, and the Quest for American Authenticity". Canadian Review of American Studies. 36 (3): 345–362. doi:10.3138/CRAS-s036-03-07. ISSN 0007-7720. Louie, Clarence (November 16, 2021). Rez Rules: My Indictment of Canada's and America's Systemic Racism Against Indigenous Peoples. McClelland & Stewart. p. 201. ISBN 978-0-7710-4834-0. Estes, Nick (February 26, 2019). Our History Is the Future: Standing Rock Versus the Dakota Access Pipeline, and the Long Tradition of Indigenous Resistance. Verso Books. p. 222. ISBN 978-1-78663-673-7. "3c Mt. Rushmore single". Smithsonian National Postal Museum. Archived from the original on May 4, 2015. Retrieved July 1, 2014. Scotts United States Stamp catalogue, 1982. Scott's Publishing Company. 1981. ISBN 0-89487-042-4., p. 289. "1991 Mount Rushmore Silver Dollar". Modern Commemoratives. June 10, 2009. Retrieved February 28, 2020. "1991 Mount Rushmore Half Dollar Commemorative Coin". June 9, 2009. Retrieved May 14, 2022. "1991 Mount Rushmore $5 Gold Commemorative Coin". June 11, 2009. Retrieved May 14, 2022. Jim Noles, A Pocketful of History: Four Hundred Years of America—One State Quarter at a Time" (Da Capo Press, May 6, 2008) ASIN B009K44LT8. "Michael Daugherty's Mount Rushmore Premieres with the Pacific Symphony and Chorale" Retrieved August 27, 2014. Rolli, Bryan (June 16, 2020). "Protest the Hero's Rody Walker: Trump's Vision of Greatness Is America's 'Tragic Flaw'". Loudwire. Retrieved October 27, 2020. Slingerland, Calum (June 18, 2020). "Protest the Hero Give American History a Scathing Rewrite on 'Palimpsest'". exclaim.ca. Retrieved October 27, 2020. "The history of the Nationals Presidents Race: Who is winning and why". wusa9.com. October 21, 2019. Archived from the original on October 23, 2019. "'Teddy' wins for 1st time in 534 races". ESPN. October 3, 2012. Retrieved July 3, 2025. Gunderson, Jessica (July 1, 2014). "Mount Rushmore Today". Mount Rushmore: Myths, Legends, and Facts. Capstone. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-4914-0208-5. Knight, Gladys L. (August 11, 2014). "Mount Rushmore". Pop Culture Places: An Encyclopedia of Places in American Popular Culture [3 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 623. ISBN 978-0-313-39883-4. Powell, Laura. "Mount Rushmore on the Big Screen". Visit The USA. Retrieved May 14, 2022. Freund, Charles Paul (2003). "Big schlock candy Mountain: the many meanings of Mount Rushmore". Reason. "9 Famous Pop Culture Spots in the USA You Don't Want to Miss". Visit The USA. Retrieved May 21, 2022. "A variety of films and television shows suggest Mount Rushmore's use as a secret hideout for the government such as in "National Treasure: Book of Secrets" and "Team America: World Police."" Honeycutt, Kirk (October 15, 2019). "'Team America: World Police': THR's 2004 Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 14, 2022. "The subversive non-subversiveness of "Phineas and Ferb"". December 30, 2015. Retrieved August 5, 2024. Doss, Erika (September 7, 2012). Memorial Mania: Public Feeling in America. University of Chicago Press. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-226-15939-3. Walter Metz, "Review: Nebraska. Dir. Alexander Payne. Paramount Vantage, 2013". Middle West Review Volume 1, Number 1, (University of Nebraska Press, Fall 2014), p. 154–55. Further reading Coutant, Arnaud (2014). Les Visages de l'Amérique, les constructeurs d'une démocratie fédérale (archived link). Mare et Martin (ISBN 978-2-84934-160-5). French study about the four presidents, life, presidency, influence about American political evolution. Davis, Matthew (2025). A Biography of a Mountain: The Making and Meaning of Mount Rushmore (First hardcover ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 9781250285102. OCLC 1478323619. Del Bianco, Lou. "Luigi Del Bianco: chief stone carver on Mount Rushmore, 1933–1940". Lou Del Bianco. Retrieved January 27, 2013. Dobrzynski, Judith H. (July 15, 2006). "A Monumental Achievement". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved January 27, 2013. Larner, Jesse (2002). Mount Rushmore: An Icon Reconsidered. New York: Nation Books. The National Parks: Index 2001–2003. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of the Interior. OCLC 53228516. "Untold Stories Discussion Guide: Baker and Mount Rushmore" (PDF). The National Parks: America's Best Idea. PBS. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 18, 2015. "The Six Grandfathers Before It Was Known as Mount Rushmore". Native Hope. Retrieved April 2, 2021. "Making Mount Rushmore". Oh, Ranger!. APN Media. Archived from the original on November 20, 2012. Retrieved January 27, 2013. Smith, Rex Alan (2011). The Carving of Mount Rushmore. New York: Abbeville Press. ISBN 978-0-7892-6008-6. OCLC 784885603. Taliaferro, John (2002). Great White Fathers: The Story of the Obsessive Quest to Create Mount Rushmore. New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-205-3. External links Mount Rushmore at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Travel information from Wikivoyage Data from Wikidata Official website vte Mount Rushmore Shrine of Democracy Construction Gutzon Borglum (sculptor) Lincoln Borglum (assistant sculptor) Luigi Del Bianco (chief carver) Walter K. Long (assisted) Doane Robinson (conceived idea) Peter Norbeck (political promoter, Norbeck-Williamson Act of 1929) Subjects George Washington Thomas Jefferson Theodore Roosevelt Abraham Lincoln Museum Lincoln Borglum Museum Location Black Hills of South Dakota Legacy In popular culture Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins National symbols of the United States Related Charles E. 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(1908) Rabboni (1909) Seated Lincoln (1911) Nathaniel Wheeler Memorial Fountain (1912–1913) First Landing Party of the Founders of Newark (1916) Indian and the Puritan (1916) Statue of Zebulon Baird Vance (1916) The Aviator (1918) William Dempster Hoard Sculpture (1922) Equestrian statue of Philip Sheridan (Chicago) (1923) Stone Mountain (1923) Stone Mountain Memorial half dollar (1925) Wars of America (1926) Mount Rushmore National Memorial Shrine of Democracy (1927–1941) Statue of Alexander H. Stephens (1927) North Carolina State Monument (1928–1929) Statue of John Campbell Greenway (1930) Statue of Harvey W. 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Randolph (grandson) George W. Randolph (grandson) Ellen Randolph Coolidge (granddaughter) Cornelia Jefferson Randolph (granddaughter) Francis Eppes (grandson) John Wayles Jefferson (grandson) Sarah N. Randolph (great-granddaughter) T. Jefferson Coolidge (great-grandson) Frederick Madison Roberts (great-grandson) Peter Jefferson (father) Jane Randolph Jefferson (mother) Lucy Jefferson Lewis (sister) Randolph Jefferson (brother) Peter Carr (nephew) Samuel Carr (nephew) Dabney Carr (nephew) Dabney S. Carr (grand-nephew) Isham Randolph (grandfather) William Randolph (great-grandfather) Henry Soane (2nd great-grandfather) ← John Adams James Madison → ← John Adams Aaron Burr → Category vte Theodore Roosevelt 26th President of the United States (1901–1909) 25th Vice President of the United States (1901) 33rd Governor of New York (1899–1900) Assistant Secretary of the Navy (1897–1898) New York City Police Commissioner (1895–1897) Presidency (timeline) First inauguration historic site Second inauguration Foreign policy "Square Deal" Booker T. Washington dinner Conservation Newlands Reclamation Act Transfer Act of 1905 Antiquities Act Pelican Island Devils Tower National Monument Muir Woods National Monument United States Forest Service United States Reclamation Service National Wildlife Refuge System Roosevelt Arch Conference of Governors Northern Securities Company breakup court case Anthracite coal strike of 1902 Pure Food and Drug Act Food and Drug Administration Meat Inspection Act Expediting Act Elkins Act Hepburn Act Aldrich–Vreeland Act Tillman Act of 1907 Federal Employers Liability Act Kinkaid Act Big stick ideology Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty Panama Canal Zone Panama Canal Venezuelan crisis Roosevelt Corollary Occupation of Cuba Russo-Japanese War Treaty of Portsmouth 1906 Nobel Peace Prize Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907 Army War College Roosevelt Hall College football meetings Bureau of Investigation Department of Commerce and Labor Bureau of Corporations Keep Commission Inland Waterways Commission Bureau of the Census Great White Fleet Perdicaris affair Cabinet White House West Wing State of the Union Address, 1901 1906 1908 White House desk Federal judiciary appointments Other events Spanish–American War Rough Riders Battle of Las Guasimas Battle of San Juan Hill Great Rapprochement "Bull Moose" Progressive Party New Nationalism Assassination attempt Boone and Crockett Club Smithsonian–Roosevelt African expedition "River of Doubt" Amazonian expedition Roosevelt's World War I volunteers Life and homes Birthplace, boyhood home replica Sagamore Hill Home and Museum Maltese Cross Cabin Elkhorn Ranch Pine Knot cabin New York State Executive Mansion Gravesite Writings and speeches Theodore Roosevelt bibliography The Naval War of 1812 (1882 book) "The Strenuous Life" (1899 speech) League to Enforce Peace "Citizenship in a Republic" (1910 speech) "Progressive Cause Greater Than Any Individual" (1912 post-assassination-attempt speech) Theodore Roosevelt: An Autobiography (1913 book) The Forum magazine articles Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia Archival collections Elections 1898 New York state election Republican National Convention: 1900 1904 1912 1916 United States presidential elections: 1900 1904 1912 Legacy Bibliography Mount Rushmore Mount Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt Center and Digital Library White House Roosevelt Room Theodore Roosevelt National Park Theodore Roosevelt Wilderness Theodore Roosevelt Island Roosevelt National Forest Roosevelt Park (San Antonio) Roosevelt Study Center Theodore Roosevelt Association Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins Statues New York City Portland, Oregon Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Park Monument Assemblage Theodore Roosevelt Monument Roosevelt Memorial, Portland, Oregon Proposed presidential library Theodore Roosevelt United States Courthouse Roosevelt River Theodore Roosevelt Bridge Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Bridge Theodore Roosevelt Award SS President Roosevelt USS Theodore Roosevelt (1906, 1961, 1984) Roosevelt Road U.S. postage stamps Popular culture Teddy bear "Speak softly, and carry a big stick" Books Films Terrible Teddy, the Grizzly King, 1901 film The 'Teddy' Bears, 1907 film Roosevelt in Africa, 1910 documentary The Rough Riders, 1927 film Teddy, the Rough Rider, 1940 film Rough Riders, 1997 miniseries The Roosevelts, 2014 documentary Theodore Roosevelt, 2022 miniseries Elkhorn, 2024 series Related Political positions "Bully pulpit" Ananias Club "Nature fakers" League to Enforce Peace A Guest of Honor "Muckraker" "Roosevelt Republican" Barnes vs. Roosevelt libel trial Family Alice Hathaway Lee (first wife) Edith Kermit Carow (second wife) Alice Lee Roosevelt (daughter) Theodore Roosevelt III (son) Kermit Roosevelt (son) Ethel Carow Roosevelt (daughter) Archibald Roosevelt (son) Quentin Roosevelt (son) Theodore Roosevelt IV (grandson) Cornelius V. S. Roosevelt III (grandson) Quentin Roosevelt II (grandson) Kermit Roosevelt Jr. (grandson) Joseph Willard Roosevelt (grandson) Edith Roosevelt Derby (granddaughter) Theodora Roosevelt (granddaughter) Theodore Roosevelt Sr. (father) Martha Bulloch Roosevelt (mother) Anna "Bamie" Roosevelt (sister) Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt (brother) Corinne Roosevelt (sister) Cornelius Roosevelt (grandfather) James Stephens Bulloch (grandfather) James Alfred Roosevelt (uncle) Robert Barnhill Roosevelt Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (niece) Gracie Hall Roosevelt (nephew) Pete (dog) ← William McKinley William Howard Taft → ← Garret Hobart Category vte Abraham Lincoln 16th President of the United States (1861–1865) U.S. Representative for IL–7 (1847–1849) Presidency Transition First inauguration Perpetual Union Lincoln Bible Second inauguration Foreign policy 13th Amendment abolishing slavery Dakota War of 1862 Department of the Northwest Homestead Act of 1862 National Banking Acts Thanksgiving Day Fanny McCullough letter Birchard Letter Bixby letter National Academy of Sciences Department of Agriculture Pardons State of the Union Address 1863 1864 Cabinet Judicial appointments Civil War Proclamation 80 Confiscation Acts War based income tax Seaports blockade RMS Trent Affair Habeas Corpus suspended Emancipation Proclamation West Virginia statehood Overland Campaign strategy Hampton Roads Conference Tour of Richmond Ten percent plan Reconstruction Speeches Lyceum address (1838) Peoria speech (1854) "Lost Speech" (1856) House Divided speech (1858) Lincoln–Douglas debates (1858) Cooper Union Address (1860) Farewell Address (1861) First inaugural address (1861) Gettysburg Address (1863, event) Second inaugural address (1865) Life and views Early life and career Black Hawk War Matson Trial Spot Resolutions Boat lifting patent Hurd v. Rock Island Bridge Co. Baltimore Plot Lincoln's beard Medical and mental health Poetry Political career, 1849–1861 Religious views Sexuality Slavery Homes and places Lincoln Birthplace Knob Creek Farm Lincoln Boyhood Memorial Lincoln State Park Little Pigeon Creek Community Lincoln Trail Homestead State Memorial Lincoln's New Salem Lincoln-Berry General Store Lincoln Home Cottage at the Soldier's Home Lincoln Bedroom Lincoln Sitting Room Lincoln Pioneer Village Lincoln Log Cabin State Historic Site Elections Republican National Convention 1856 1860 1864 National Union Party Presidential election 1860 1864 1860 campaign song Assassination Ford's Theater Our American Cousin opera John Wilkes Booth "Sic semper tyrannis" Petersen House State funeral Lincoln catafalque Lincoln Tomb "O Captain! My Captain!" "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd" Legacy and memorials Presidential Library and Museum Papers Lincoln/Net Artifacts and relics Bibliography Birthday Photographs of Lincoln Cultural depictions films Art Currency Illinois Centennial half dollar Lincoln penny 1909-S VDB 1955 doubled die Five-dollar bill Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins Postage stamps Abraham Lincoln Association Abraham Lincoln Institute Association of Lincoln Presenters USS Abraham Lincoln 1960 1988 Here I Grew Up mosaic Lincoln Highway Lincoln, Nebraska Lincoln Park Chicago D.C. Lincoln Prize Lincoln Heritage Trail Lincoln Trail State Memorial Mount Abraham Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln White House ghost Statues Lincoln Memorial statue reflecting pool Mount Rushmore Abraham Lincoln: The Man Abraham Lincoln: The Head of State Lincoln the Lawyer Young Abe Lincoln Emancipation Memorial Brooklyn relief Cincinnati D.C. City Hall Hodgenville, Kentucky Indianapolis relief Laramie, Wyoming Lincoln, Nebraska Los Angeles Louisville, Kentucky Newark, New Jersey New York City Parliament Square, London Philadelphia Rochester U.S. Capitol bust U.S. Capitol statue Wabash, Indiana Family Family tree Mary Todd Lincoln (wife) Robert Todd Lincoln (son) Edward Baker Lincoln (son) William Wallace Lincoln (son) Thomas "Tad" Lincoln III (son) Mary Todd "Mamie" Lincoln (granddaughter) Jessie Harlan Lincoln (granddaughter) Thomas Lincoln (father) Nancy Hanks Lincoln (mother) Sarah Bush Lincoln (stepmother) Sarah Lincoln Grigsby (sister) Abraham Lincoln (grandfather) Mordecai Lincoln (uncle) Mary Lincoln Crume (aunt) John Hanks (cousin) Joseph Hanks (great-grandfather) Samuel Lincoln (17th-century ancestor) Mary Lincoln Beckwith (great-granddaughter) Robert Todd Lincoln Beckwith (great-grandson) Old Bob (horse) Fido (dog) ← James Buchanan Andrew Johnson → Category Outline vte United States History By period 1776–1789 1789–1815 1815–1849 1849–1865 1865–1917 1917–1945 1945–1964 1964–1980 1980–1991 1991–2016 2016–present By event Pre-colonial era Colonial era Stamp Act Congress Thirteen Colonies Continental Congress Continental Association United Colonies military history Founding Fathers Halifax Resolves Lee Resolution Declaration of Independence American Revolution War Treaty of Paris Articles of Confederation Perpetual Union Confederation period American frontier Constitution drafting and ratification Bill of Rights Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial evolution Mexican–American War Civil War Reconstruction era Indian Wars Native genocide Gilded Age Progressive Era Women's suffrage Civil rights movement 1865–1896 1896–1954 1954–1968 Spanish–American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement LGBTQ Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War (1991–2016) September 11 attacks War on Terror War in 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of government Discrimination affirmative action antisemitism intersex rights Islamophobia LGBTQ rights racism Native American African American Energy policy Environmental issues Environmental movement Climate change Gun politics Mass shootings Hunger Smoking Human rights Immigration illegal National security Terrorism Opioid epidemic Separation of church and state Xenophobia OutlineIndex CategoryPortal vte National Register of Historic Places in Pennington County, South Dakota National Historic Site Minuteman Missile National Historic Site‡ Pennington County map Districts Burlington and Quincy High Line Hill City to Keystone Branch Civilian Conservation Corp Camp F-10 Gramberg Ranch Josef and Marie Kudrna Homestead and Ranch Madison Ranch Mount Rushmore National Memorial Mystic Townsite Historic District Otho Mining District Rapid City Historic Commercial District Rapid City West Boulevard Historic District Buildings Commercial/ Industrial C.E. McEachron General Merchandise Calumet Hotel Casper Supply Company of SD Dean Motor Company Fairmont Creamery Company Building Gambrill Storage Building Harney Peak Hotel Harney Peak Tin Mining Company Buildings House and Sawmill Johnson Siding Keystone Trading Company Store Milwaukee Road Freight House Motor Service Company Nichols Funeral Home Building Rapid City Fruit Company Rapid City Garage Rapid City Laundry Sitting Bull Crystal Cavern Dance Pavilion Swander Bakery Building Von Woehrmann Building Education Keystone School Rapid City Carnegie Library Rapid City High School Rapid City Historical Museum Government/Civic Pennington County Courthouse Rapid City Masonic Temple Religious Chapel in the Hills Church of the Immaculate Conception Emmanuel Episcopal Church First Congregational Church Quinn Methodist Church Residential Black Hills Model Home Lewis Byron House Cassidy House Feigel House Golden Summit Mine Foreman's Cabin Zack Holmes House Pap Madison Cabin † Maurice Nelson House Michael Quinn House Glenn W. Shaw House Objects Dinosaur Park Wasta Rest Stop Tipis Sites Archeological Site No. 39PN376 Harney Peak Lookout Tower, Dam, Pumphouse and Stairway Site No. 39 PN 57 Site No. 39 PN 108 Site No. 39 PN 438 Site No. 39 PN 439 Structures South Dakota Department of Transportation Bridge No. 52-575-383 South Dakota Department of Transportation Bridge No. 52-824-300 Footnotes ‡This historic property also has portions in an adjacent county. † This entry has been removed from the registry. See also: National Register of Historic Places listings in Pennington County, South Dakota and List of National Historic Landmarks in South Dakota vte Protected areas of South Dakota Federal National Fish Hatcheries D.C. Booth Historic Gavins Point National Forests Black Hills Custer National Grasslands Buffalo Gap Fort Pierre Grand River National Historic Sites Minuteman Missile National Memorials Mount Rushmore National Monuments Jewel Cave National Parks Badlands Wind Cave National Trails Lewis and Clark National Wild and Scenic Rivers Missouri River National Wildlife Refuges Huron WMD Karl E. Mundt Lacreek Lake Andes WMD Madison WMD Sand Lake Sand Lake WMD Waubay Waubay WMD Other National Historic Landmarks National Natural Landmarks National Register of Historic Places Wilderness Areas State State Parks Bear Butte Custer Fisher Grove Fort Sisseton Good Earth Hartford Beach Lake Herman Newton Hills Oakwood Lakes Palisades Roy Lake Sica Hollow Union Grove State Recreation Areas Angostura Big Sioux Burke Lake Buryanek Centennial Trail Chief White Crane Cow Creek Farm Island George S. Mickelson Trail Indian Creek Lake Alvin Lake Cochrane Lake Hiddenwood Lake Louise Lake Poinsett Lake Thompson Lake Vermillion Lewis and Clark Little Moreau Llewellyn Johns Mina Lake North Point North Wheeler Oahe Downstream Okobojo Point Pease Creek Pelican Lake Pickerel Lake Pierson Ranch Platte Creek Randall Creek Richmond Lake Sandy Shore Shadehill Snake Creek Springfield Swan Creek Walker's Point West Bend West Pollack West Whitlock State Nature Areas Adams Homestead and Nature Preserve Beaver Creek Big Stone Island LaFramboise Island Spirit Mound Historic Prairie Spearfish Canyon vte Mountains of South Dakota Black Hills Bear Butte Bear Mountain Black Elk Peak Cicero Peak Elk Mountains Iron Mountain Odakota Mountain Mount Rushmore Terry Peak Others Black Horse Butte Castle Rock Butte Deers Ears Butte Dogie Butte Eagle Butte Granite Peak Grindstone Butte Hump Butte Polo Peak Turtle Butte White Butte vte Sculpture Types of sculpture Architectural sculpture Assemblage Bas relief Bust Chalk carving Effigy Gas sculpture Earth art Environmental sculpture Figurine Installation art Kinetic sculpture Mobile Monumental Pedimental Rock relief Soap carving Soft sculpture Statue Stele Stone sculpture Styles of sculpture Baroque Classical Detonography Jain sculpture Modern sculpture Relief Renaissance Elements in sculpture Mass Negative space Pedestal Space Volume Traditional materials Wood Marble Limestone Granite Porphyry Diorite Jade Ivory Clay Terracotta Bronze Gold Silver Butter Soapstone Modern materials Steel Ice Jesmonite Acrylic Concrete Plastic Fiberglass Glass Aluminium Fabric Paper Found object Notable sculptures Venus of Hohle Fels (c. 40–42,000 BP) Lion-man (c. 35–41,000 BP) Venus of Willendorf ( c. 24–26,000 BP) Great Sphinx of Giza (c. 2558–2532 BCE) Nefertiti Bust (c. 1345 BCE) Mask of Tutankhamun (c. 1323 BCE) Abu Simbel temples (c. 1264 BCE) Discobolus (c. 450 BCE) Pediments, metopes and frieze of the Parthenon (438 BCE) Colossus of Rhodes (c. 292 BCE) Lion Capital of Ashoka (c. 250 BCE) Terracotta Army (246–210 BCE) Winged Victory of Samothrace (c. 2nd century BCE) Laocoön and His Sons (c. 200 BCE – 70 CE) Venus de Milo (130–100 BCE) Augustus of Prima Porta (c. 1st century CE) Equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius (175 CE) Buddhas of Bamiyan (507–554 CE) Great Buddha of Nara (752 CE) Borobudur (c. 780–833 CE) Bayon (c. 12th or 13th century CE) Angkor Wat (1150 CE) Chartres Cathedral (c. 1194–1250 CE) Konark Sun Temple (1250 CE) Moai, Easter Island (1250–1500 CE) Pietà (1498–1499) David (1501–1504) Aztec sun stone (1502–1520) Ecstasy of Saint Teresa (1647–1652) Veiled Christ (1753) Jadeite Cabbage (19th century) Nelson's Column (1843) Lion of Belfort (1880) The Kiss (1882) Liberty Enlightening the World, Statue of Liberty (1886) The Gates of Hell (1890–1917) The Thinker (1904) Abraham Lincoln (1920) Mount Rushmore Shrine of Democracy (1927–1941) Christ the Redeemer (1927–1931) The Motherland Calls (1967) Fallen Astronaut (1971) Mother Ukraine (1981) Equestrian statue of Genghis Khan (2008) Statue of Unity (2018) Category Outline Authority control databases Edit this at Wikidata GND Categories: Mount Rushmore1941 in South Dakota1941 sculpturesAbraham Lincoln in artBlack HillsCultural depictions of Theodore RooseveltCultural depictions of Thomas JeffersonGeorge Washington in artGranite sculptures in South DakotaGreat Sioux War of 1876Landforms of Pennington County, South DakotaMonuments and memorials completed in the 1940sMonuments and memorials in South DakotaMonuments and memorials on the National Register of Historic Places in South DakotaMonuments and memorials to Abraham Lincoln in the United StatesMonuments and memorials to George Washington in the United StatesMonuments and memorials to Thomas JeffersonMountains of South DakotaNational memorials of the United StatesNational Park Service areas in South DakotaNational Register of Historic Places in Pennington County, South DakotaOutdoor sculptures in South DakotaPresidential memorials in the United StatesProtected areas of Pennington County, South DakotaRock formations of South DakotaSculptures by Gutzon BorglumSculptures in South DakotaSculptures of presidents of the United StatesSymbols of South DakotaUnfinished sculptures Donald Trump Article Talk Read View source View history Tools Appearance hide Text Small Standard Large Width Standard Wide Color (beta) Automatic Light Dark Extended-protected article From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia "Trump" redirects here. For other uses, see Trump (disambiguation) and Donald Trump (disambiguation). Donald Trump Head-and-shoulders shot of Trump with a serious facial expression, his right eye partly closed. He is wearing a dark blue suit, a pale blue dress shirt, a red necktie, and an American flag lapel pin. Parts of the image are slightly out of focus. The background is black. Official portrait, 2025 45th & 47th President of the United States Incumbent Assumed office January 20, 2025 Vice President JD Vance Preceded by Joe Biden In office January 20, 2017 – January 20, 2021 Vice President Mike Pence Preceded by Barack Obama Succeeded by Joe Biden Personal details Born Donald John Trump June 14, 1946 (age 79) Queens, New York City, U.S. Party Republican (1969, 1987–1999, 2009–2011, 2012–present) Other political affiliations Reform (1999–2001) Democratic (2001–2009) Independent (2011–2012) Spouses Ivana Zelníčková ​ ​(m. 1977; div. 1990)​ Marla Maples ​ ​(m. 1993; div. 1999)​ Melania Knauss ​(m. 2005)​ Children Donald Jr.IvankaEricTiffanyBarron Parents Fred Trump Mary Anne MacLeod Relatives Trump family Residence White House Education University of Pennsylvania (BS) Occupation Politicianbusinessmanmedia personality Signature Donald J. Trump stylized autograph, in ink Website White House website First presidency: Presidential library White House archives Trump's voice Duration: 9 minutes and 32 seconds.9:32 Trump on the WHO's declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic Recorded March 11, 2020 This article is part of a series about Donald Trump Business and personal Age and healthBusiness career The Trump Organizationwealthtax returnscryptocurrencyConspiracy theoriesEarly life and educationEndorsementsEponymsFascismFalse or misleading statements first termbetween termssecond termFamilyFoundation grantsAmerican footballGolfHonorsJohn McCain commentsLegal affairs indictmentsMakeupMedia career The ApprenticebibliographyfilmographyMusk feudNicknamesPublic image in popular culturein musicSNL parodiesbaby balloondancehandshakespseudonymsRacial views antisemitismReligionResidencesRhetoricSecurity incidentsSexual misconduct allegations Epstein tiesSocial media TikTok controversyTwitterVoters ObamaSanders 45th and 47th President of the United States Presidencies firstsecondInaugurations firstsecondPortraitsPresidential library Tenure Timeline 2016 Transition2017 First 100 daysQ1Q2Q3Q42018 Q1Q2Q3Q42019 Q1Q2Q3Q42020 Q1Q2Q3Q42021 Q12024 Transition2025 First 100 daysQ1Q2Q3Q4 Executive actions Executive orders First termSecond termProclamationsPardons First termSecond term Trips 2017 Riyadh summit2018 Singapore SummitHelsinki Summit2019 Hanoi SummitUnited Kingdom state visitDMZ Summit2020–21 Namaste Trump2025 Middle East visitAlaska SummitUnited Kingdom state visitGaza peace summitBudapest SummitInternational Shutdowns January 20182018–20192025 Speeches State of the Union Address 201820192020Joint address to Congress 20172025Oval Office Address 20192020Farewell address 2021Public speeches 2017 speech in Warsaw2017 National Scout Jamboree Opinion polls First term 201720182019Second term Legal affairs First termSecond term Protests Federal law enforcement deploymentSt. John's Church photo opNo Kings protests June 2025October 2025 2020 presidential election overturning attempts January 6 Capitol attack TimelineReactions DomesticInternationalAftermathFake electors plot Eastman memosJeffrey Clark letterPre-election lawsuitsPost-election lawsuitsTexas v. Pennsylvania Policies Domestic First TermSecond TermEconomy First Term tax cutstariffsUSMCAfarmer bailoutsSecond Term One Big Beautiful Bill Acttariffs ChinaCanada and MexicoLiberation Day TACOEnvironment Paris Agreement withdrawalAmerica's Water Infrastructure Act of 2018Foreign policy First Term Syria strikes 20172018Kosovo–Serbia agreementsSecond Term Russian invasion of Ukraine Putin phone callSaudi Arabia meetingZelenskyy Oval Office meetingminerals agreementpeace talksPutin summits AlaskaBudapestWhite House multilateral meeting on UkrainePeace plan for UkraineArmenia–Azerbaijan agreementKuala Lumpur accordAmerica FirstAmerican expansionism GreenlandProposed Venezuela invasionAfghanistan Afghanistan withdrawalTaliban dealIran First Term nuclear deal withdrawalSecond Term Iran negotiationsIran–Israel war June 2025 strikesIran–Israel war ceasefireIraq SoleimaniIsrael First Term Jerusalem recognitionGolan Heights recognitionPalestine peace planAbraham AccordsSecond Term Gaza Strip takeover proposalGaza peace planSaudi Arabia 2017 arms dealSyria al-BaghdadiImmigration First TermSecond Termtravel banborder wallfamily separation policymigrant detentionsdeportationtroop deploymentsnational emergencyInfrastructureSocial issues First Step ActcannabisSpace First TermSecond TermCOVID-19 pandemic TaskforceCommunicationGovernment response stimulus bills CARES ActConsolidated Appropriations Act, 2021Operation Warp SpeedInterference with science agenciesTargeting of political opponents and civil societyTrumpism Appointments (firstsecond) Cabinets firstsecondAmbassadors firstsecondFederal judges lower courtsSupreme Court candidates GorsuchKavanaughBarrettExecutives firstsecondU.S. Attorneys firstsecond Presidential campaigns 2000 primaries2016 electionprimariesendorsementsrallies Las Vegas incidentconventiondebatesforeign policyMake America Great AgainNever Trump movement peopleAccess Hollywood tapewiretapping allegationsSpygate2020 electionprimariesendorsements politicalnon-politicaloppositionralliesconventiondebatesGOP reactions to election fraud claimsRaffensperger phone call2024 electionprimariesendorsementsoppositioneligibilityAgenda 47ralliesconventiondebatesassassination attempts PA perpetratorphotographsFL perpetrator Impeachments Efforts resolutionsFirst impeachment Zelenskyy phone callUkraine scandalHouse inquirySenate trialSecond impeachment Capitol attackSenate trialProposed expungements Legal proceedings 2020 election federal indictmentClassified documents federal indictment Special counsel investigationFBI investigationFBI Mar-a-Lago searchTrump v. United StatesNew York prosecution Stormy Daniels scandalNew York investigationsGeorgia election indictment Georgia election investigationmug shot Seal of the President of the United States vte Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American politician, media personality, and businessman who is the 47th president of the United States. A member of the Republican Party, he served as the 45th president from 2017 to 2021. Born into a wealthy family in New York City, Trump graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1968 with a bachelor's degree in economics. He became the president of his family's real estate business in 1971, renamed it the Trump Organization, and began acquiring and building skyscrapers, hotels, casinos, and golf courses. He also launched side ventures, many licensing the Trump name, and filed for six business bankruptcies in the 1990s and 2000s. From 2004 to 2015, he hosted the reality television show The Apprentice, bolstering his fame as a billionaire. Presenting himself as a political outsider, Trump won the 2016 presidential election against Democratic Party nominee Hillary Clinton. During his first presidency, Trump imposed a travel ban on seven Muslim-majority countries, expanded the Mexico–United States border wall, and enforced a family separation policy on the border. He rolled back environmental and business regulations, signed the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, and appointed three Supreme Court justices. In foreign policy, Trump withdrew the U.S. from agreements on climate, trade, and Iran's nuclear program, and initiated a trade war with China. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic from 2020, he downplayed its severity, contradicted health officials, and signed the CARES Act. After losing the 2020 presidential election to Joe Biden, Trump attempted to overturn the result, culminating in the January 6 Capitol attack in 2021. He was impeached in 2019 for abuse of power and obstruction of Congress, and in 2021 for incitement of insurrection; the Senate acquitted him both times. In 2023, Trump was found liable in civil cases for sexual abuse and defamation and for business fraud. He was found guilty in 34 counts of falsifying business records in 2024, making him the first U.S. president convicted of a felony. After winning the 2024 presidential election against then-vice president Kamala Harris, he was sentenced to a discharge, and two felony indictments against him for retention of classified documents and obstruction of the 2020 election were dismissed without prejudice. Trump began his second presidency by initiating mass layoffs of federal workers. He imposed tariffs on nearly all countries at the highest level since the Great Depression and signed the controversial One Big Beautiful Bill Act. His administration's actions—including the targeting of political opponents and civil society, the persecution of transgender people, the mass-deportation of immigrants, the witholding of food assistance, and the extensive use of executive orders—have drawn over 300 lawsuits challenging their legality. He has faced significant backlash, including among his own base, over his administration's lack of transparency on the Jeffrey Epstein files and its failure to present any comprehensive plan for healthcare reform. Since 2015, Trump's leadership style and political agenda—often referred to as Trumpism—have reshaped the Republican Party's identity. Many of his comments and actions have been characterized as racist or misogynistic, and he has made false or misleading statements and promoted conspiracy theories to a degree unprecedented in American politics. Trump's actions, especially in his second term, have been described as authoritarian and contributing to democratic backsliding. After his first term, scholars and historians ranked him as one of the worst presidents in American history. Early life and education Main article: Early life and education of Donald Trump A black-and-white photograph of Trump as a teenager, smiling, wearing a dark pseudo-military uniform with three ribbons and a white shoulder strap At New York Military Academy, 1964 Donald John Trump was born on June 14, 1946, at Jamaica Hospital in the New York City borough of Queens, the fourth child of Fred Trump and Mary Anne MacLeod Trump.[1] He is of German and Scottish descent.[2] He grew up with his older siblings, Maryanne, Fred Jr., and Elizabeth, and his younger brother, Robert, in a 23-room mansion in the Jamaica Estates neighborhood of Queens.[3] Fred Trump paid his children each about $20,000 a year, equivalent to $265,000 a year in 2024. Trump was a millionaire in inflation-adjusted dollars by age eight.[4] Trump attended the private Kew-Forest School through seventh grade. He was a difficult child and showed an early interest in his father's business. His father enrolled him in New York Military Academy, a private boarding school, from eighth to twelfth grade.[5] The academy pushed students into sports[6] and taught the imperative of winning.[7] Trump considered a show business career but instead, to be closer to home, enrolled at Fordham University in 1964.[8] He participated in the Reserve Officers' Training Corps during his first year, attending classes in a military uniform every Wednesday, but dropped it in his second year.[9] He dropped football after three or four weeks and was a mediocre squash and tennis player.[10] His Fordham friends introduced him to golf.[11] His junior year, he transferred to the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, most often commuting to his father's office on weekends, and graduating in May 1968 with a Bachelor of Science in economics.[12][13] He was not the top student he sometimes claimed to be.[14][a] By the time he went to Wharton—where he does not appear in a list of those receiving honors[b]—he was eyeing a career in real estate.[16] He was exempted from the draft during the Vietnam War due to a claim of bone spurs in his heels.[17] Trump has said that, growing up, he regarded his father and the family's pastor, Norman Vincent Peale,[18] as mentors.[19] Business career Main article: Business career of Donald Trump Further information: Business projects of Donald Trump in Russia, Tax returns of Donald Trump, and The Trump Organization Real estate Starting in 1968, Trump was employed at Trump Management, his father's real estate company,[20] which managed the middle-class apartment complexes Fred had built in Queens, Staten Island, and Brooklyn.[21] His main tasks were collecting rent and making repairs[22] for about five years.[23] Captivated by its glamor and riches,[24] Trump asked his father to expand to Manhattan where prices were higher, but his father was content in the outer boroughs.[23] In 1971, he moved to Manhattan where he planned to move the business[25] and commuted to his father's office.[26] That year, his father made himself chairman and Trump president, overseeing 48 private corporations and 15 family partnerships.[16] Trump began using the Trump Organization as an umbrella for the corporate names of his father's businesses.[27] Roy Cohn, Trump's most important early influence after his father,[28] was his fixer, lawyer, and mentor[29] for 13 years in the 1970s and 1980s.[30] Cohn taught Trump to think that life is transactional.[31] In 1973, Cohn helped Trump countersue the U.S. government for $100 million (equivalent to $708 million in 2024[32]) over its charges that Trump's properties had discriminated against Black applicants and tenants. Trump's counterclaims were dismissed, and the government's case was settled with the Trumps signing a consent decree agreeing to desegregate. Four years later, the Trumps again faced the courts when they were found in contempt of the decree.[33] Helping Trump projects,[34] Cohn was a consigliere whose Mafia connections controlled construction unions.[35] In 1979, Cohn introduced political consultant Roger Stone to Trump, who enlisted Stone's services to deal with the federal government.[36] Trump moved from his studio to a penthouse with a view and got a real estate broker's license in the mid-1970s.[37] Before age thirty, he showed his propensity for litigation, no matter the outcome and cost; even when he lost, he described the case as a win.[38] Over three decades as of 2018, Trump had been involved in more than 4,000 lawsuits,[39] liens, and other filings, often filed for nonpayment against him by employees, contractors, real estate brokers, and his own attorneys.[40] Between 1991 and 2009, Trump filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection for six of his businesses: the Plaza Hotel in Manhattan, the casinos in Atlantic City, New Jersey, and the Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts company.[41][42] In 1992, Trump, his siblings Maryanne, Elizabeth, and Robert, and his cousin John W. Walter formed All County Building Supply & Maintenance Corp, each with a 20 percent share. The company had no offices and is alleged to have been a shell company for paying the vendors providing services and supplies for Trump's rental units, then billing those services and supplies to Trump Management with markups of 20–50 percent and more. The owners shared the proceeds generated by the markups. The increased costs were used to get state approval for increasing the rents of his rent-stabilized units. In January 1994, the siblings formed Apartment Management Associates and took over the management fees formerly collected by Trump Management. Besides inflating rents, the schemes served to transfer assets from Fred Trump to his children and nephew and lower the tax burden.[43] Manhattan and Chicago developments In 1985 with a model of one of his aborted Manhattan development projects[44] Trump attracted public attention in 1978 with the launch of his family's first Manhattan venture: the renovation of the derelict Commodore Hotel, adjacent to Grand Central Terminal.[45] The financing was facilitated by a $400 million city property tax abatement arranged for him by his father who also, jointly with Hyatt, guaranteed a $70 million bank construction loan.[46][47] The hotel reopened in 1980 as the Grand Hyatt Hotel,[48] and that same year, he obtained rights to develop Trump Tower, a mixed-use skyscraper in Midtown Manhattan.[49] The building houses the headquarters of the Trump Corporation and Trump's PAC and was his primary residence until 2019.[50] In 1988, Trump acquired the Plaza Hotel with a loan from a consortium of 16 banks.[51] The hotel filed for bankruptcy protection in 1992, and a reorganization plan was approved a month later, with the banks taking control of the property.[52] In 1995, Trump defaulted on over $3 billion of bank loans, and the lenders seized the Plaza Hotel along with most of his other properties in a "vast and humiliating restructuring" that allowed him to avoid personal bankruptcy.[53][54] The lead bank's attorney said of the banks' decision that they "all agreed that he'd be better alive than dead".[53] In 1996, Trump acquired and renovated the mostly vacant 71-story skyscraper at 40 Wall Street, later rebranded as the Trump Building.[55] In the early 1990s, he won the right to develop a 70-acre (28 ha) tract in the Lincoln Square neighborhood near the Hudson River. Struggling with debt from other ventures in 1994, he sold most of his interest in the project to Asian investors, who financed the project's completion, Riverside South.[56] Trump's last major construction project was the 92-story mixed-use Trump International Hotel and Tower in Chicago, which opened in 2008. In 2024, The New York Times and ProPublica reported that the Internal Revenue Service was investigating whether he had twice written off losses incurred through construction cost overruns and lagging sales of residential units in the building he had declared to be worthless on his 2008 tax return.[57] Atlantic City casinos The entrance of the Trump Taj Mahal, a casino in Atlantic City. It has motifs evocative of the Taj Mahal in India. Entrance of the Trump Taj Mahal in Atlantic City In 1984, Trump opened Harrah's at Trump Plaza, a hotel and casino, with financing and management help from the Holiday Corporation.[58] It was unprofitable, and he paid Holiday $70 million in May 1986 to take sole control.[59] In 1985, he bought the unopened Atlantic City Hilton Hotel and renamed it Trump's Castle.[60][61] Both casinos filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in 1992.[62] Trump bought a third Atlantic City venue in 1988, the Trump Taj Mahal. It was financed with $675 million in junk bonds and completed for $1.1 billion, opening in April 1990.[58] He filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in 1991. Under the provisions of the restructuring agreement, he gave up half his initial stake and personally guaranteed future performance.[63] To reduce his $900 million of personal debt, he sold the Trump Shuttle airline; his megayacht, the Trump Princess, which had been leased to his casinos and kept docked; and other businesses.[64] In 1995, Trump founded Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts (THCR), which assumed ownership of the Trump Plaza.[65] THCR purchased the Taj Mahal and the Trump Castle in 1996 and went bankrupt in 2004 and 2009, leaving him with 10 percent ownership.[58] He remained chairman until 2009.[66] Golf clubs In 1985, Trump acquired the Mar-a-Lago estate in Palm Beach, Florida.[67] In 1995, he converted the estate into a private club with an initiation fee and annual dues. He continued to use a wing of the house as a private residence.[68] He declared the club his primary residence in 2019.[50] He began building and buying golf courses in 1999, owning 17 golf courses by 2016.[69] Licensing the Trump name See also: List of things named after Donald Trump The Trump Organization often licensed the Trump name for consumer products and services, including foodstuffs, apparel, learning courses, and home furnishings.[70] Over 50 licensing or management deals involved Trump's name, generating at least $59 million for his companies.[71] By 2018, only two consumer goods companies continued to license his name.[70] During the 2000s, Trump licensed his name to residential property developments worldwide, 40 of which were never built.[72] Side ventures See also: Donald Trump and American football Trump, Doug Flutie, and New Jersey Generals head coach Walt Michaels standing behind a lectern with big, round New Jersey Generals sign, with members of the press seated in the background 1985 New Jersey Generals press conference in Trump Tower In 1970, Trump invested $70,000 of his father's wealth to receive billing as coproducer of a Broadway comedy—and lost the money.[73] After making low-ball bids for the New York Mets and the Cleveland Indians baseball teams, in 1983 for about $6 million, he purchased the New Jersey Generals, a team in the United States Football League.[74] The league folded after the 1985 season, largely due to his attempt to move to a fall schedule (when it would have competed with the National Football League for audience) and his attempt to force a merger with the NFL by bringing an antitrust suit.[75] Trump and his Plaza Hotel hosted several boxing matches at the Atlantic City Convention Hall.[58][76] In 1989 and 1990, he lent his name to the Tour de Trump cycling stage race, an attempt to create an American equivalent of European races such as the Tour de France or the Giro d'Italia.[77] From 1986 to 1988, he purchased significant blocks of shares in various public companies while suggesting that he intended to take over the company and then sold his shares for a profit,[78] leading some observers to think he was engaged in greenmail.[79] The New York Times found that he initially made millions of dollars in such stock transactions, but "lost most, if not all, of those gains after investors stopped taking his takeover talk seriously".[78] A red star with a bronze outline and "Donald Trump" and a TV icon written on it in bronze, embedded in a black terrazzo sidewalk Trump's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame In 1988, Trump purchased the Eastern Air Lines Shuttle, financing the purchase with $380 million (equivalent to $1.01 billion in 2024[32]) in loans from a syndicate of 22 banks. He renamed the airline Trump Shuttle and operated it until 1992.[80] He defaulted on his loans in 1991, and ownership passed to the banks.[81] In 1996, he purchased the Miss Universe pageants, including Miss USA and Miss Teen USA.[82] Due to disagreements with CBS about scheduling, he took both pageants to NBC in 2002.[83][84] In 2007, he received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his work as producer of Miss Universe.[85] NBC and Univision dropped the pageants in June 2015 in reaction to his comments about Mexican immigrants.[86] In 2005, Trump cofounded Trump University, a company that sold real estate seminars for up to $35,000. After New York State authorities notified the company that its use of "university" violated state law because it was not an academic institution, its name was changed to the Trump Entrepreneur Initiative in 2010.[87] In 2013, the State of New York filed a $40 million civil suit against Trump University, alleging that the company made false statements and defrauded consumers. Additionally, two class actions were filed in federal court against Trump and his companies. Internal documents revealed that employees were instructed to use a hard-sell approach, and former employees testified that Trump University had defrauded or lied to its students.[88] Shortly after he won the 2016 presidential election, he agreed to pay a total of $25 million to settle the three cases.[89] Foundation Main article: Donald J. Trump Foundation The Donald J. Trump Foundation was a private foundation established in 1988.[90] From 1987 to 2006, Trump gave his foundation $5.4 million, which had been spent by the end of 2006. After donating a total of $65,000 in 2007–2008, he stopped donating any personal funds to the charity,[91] which received millions from other donors, including $5 million from Vince McMahon.[92] The foundation gave to health- and sports-related charities, conservative groups,[93] and charities that held events at Trump properties.[91] In 2016, The Washington Post reported that the charity had committed several potential legal and ethical violations, including self-dealing and tax evasion.[94] Also in 2016, the New York attorney general stated the foundation had violated state law by soliciting donations without submitting to required annual external audits and ordered it to cease its fundraising activities in New York immediately.[95] Trump's team announced in December 2016 that the foundation would be dissolved.[96] In June 2018, the New York attorney general's office filed a civil suit against the foundation, Trump, and his adult children, seeking $2.8 million in restitution and additional penalties.[97] In December 2018, the foundation ceased operation and disbursed its assets to other charities.[98] In November 2019, a New York state judge ordered Trump to pay $2 million to a group of charities for misusing the foundation's funds, in part to finance his presidential campaign.[99] Legal affairs and bankruptcies Main article: Personal and business legal affairs of Donald Trump According to a review of state and federal court files conducted by USA Today in 2018, Trump and his businesses had been involved in more than 4,000 state and federal legal actions.[39] While he has not filed for personal bankruptcy, his over-leveraged hotel and casino businesses in Atlantic City and New York filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection six times between 1991 and 2009.[42] They continued to operate while the banks restructured debt and reduced his shares in the properties.[42] During the 1980s, more than 70 banks had lent Trump $4 billion.[100] After his corporate bankruptcies of the early 1990s, most major banks, with the exception of Deutsche Bank, declined to lend to him.[101] After the January 6 Capitol attack, the bank decided not to do business with him or his affiliated company in the future.[102] Wealth Main article: Wealth of Donald Trump Ivana Trump and King Fahd shake hands, with Ronald Reagan standing next to them smiling Trump (rightmost) and wife Ivana at a 1985 state dinner for King Fahd of Saudi Arabia with President Ronald Reagan and First Lady Nancy Reagan Trump has said he began his career with "a small loan of a million dollars" from his father and that he had to pay it back with interest.[103] He borrowed at least $60 million from his father, largely did not repay the loans, and received another $413 million (2018 equivalent, adjusted for inflation) from his father's company.[104][43] Posing as a Trump Organization official named "John Barron", Trump called journalist Jonathan Greenberg in 1984, trying to get a higher ranking on the Forbes 400 list of wealthy Americans.[105] Trump self-reported his net worth over a wide range: from minus $900 million in 1990[106] to $10 billion in 2015.[107] In 2015, Forbes estimated his net worth at $4.5 billion, based on interviews with more than 80 sources.[108] In 2025, the magazine estimated his net worth at $5.1 billion and ranked him the 700th wealthiest person in the world.[109] Media career Main article: Media career of Donald Trump See also: Bibliography of Donald Trump Trump has published 19 books under his name, most written or cowritten by ghostwriters.[110] His first book, The Art of the Deal (1987), was a New York Times Best Seller, and was credited by The New Yorker with making Trump famous as an "emblem of the successful tycoon".[111] The book was ghostwritten by Tony Schwartz, who is credited as a coauthor. Trump had cameos in many films and television shows from 1985 to 2001.[112] Trump acquired his style of politics from professional wrestling—with its staged fights and name-calling.[113] He sporadically appeared for the professional wrestling company WWE from the late 1980s including WrestleMania 23 in 2007.[114][115] Starting in the 1990s, Trump appeared 24 times as a guest on the nationally syndicated Howard Stern Show.[116] He had his own short-form talk radio program, Trumped!,  from 2004 to 2008.[117] From 2011 until 2015, he was a guest commentator on Fox & Friends.[118] In 2021, Trump, who had been a member since 1989, resigned from SAG-AFTRA to avoid a disciplinary hearing regarding the January 6 attack.[119] Two days later, the union permanently barred him.[120] The Apprentice and The Celebrity Apprentice Main articles: The Apprentice (American TV series) and The Celebrity Apprentice Producer Mark Burnett made Trump a television star[121] when he created The Apprentice, which Trump hosted from 2004 to 2015 (including variant The Celebrity Apprentice). On the shows, he was a superrich chief executive who eliminated contestants with the catchphrase "you're fired". The New York Times called his portrayal "a highly flattering, highly fictionalized version" of himself.[122] The shows remade Trump's image for millions of viewers nationwide.[122][123] With the related licensing agreements, they earned him more than $400 million.[124] Political career Further information: Political career of Donald Trump Early political aspirations Trump registered as a Republican in Queens in 1969 and in Manhattan in 1987;[16][125] a member of the Independence Party, the New York state affiliate of the Reform Party, in 1999; a Democrat in 2001; a Republican in 2009; unaffiliated in 2011; and a Republican in 2012.[126] Trump, leaning heavily onto a lectern, with his mouth open mid-speech and a woman clapping next to him Speaking at CPAC, February 2011 In 1987, Trump placed full-page advertisements in major newspapers[127] expressing his views on foreign policy and how to eliminate the federal budget deficit.[128] In 1988, he approached Lee Atwater, asking to be put into consideration to be Republican nominee George H. W. Bush's running mate. Bush found the request "strange and unbelievable".[129][130] Trump was a candidate in the 2000 Reform Party presidential primaries for three months before he withdrew in February 2000.[131][132][133] In 2011, Trump considered challenging President Barack Obama in the 2012 election. He spoke at the Conservative Political Action Conference in February and gave speeches in states with early primaries.[134][135] In May 2011, he announced that he would not run.[134] 2016 presidential election Main article: 2016 United States presidential election Further information: Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign, 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries, and First presidential transition of Donald Trump Trump announced his candidacy for the 2016 election in June 2015.[136][137] He campaigned as a rich, successful businessman and an outsider without political experience,[138][139][140] and claimed media bias against him.[141][142] His campaign statements were often opaque and suggestive,[143] and a record number were false.[144][145][146] He became the Republican front-runner in March 2016[147] and was declared the presumptive Republican nominee in May.[148] Trump speaking in front of an American flag behind a lectern, wearing a black suit and red hat. The lectern sports a blue "TRUMP" sign. Campaigning in Arizona, March 2016 Trump described NATO as "obsolete"[149][150] and espoused views described by The Washington Post as noninterventionist and protectionist.[151] His campaign platform emphasized renegotiating U.S.–China relations and free trade agreements such as NAFTA and strongly enforcing immigration laws. Other campaign positions included pursuing energy independence while opposing climate change regulations, modernizing services for veterans, repealing and replacing the Affordable Care Act, abolishing Common Core education standards, investing in infrastructure, simplifying the tax code while reducing taxes, and imposing tariffs on imports by companies that offshore jobs. He advocated increasing military spending and extreme vetting or banning of immigrants from Muslim-majority countries.[152] He promised to build a wall on the Mexico–U.S. border and vowed that Mexico would pay for it.[153] He pledged to deport millions of illegal immigrants residing in the U.S.,[154] and criticized birthright citizenship for incentivizing "anchor babies".[155] According to an analysis in Political Science Quarterly, Trump made "explicitly racist and sexist appeals to win over white voters" during his 2016 presidential campaign.[156] In particular, his campaign launch speech drew criticism for claiming Mexican immigrants were "bringing drugs, they're bringing crime, they're rapists";[157] in response, NBC fired him from Celebrity Apprentice.[158] Trump's FEC-required reports listed assets above $1.4 billion and outstanding debts of at least $315 million.[159][160] He did not release his tax returns, contrary to the practice of every major candidate since 1976 and his promises in 2014 and 2015 to do so if he ran for office.[161][162] He said his tax returns were being audited, and that his lawyers had advised him against releasing them.[163] After a lengthy court battle to block release of his tax returns and other records to the Manhattan district attorney for a criminal investigation, including two appeals by Trump to the U.S. Supreme Court, in February 2021 the high court allowed the records to be released to the prosecutor for review by a grand jury.[164][165] In October 2016, portions of Trump's state filings for 1995 were leaked to a reporter from The New York Times. They show that he had declared a loss of $916 million that year, which could have let him avoid taxes for up to 18 years.[166] Trump won the election with 306 pledged electoral votes versus 232 for Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton. After elector defections on both sides, the official count was 304 to 227.[167] The fifth person to be elected president despite losing the popular vote,[c] he received nearly 2.9 million fewer votes than Clinton, 46.3% to her 48.25%.[168] He was the only president who neither served in the military nor held any government office prior to becoming president.[169] His election marked the return of a Republican undivided government.[d][170] Trump's victory sparked protests in major U.S. cities.[171][172] First presidency (2017–2021) Main article: First presidency of Donald Trump For a chronological guide, see Timeline of the Donald Trump presidencies § First presidency (2017–2021). Trump, with his family watching, raises his right hand and places his left hand on the Bible as he takes the oath of office. Roberts stands opposite him administering the oath Taking the oath of office, administered by Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr., on January 20, 2017 Trump was inaugurated on January 20, 2017.[173] Conflicts of interest See also: First presidency of Donald Trump § Ethics Trump continued to profit from his businesses during his first presidency and knew how his administration's policies affected them.[174][175] Although he said he would eschew "new foreign deals", the Trump Organization pursued operational expansions in Scotland, Dubai, and the Dominican Republic.[174][175] Lobbyists, foreign government officials, and Trump donors and allies generated hundreds of millions of dollars for his resorts and hotels.[176] Domestic policy Main articles: Domestic policy of the first Trump administration, Economic policy of the first Trump administration, Environmental policy of the first Trump administration, and Social policy of the first Trump administration Trump took office at the height of the longest economic expansion in American history,[177] which began in 2009 and continued until February 2020, when the COVID-19 recession began.[178] In December 2017, he signed the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. It reduced tax rates for businesses and individuals and eliminated the penalty associated with the Affordable Care Act's individual mandate.[179][180] Under Trump, the federal budget deficit increased by almost 50 percent, to nearly $1 trillion in 2019.[181] By the end of his term, the U.S. national debt increased by 39 percent, reaching $27.75 trillion, and the U.S. debt-to-GDP ratio hit a post-World War II high.[182] He rejects the scientific consensus on climate change.[183] He reduced the budget for renewable energy research by 40 percent and reversed Obama-era policies directed at curbing climate change.[184] He withdrew from the Paris Agreement, making the U.S. the only nation to not ratify it.[185] He aimed to boost the production and exports of fossil fuels.[186][187] Natural gas expanded under Trump, but coal continued to decline.[188][189] He rolled back more than 100 federal environmental regulations, including those that curbed greenhouse gas emissions, air and water pollution, and the use of toxic substances. He weakened protections for animals and environmental standards for federal infrastructure projects, and expanded permitted areas for drilling and resource extraction, such as allowing drilling in the Arctic Refuge.[190] Trump dismantled federal regulations on health,[191][192] labor,[192] the environment,[193][192] and other areas, including a bill that revoked the Obama-era regulation restricting the sale of firearms to severely mentally ill people.[194] During his first six weeks in office, he delayed, suspended, or reversed ninety federal regulations,[195] often "after requests by the regulated industries".[196] Trump vowed to repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act.[197] He scaled back the act's implementation through executive orders.[198][199] He expressed a desire to "let Obamacare fail"; his administration halved the enrollment period and drastically reduced funding for enrollment promotion.[200][201] In response to the opioid epidemic, Trump signed legislation in 2018 to increase funding for drug treatments, but was widely criticized for failing to make a concrete strategy.[202] He barred organizations that provide abortions or abortion referrals from receiving federal funds.[203] His administration rolled back key components of the Obama administration's workplace protections against discrimination of LGBTQ people.[204] His attempted rollback of anti-discrimination protections for transgender patients in August 2020 was halted by a federal judge after a Supreme Court ruling extended employees' civil rights protections to gender identity and sexual orientation.[205] His administration took an anti-marijuana position, revoking Obama-era policies that provided protections for states that legalized marijuana.[206] He is a long-time advocate of capital punishment,[207][208] and his administration oversaw the federal government execute 13 prisoners, more than in the previous 56 years combined, ending a 17-year moratorium.[209] Pardons and commutations Further information: List of people granted executive clemency in the first Trump presidency During his first term, Trump granted 237 requests for clemency, fewer than all presidents since 1900 with the exception of George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush.[210] Only 25 of them had been vetted by the Justice Department's Office of the Pardon Attorney; the others were granted to people with personal or political connections to him, his family, and his allies, or recommended by celebrities.[211][212] In his last full day in office, he granted 73 pardons and commuted 70 sentences.[213] Several Trump allies were not eligible for pardons under Justice Department rules, and in other cases the department had opposed clemency.[211] The pardons of three military service members convicted of or charged with violent crimes were opposed by military leaders.[214] Immigration Main article: Immigration policy of the first Trump administration Further information: Mexico–United States border crisis § First Trump administration (2017–2021) As president, Trump described illegal immigration as an "invasion" of the United States[215] and drastically escalated immigration enforcement.[216][217] He implemented harsh policies against asylum seekers[217] and deployed nearly 6,000 troops to the U.S.–Mexico border to stop illegal crossings.[218] He reduced the number of refugees admitted to record lows, from an annual limit of 110,000 before he took office to 15,000 in 2021.[219][220][221] Trump also increased restrictions on granting permanent residency to immigrants needing public benefits.[222] One of his central campaign promises was to build a wall along the U.S.–Mexico border;[223] during his first term, the U.S. built 73 miles (117 km) of wall in areas without barriers and 365 miles (587 km) to replace older barriers.[224] In 2018, Trump's refusal to sign any spending bill unless it allocated funding for the border wall[225] resulted in the longest-ever federal government shutdown, for 35 days from December 2018 to January 2019.[226][227] The shutdown ended after he agreed to fund the government without any funds for the wall.[226] To avoid another shutdown, Congress passed a funding bill with $1.4 billion for border fencing in February.[228] Trump later declared a national emergency on the southern border to divert $6.1 billion of funding to the border wall[228] despite congressional disagreement.[229] In January 2017, Trump signed an executive order that denied entry to citizens from six Muslim-majority countries for four months and from Syria indefinitely.[230][231] The order caused many protests and legal challenges that resulted in nationwide injunctions.[230][231][232] A revised order giving some exceptions was also blocked by courts,[233][234] but the Supreme Court ruled in June that the ban could be enforced on those lacking "a bona fide relationship with a person or entity" in the U.S.[235] Trump replaced the ban in September with a presidential proclamation extending travel bans to North Koreans, Chadians, and some Venezuelan officials, but excluded Iraq and Sudan.[236] The Supreme Court allowed that version to go into effect in December 2017,[237] and ultimately upheld the ban in 2019.[238] Children, sleeping mats, and foil blankets in wire mesh compartment, Ursula detention facility, June 2018 From 2017 to 2018, the Trump administration had a policy of family separation that separated over 4,400 children, some as young as four months old,[239] from migrant parents at the U.S.–Mexico border.[240][241] The unprecedented[242] policy sparked public outrage in the country.[243] Despite Trump initially blaming Democrats[244][245] and insisting he could not stop the policy with an executive order, he acceded to public pressure in June 2018 and mandated that illegal immigrant families be detained together unless "there is a concern" of risk for the child.[246][247] A judge later ordered that the families be reunited and further separations stopped except in limited circumstances,[248][249] though over 1,000 additional children were separated from their families after the order.[241] By April 2024, 1,360 children had not been confirmed as reunified with their families.[239] Foreign policy Main articles: Foreign policy of the first Trump administration and Tariffs in the first Trump administration Further information: Russia–United States relations § First Trump administration (2017–2021), China–United States relations § First Trump administration (2017–2021), 2017–2018 North Korea crisis, and 2018–19 Korean peace process A group of seven men and one woman, sitting at a round conference table. Trump wears a dark blue suit, white dress shirt, and light blue necktie. A small sign reading "G7 France Biarritz 2019" hangs on the wall behind them. G7 leaders at the 45th summit in France, 2019 Trump described himself as a "nationalist"[250] and his foreign policy as "America First".[251] He supported populist, neo-nationalist, and authoritarian governments.[252] Unpredictability, uncertainty, and inconsistency characterized foreign relations during his tenure.[251][253] Relations between the U.S. and its European allies were strained under Trump.[254] He criticized NATO allies and privately suggested that the U.S. should withdraw from NATO.[255][256] Trump supported many of the policies of Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu.[257] In 2020, Trump hosted the signing of the Abraham Accords between Israel and the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain to normalize their foreign relations.[258] Shaking hands with Russian president Vladimir Putin during the 2018 summit in Helsinki, Finland Trump began a trade war with China in 2018 after imposing tariffs and other trade barriers he said would force China to end longstanding unfair trade practice and intellectual property infringement.[259] Trump weakened the toughest U.S. sanctions imposed after the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea.[260][261] Trump praised and, according to some critics, rarely criticized Russian president Vladimir Putin,[262][263] though he opposed some actions of Russia's government.[264] He withdrew the U.S. from the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty, citing alleged Russian noncompliance,[265] and supported Russia's possible return to the G7.[266] As North Korea's nuclear weapons were increasingly seen as a serious threat,[267] Trump became the first sitting U.S. president to meet a North Korean leader, meeting Kim Jong Un three times: in Singapore in June 2018, in Hanoi in February 2019, and in the Korean Demilitarized Zone in June 2019.[268] Talks in October 2019 broke down and no denuclearization agreement was reached.[269][270] Personnel Main articles: Political appointments of the first Trump administration and First cabinet of Donald Trump Further information: Government hiring and personnel of Donald Trump By the end of Trump's first year in office, 34 percent of his original staff had resigned, been fired, or been reassigned.[271] By July 2018, 61 percent of his senior aides had left[272] and 141 staffers had left in the previous year.[273] Both figures set a record for recent presidents.[274] Close personal aides to Trump quit or were forced out.[275] He publicly disparaged several of his former top officials.[276] Trump had four White House chiefs of staff, marginalizing or pushing out several.[277] In May 2017, he dismissed Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) director James Comey, saying a few days later that he was concerned about Comey's role in the Trump–Russia investigations.[278][279] Three of Trump's 15 original cabinet members left or were forced to resign within his first year.[280][275] Trump was slow to appoint second-tier officials in the executive branch, saying many of the positions are unnecessary. In October 2017, there were hundreds of sub-cabinet positions without a nominee.[281] By January 8, 2019, of 706 key positions, 433 had been filled and he had no nominee for 264.[282] Judiciary Further information: List of federal judges appointed by Donald Trump and Donald Trump judicial appointment controversies Trump appointed 226 federal judges, including 54 to the courts of appeals and three to the Supreme Court: Neil Gorsuch, Brett Kavanaugh, and Amy Coney Barrett.[283] His Supreme Court appointments politically shifted the Court to the right.[284][285][286] In the 2016 campaign, he pledged that Roe v. Wade would be overturned "automatically" if he were elected and given the opportunity to appoint two or three anti-abortion justices. He later took credit when Roe was overturned by Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization in 2022; all three of his Supreme Court nominees voted with the majority.[287][288] Trump disparaged courts and judges he disagreed with, often in personal terms, and questioned the judiciary's constitutional authority. His attacks on courts drew rebukes from observers, including sitting federal judges, concerned about the effect of his statements on the judicial independence and public confidence in the judiciary.[289][290] COVID-19 pandemic Main article: COVID-19 pandemic in the United States Further information: U.S. federal government response to the COVID-19 pandemic and Communication of the Trump administration during the COVID-19 pandemic See also: Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States Trump speaks in the West Wing briefing room with various officials standing behind him, all in formal attire and without face masks Conducting a COVID-19 press briefing with members of the White House Coronavirus Task Force on March 15, 2020 Trump initially ignored public health warnings and calls for action from health officials within his administration.[291] Trump established the White House Coronavirus Task Force on January 29.[292] On March 27, he signed into law the CARES Act—a $2.2 trillion bipartisan economic stimulus bill—the largest stimulus in U.S. history.[293][294] After weeks of attacks to draw attention away from his slow response, Trump halted funding of the World Health Organization in April.[295] In April 2020, Republican-connected groups organized anti-lockdown protests against the measures state governments were taking to combat the pandemic;[296][297] Trump encouraged the protests on Twitter,[298] although the targeted states did not meet his administration's guidelines for reopening.[299] He repeatedly pressured federal health agencies to take actions he favored,[300] such as approving unproven treatments.[301][302] In October, Trump was hospitalized at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center for three days with a severe case of COVID-19.[303] Investigations Further information: Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections, Mueller special counsel investigation, and Mueller report After he assumed office, Trump was the subject of increasing Justice Department and congressional scrutiny, with investigations covering his election campaign, transition, and inauguration, actions taken during his presidency, his private businesses, personal taxes, and his charitable foundation.[304] There were ten federal criminal investigations, eight state and local investigations, and twelve congressional investigations.[305] In July 2016, the FBI launched Crossfire Hurricane, an investigation into possible links between Russia and Trump's 2016 campaign.[306] After Trump fired Comey in May 2017, the FBI opened a second investigation into Trump's personal and business dealings with Russia.[307] In January 2017, three U.S. intelligence agencies jointly stated with "high confidence" that Russia interfered in the 2016 presidential election to favor Trump.[308][309] Many suspicious[310] links between Trump associates and Russian officials were discovered.[311][312][313] Trump told Russian officials he was unconcerned about Russia's election interference.[314] Crossfire Hurricane was later transferred to Robert Mueller's special counsel investigation;[315] the investigation into Trump's ties to Russia was ended by Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein after he told the FBI that Mueller would pursue the matter.[316][317] At the request of Rosenstein, the Mueller investigation examined criminal matters "in connection with Russia's 2016 election interference".[316] Mueller submitted his final report in March 2019.[318] The report found that Russia did interfere in 2016 to favor Trump[319] and that Trump and his campaign welcomed and encouraged the effort,[320][321][322] but that the evidence "did not establish" that Trump campaign members conspired or coordinated with Russia.[323][324] Trump claimed the report exonerated him despite Mueller writing that it did not.[325] The report also detailed potential obstruction of justice by Trump but "did not draw ultimate conclusions"[326][327] and left the decision to charge the laws to Congress.[328] In April 2019, the House Oversight Committee issued subpoenas seeking financial details from Trump's banks, Deutsche Bank and Capital One, and his accounting firm, Mazars USA. He sued the banks, Mazars, and committee chair Elijah Cummings to prevent the disclosures.[329] In May, two judges ruled that both Mazars and the banks must comply with the subpoenas;[330][331][332] Trump's attorneys appealed.[333] In September 2022, Trump and the committee agreed to a settlement regarding Mazars, and the firm began turning over documents.[334] Impeachments Main articles: First impeachment of Donald Trump and Second impeachment of Donald Trump Displaying the headline "Trump acquitted" in 2020 Trump was impeached twice by the House of Representatives, though acquitted by the Senate on both occasions. The first impeachment arose from a whistleblower complaint that in July 2019 Trump had pressured Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy to investigate Joe and Hunter Biden,[335] in an attempt to gain an advantage in the 2020 presidential election.[336] In December 2019, the House voted to impeach Trump for abuse of power and obstruction of Congress,[337] and the Senate acquitted him in February 2020.[338] The second impeachment came after the January 6 Capitol attack, for which the House charged Trump with incitement of insurrection on January 13, 2021.[339] Trump left office on January 20, and was acquitted on February 13. Seven Republican senators voted for conviction.[340] 2020 presidential election and attempted rejection of outcome Further information: 2020 United States presidential election, Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign, and Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election Trump filed to run for reelection only a few hours after becoming president in 2017.[341] He held his first reelection rally less than a month after taking office[342] and officially became the Republican nominee in August 2020.[343] Trump's campaign focused on crime, claiming that cities would descend into lawlessness if Democratic nominee Joe Biden won.[344] He repeatedly misrepresented Biden's positions[345][346] and appealed to racism.[347] Starting in early 2020, Trump sowed doubts about the election, claiming without evidence that it would be rigged and that widespread use of mail balloting would produce massive election fraud.[348][349] He blocked funding for the U.S. Postal Service, saying he wanted to prevent any increase in voting by mail.[350] He repeatedly refused to say whether he would accept the results if he lost and commit to a peaceful transition of power.[351][352] Joe Biden won the November 2020 election, receiving 81.3 million votes (51.3 percent) to Trump's 74.2 million (46.8 percent)[353][354] and 306 electoral votes to Trump's 232,[355] with the Electoral College formalizing Biden's victory on December 14.[355] Trump declared victory before the results were known on the morning after the election.[356] Days later, when Biden was projected the winner, Trump baselessly alleged election fraud.[357] As part of an effort to overturn the results, Trump and his allies filed many lawsuits challenging the results, which were rejected by at least 86 judges in both state and federal courts for having no factual or legal basis.[358][359] Trump's allegations were also refuted by state election officials,[360] and the Supreme Court declined to hear a case asking it to overturn the results in four states won by Biden.[361] Trump repeatedly sought help to overturn the results, personally pressuring Republican local and state office-holders,[362] Republican legislators,[363] the Justice Department,[364] and Vice President Pence,[365] urging actions such as replacing presidential electors,[363] or that Georgia officials "find" votes and announce a "recalculated" result.[362] He initially blocked government officials from cooperating in Biden's presidential transition.[366][367] After three weeks, the administrator of the General Services Administration declared Biden the "apparent winner" of the election, allowing the disbursement of transition resources to his team.[368] Trump did not attend Biden's inauguration on January 20.[369] A crowd of Trump supporters during the attack On January 6, 2021, while Congress was certifying the presidential election results, Trump held a rally at which he called for the election to be overturned and urged his supporters to "fight like hell" and "take back our country" by marching to the Capitol.[370] His supporters then formed a mob that broke into the building, disrupting certification and causing the evacuation of Congress.[371] More than 140 police officers were injured, and five people died during or after the attack.[372][373] The event has been described as an attempted self-coup by Trump.[374][375][376] Congress later reconvened and confirmed Biden's victory in the early hours of January 7.[377] Between presidencies (2021–2025) Upon leaving the White House, Trump began living at Mar-a-Lago, establishing an office there as provided for by the Former Presidents Act.[378] His continuing false claims concerning the 2020 election were commonly referred to as the "big lie" by his critics, although in May 2021, he and many of his supporters began using the term to refer to the election itself.[379][380] The Republican Party used his false claims about the election to justify imposing new voting restrictions in its favor.[381][382][383] He continued to pressure state legislators to overturn the election.[384] Unlike other former presidents, Trump continued to dominate his party; a 2022 profile in The New York Times described him as a modern party boss.[385] He continued fundraising, raising a war chest containing more than twice that of the Republican Party, and profited from fundraisers many Republican candidates held at Mar-a-Lago. Much of his focus was on party governance and installing in key posts officials loyal to him.[385] In the 2022 midterm elections, he endorsed over 200 candidates for various offices.[386] In February 2021, he registered a new company, Trump Media & Technology Group (TMTG), for providing "social networking services" to U.S. customers.[387][388] In March 2024, TMTG merged with special-purpose acquisition company Digital World Acquisition and became a public company.[389] In February 2022, TMTG launched Truth Social, a social media platform.[390] Legal issues See also: Personal and business legal affairs of Donald Trump and Legal affairs of the first Trump presidency In 2019, journalist E. Jean Carroll accused Trump of raping her in the 1990s and sued him for defamation over his denial.[391] Carroll sued him again in 2022 for battery and further defamation.[392] He was found liable for sexual abuse and defamation and ordered to pay $5 million in one case[393] and $83.3 million in the other.[394] Federal appeals courts upheld both findings and awards in December 2024 and September 2025, respectively.[395][394] In 2022, New York filed a civil lawsuit against Trump accusing him of inflating the Trump Organization's value to gain an advantage with lenders and banks.[396][397] He was found liable and ordered to pay nearly $355 million plus interest.[397] In August 2025, the appeals court upheld his liability and nonmonetary penalties, but voided the monetary penalty as excessive.[398] In connection with Trump's efforts to overturn the 2020 election and his involvement in the January 6 attack, in December 2022 the U.S. House committee on the attack recommended criminal charges against him for obstructing an official proceeding, conspiracy to defraud the United States, and inciting or assisting an insurrection.[399] In August 2023, a grand jury in Fulton County, Georgia, indicted him on 13 charges, including racketeering, for his efforts to subvert the 2020 election in the state.[400][401] The case was dismissed in November 2025 after the new prosecutor declined to pursue the charges.[402] Classified intelligence material found during search of Mar-a-Lago In January 2022, the National Archives and Records Administration retrieved 15 boxes of documents Trump had taken to Mar-a-Lago after leaving the White House, some of which were classified.[403] In the ensuing Justice Department investigation, officials retrieved more classified documents from his lawyers.[403] On August 8, 2022, FBI agents searched Mar-a-Lago for illegally held documents, including those in breach of the Espionage Act, collecting 11 sets of classified documents, some marked top secret.[404][405] A federal grand jury constituted by Special Counsel Jack Smith indicted Trump in June 2023 on 31 counts of "willfully retaining national defense information" under the Espionage Act, among other charges.[403][406][407] Trump pleaded not guilty.[408] In July 2024, judge Aileen Cannon dismissed the case, ruling Smith's appointment as special prosecutor was unconstitutional.[409] After his reelection, the 2020 election obstruction case and the classified documents case were dismissed without prejudice due to Justice Department policy against prosecuting sitting presidents.[410] In May 2024, Trump was convicted on 34 felony counts of falsifying business records.[411] The case stemmed from evidence that he booked Michael Cohen's hush-money payments to adult film actress Stormy Daniels as business expenses to cover up his alleged 2006–2007 affair with Daniels during the 2016 election.[411][412] On January 10, 2025, the judge gave Trump a no-penalty sentence known as an unconditional discharge, saying that punitive requirements would have interfered with presidential immunity.[413] 2024 presidential election Main article: 2024 United States presidential election Further information: Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign, 2024 Republican Party presidential primaries, and Second presidential transition of Donald Trump In November 2022, Trump announced his candidacy for the 2024 presidential election and created a fundraising account.[414][415] In March 2023, the campaign began diverting ten percent of the donations to his leadership PAC. His campaign had paid $100 million towards his legal bills by March 2024.[416][417] During the campaign, Trump made increasingly violent and authoritarian statements.[418] He said that he would weaponize the FBI and the Justice Department against his political opponents[419][420] and use the military to target Democratic politicians and those that did not support his candidacy.[421][422] He used harsher and more dehumanizing anti-immigrant rhetoric than during his presidency.[423] His rhetoric, calling his political opponents "the enemy", vermin, and fascists, has been described by some historians and scholars as authoritarian, fascist,[424] and unlike anything a political candidate has ever said in American history.[425][422][426] Age and health concerns also arose during the campaign, with several medical experts highlighting an increase in rambling, tangential speech and behavioral disinhibition.[427] Trump mentioned "rigged election" and "election interference" earlier and more frequently than in the 2016 and 2020 campaigns and refused to commit to accepting the 2024 election results.[428][429] Analysts for The New York Times described this as an intensification of his "heads I win; tails you cheated" rhetorical strategy; the newspaper stated that the claim of a rigged election had become the backbone of the campaign.[429] On July 13, 2024, Trump was shot in the ear in an assassination attempt at a campaign rally in Butler Township, Pennsylvania.[430][431][432] Two days later, the 2024 Republican National Convention nominated him as their presidential candidate.[433] In September he was targeted but unharmed in another assassination attempt in Florida.[434] Trump won the election in November 2024 with 312 electoral votes to incumbent vice president Kamala Harris's 226.[435] He also won the popular vote with 49.8% to Harris's 48.3%.[436] His victory in 2024 was in large part due to the 2021–2023 inflation surge.[437][438] Several outlets described his reelection as an extraordinary comeback.[439][440] Second presidency (2025–present) Main article: Second presidency of Donald Trump For a chronological guide, see Timeline of the Donald Trump presidencies § Second presidency (2025–present). Taking the oath of office, administered by Chief Justice John Roberts, January 20, 2025 Trump began his second term upon his inauguration on January 20, 2025.[441] He became the oldest to assume the presidency,[442] the first president with a felony conviction, and the second person to serve two nonconsecutive terms as president.[443] His attempts to expand presidential power and conflict with the courts have been described as a defining characteristic of his second term.[444] Early actions See also: First 100 days of the second Trump presidency More than a month before the 100-day mark of Trump's second term, he had issued more executive orders than any other U.S. president's first 100 days.[445] Many of these tested his legal authority and drew immediate legal action.[446] Four days into his second term, analysis conducted by Time found that nearly two-thirds of his executive actions "mirror or partially mirror" proposals from Project 2025.[447] In his first weeks, several of his actions ignored or violated federal laws, regulations, and the Constitution according to American legal scholars.[448][449][450] His orders and actions were challenged by over 300 lawsuits nationwide. By mid-November, 149 had been blocked or partially blocked, 102 left in effect, and 107 were pending.[451] Following legal setbacks, Trump increased his criticism of the judiciary and called for impeachment of federal judges who ruled against him.[452] By mid-July, a Washington Post analysis found he defied judges and the courts in roughly one third of all cases against him, actions which were described by legal experts as unprecedented for any presidential administration.[453] Multiple analyses conducted by academic scholars and The New York Times found that both Republican and Democratic judicial appointees have found numerous constitutional and statutory flaws with Trump administration policies.[454] His administration asserted a constitutional right to ignore federal law in its justification of several actions such as in his refusal to enforce a federal ban on TikTok, with legal experts describing it as claiming a "constitutional power to immunize private parties to commit otherwise illegal acts with impunity".[455][456][457] Conflicts of interest Further information: Second presidency of Donald Trump § Ethics, and Cryptocurrency in the second Trump presidency Trump's second presidency was described as having fewer guardrails against conflicts of interest than his first,[458] and breaking with decades of ethical norms.[459] He maintained a publicly traded company in Trump Media & Technology Group, and diversified it into financial services.[460] He pursued new overseas real estate deals involving state-affiliated entities, and had several branding and licensing deals selling Trump-branded merchandise.[458] He profited from events held at his hotels and golf courses and did not place his assets in a blind trust, as previous presidents had done.[461] In August 2025, Trump's mandatory disclosure of investment showed that, since taking office, he had made 690 purchases of municipal bonds and corporate stock totaling at least $103.7 million. Included was stock in companies affected by his changes to federal policies.[462] Trump launched, promoted, and personally benefited from two cryptocurrency tokens ("meme coins"), $Trump and $Melania.[463][464] He also directly benefited from his family's cryptocurrency company World Liberty Financial, which engaged in an unprecedented mixing of private enterprise and government policy.[465] In July 2025, the Trump administration accepted a $400 million luxury jet from Qatar. The aircraft will serve as Air Force One until the end of his second term, when it will be transferred to his presidential library. The retrofitting as Air Force One is estimated to cost up to $1 billion.[466] Mass terminations of federal employees Main article: 2025 United States federal mass layoffs Trump implemented a hiring freeze across the federal government and ordered telework of federal employees to be discontinued within 30 days.[467][468] He ordered a review of many career civil service positions with the intention of reclassifying them into at-will positions without job protections.[468][469][470] He initiated mass job terminations of federal employees,[471] which were described by legal experts as unprecedented or in violation of federal law,[472] with the intent of replacing them with workers more aligned with his agenda.[473] By late February, the administration had fired more than 30,000 people.[474] To facilitate further terminations, it adopted a novel legal interpretation that vastly expands the range of departments and agencies considered as having national security for their primary function,[475][476][477] declaring various federal workers' unions "hostile".[478][479] A late March executive order based on this interpretation excluded dozens of departments and agencies from federal labor-management relations programs, prompting them to sue to invalidate their collective bargaining agreements,[480][477] which could remove union protections from one million federal employees.[478][481] He ordered an end to diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) projects in the federal government and rescinded Lyndon B. Johnson's 1965 Executive Order 11246, which had mandated that federal contractors take affirmative action to end racial discrimination.[482][483] Trump and Elon Musk's Department of Government Efficiency largely dismantled several federal agencies including USAID and the Department of Education, unilaterally fired several thousand staff, and reduced administrative functions to statutory minimums.[484][485][486] Some actions, such as attempts to dismantle the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, were paused by federal courts.[487] Many of his actions attempted to bring historically independent institutions under direct executive branch control in diminished forms.[488] Targeting political opponents Main article: Targeting of political opponents and civil society under the second Trump administration During his second presidency, the Trump administration took a series of actions using the government to target political opponents and civil society. His actions were described by the media as part of his promised "retribution" and "revenge" campaign, within the context of a strongly personalist and leader-centered conception of politics.[489][471][490] He threatened, signed executive actions, and ordered investigations into his political opponents, critics, and organizations aligned with the Democratic Party.[491] He ended the post-Watergate norm of Justice Department independence, weaponizing it and agencies across the federal government to target his political enemies.[492][493] He continued filing personal lawsuits against his political opponents, companies, and news organizations that angered him.[494] By July 2025, Trump had extracted more than $1.2 billion in settlements in a "cultural crackdown" against a variety of institutions that largely chose to settle rather than fight back.[495][496] Trump's actions against civil society were described by hundreds of legal experts and political scientists as authoritarian, contributing to democratic backsliding, and negatively impacting the rule of law.[497][498][499] Pardons and commutations Further information: List of people granted executive clemency in the second Trump presidency Trump's pardons and grants of clemency favored political allies and loyalists,[500][501] and disproportionately pardoned "the powerful, famous, well-connected and wealthy" accused of white-collar crime.[501] Trump granted clemency to all January 6 rioters convicted or charged on his first day in office, including those who violently attacked police, by pardoning more than 1,500 and commuting the sentences of 14.[502][503] Domestic policy Main articles: Domestic policy of the second Trump administration, Economic policy of the second Trump administration, Education policy of the second Trump administration, Science policy of the second Trump administration, and Persecution of transgender people under the second Trump administration Trump inherited a resilient economy from the Biden administration, with increasing economic growth, low unemployment, and declining inflation.[504] He ordered agencies to stop enforcement of disfavored rules in an attempt at large-scale deregulation that legal experts described as illegal and contrary to decades of federal law.[505][506] He sought greater government control over private businesses and shifted away from traditional conservative free market orthodoxy,[507] engaging in state capitalism by taking direct government equity stakes in multiple U.S. corporations.[508][509][510] Trump canceled and paused federal grants and made large cuts to scientific research,[511] several of which were found by judges and the Government Accountability Office as being illegal and unconstitutional.[512][513] Trump and his administration's Make America Healthy Again agenda promoted anti-science and anti-vaccine activism, resulting in a resurgence of whooping cough and measles.[514][515] He promoted climate change denial and misinformation,[516] appointed oil, gas, and chemical lobbyists to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to reverse climate regulations and pollution controls,[517] and by October 2025 had cancelled $7.6 billion in funding for clean energy projects approved by the previous administration.[518] Trump relied on declaring national emergencies to justify hundreds of actions and bypass congressional approval or regulatory review.[519] For instance, he declared a national energy emergency, allowing the suspension of environmental regulations, loosening the rules for fossil fuel extraction and limiting renewable energy projects.[520][521] Trump withdrew the U.S. from the Paris Agreement on climate change during his first presidency, Biden reentered the agreement in 2021, and Trump again withdrew from the agreement during his second presidency.[522] Dismantling government agencies enforcing the laws against political corruption and white-collar fraud,[523] Trump reduced the Department of Justice's Public Integrity Section from 30 to five lawyers,[524][525] dismissed 17 independent inspectors general at government agencies[526] and 12 members of independent oversight boards and watchdog agencies,[527] and disbanded the squad in the FBI's Washington field office that investigated allegations of fraud and corruption against government officials and members of Congress.[528][529] He pardoned or dropped charges against officials accused of corruption.[528] Trump attributed societal problems to diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) initiatives and wokeness.[530] Equating diversity with incompetence,[530] he reversed pro-diversity policies in the federal government.[531][532] He sought to remake civil society to his preferences by executive order.[533][534] On DEI and antisemitism grounds, he threatened cultural institutions[535] and sixty universities,[536] and forced law firms to capitulate to his political agenda.[534] Trump expanded the domestic use of the military and ordered military deployments to several Democratic Party-led cities, and threatened to expand his deployments further.[537][538] Trump had crews demolish the White House's East Wing in October 2025 to make room for a White House State Ballroom, which is planned to be nearly twice the size of the White House.[539][540] Through a series of executive orders and other actions, Trump banned trans people from the military,[541] restricted or defunded gender-affirming healthcare, opposed inclusive language,[542] censored research and education materials,[543] and targeted schools, universities, and cultural institutions accused of promoting what his government calls "gender ideology",[544] barred transgender athletes from sports, and required US passports to state transgender people's sex assigned at birth.[545] One Big Beautiful Bill Act In July 2025, Trump signed the One Big Beautiful Bill Act into law. The bill made the temporary tax cuts of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act permanent and added additional tax deductions for a total of around $4.5 trillion, mostly benefiting the highest income brackets and costing people in the lowest income bracket $1,600 per year. It increased funding for national defense, deportations, the border wall, and Trump's proposed Golden Dome missile defense system. It removed tax credits for renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power and for buyers of electric vehicles. The bill cut funding for Medicaid and SNAP and added additional work requirements for eligibility and a $35 co-payment for some Medicaid services; the cuts and additional requirements will take effect after the 2026 general election. The bill was projected by the Congressional Budget Office to increase the budget deficit by $3.4 trillion by 2034, cause 11.8 million people to lose Medicaid coverage, and eliminate SNAP benefits for three million people.[546][547] Immigration Main articles: Immigration policy of the second Trump administration and Deportation in the second Trump administration Further information: Mexico–United States border crisis § Second Trump administration (2025–present), Mexico–United States border wall § Second Trump administration (2025–present), and Visa and deportation controversies in the second Trump administration In his first days in office, Trump instructed Border Patrol agents to summarily deport illegal immigrants crossing the border and disabled the CBP One app that was being used to schedule border crossings. He resumed the remain in Mexico policy, designated drug cartels as terrorist groups, and ordered construction to be resumed on a border wall.[548][549] Trump also revoked the parole status of immigrants who entered the U.S. under CBP One and ended humanitarian parole for Cubans, Haitians, Nicaraguans.[549] In March, he used the Alien Enemies Act of 1798 to imprison illegal immigrants without trial at the Terrorism Confinement Center in El Salvador.[550] Trump targeted activists, legal immigrants, tourists, and students with visas who expressed criticism of his policies or pro-Palestinian advocacy.[551] Several American citizens were detained and deported.[552] Foreign policy Main article: Foreign policy of the second Trump administration Further information: Tariffs in the second Trump administration, China–United States trade war, 2025 United States trade war with Canada and Mexico, and American expansionism under Donald Trump His administration favored hard power to achieve its America First foreign policy goals,[553] and dismantled or withdrew support from domestic and international organizations dedicated to advancing American soft power.[554][555] The moves were described as ceding American global influence and creating a void filled by Russia and China.[556][e] Trump's relations with allies were transactional and ranged from indifference to hostility, including threats of annexation.[558][559] Meeting with Zelenskyy, February 2025 In February 2025, Trump and Vice President Vance berated Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy in a highly contentious televised meeting. Media outlets described it as an unprecedented public confrontation between an American president and a foreign head of state.[560][561] Trump and his incoming administration helped broker a Gaza war ceasefire alongside the Biden administration, enacted a day prior to his inauguration.[562][563][564] In March, Israel broke the ceasefire.[564] On October 9, 2025, Israel and Hamas signed an agreement to cease fire and exchange Israeli hostages for Palestinian prisoners as part of the first phase of Trump's initiative to end the Gaza war.[565] Trump's economic policies have been described as protectionist,[566] with Trump imposing tariffs on most countries, including large tariffs on major trading partners China, Canada, and Mexico.[567] He started a global trade war, imposing tariffs at the highest level since the 1930 Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act at the onset of the Great Depression.[568][569] Economists argued that the administration misunderstood the relationship between trade deficits and tariffs, using flawed assumptions.[570] Trump suspended American financial contributions to the World Trade Organization.[571] Personnel Main articles: Political appointments of the second Trump administration and Second cabinet of Donald Trump In his second term, Trump selected cabinet members with personal loyalty to him,[572][573] with the "focus on loyalty over subject-matter expertise".[573] In February 2025, the White House stated that Elon Musk was a special government employee.[574] Trump gave Musk's Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE) access to many federal government agencies.[574] Musk's teams operated in eighteen departments and agencies in the administration's first month,[575] including in the Treasury Department's $5 trillion payment system,[576] the Small Business Administration, the Office of Personnel Management, and the General Services Administration.[577] Political practice and rhetoric Further information: Trumpism, Political positions of Donald Trump, and Rhetoric of Donald Trump Part of a series on American nationalism Ideologies Principles History Intellectuals Politicians BoltonDeSantisFlynnGrantGreeneHamiltonHawleyJacksonJeffersonLincolnLongPolkRooseveltTaylorTrumpVanceWashingtonWilson Commentators Activists Parties Literature Organizations Movements Related flag United States portal Conservatism portal vte Beginning with his 2016 campaign, Trump's politics and rhetoric led to the creation of a political movement known as Trumpism.[578] His political positions are populist,[579][580] more specifically described as right-wing populist.[581][582] He has been described as embracing far-right extremism,[583][584] and he helped bring far-right fringe ideas and organizations into the mainstream.[585] Many of his actions and rhetoric have been described as authoritarian and contributing to democratic backsliding.[586] Trump pushed for an expansion of presidential power under a maximalist interpretation of the unitary executive theory.[587][588] His political base has been compared to a cult of personality.[589][590][591][592][593][594][595] Trump's rhetoric and actions have been accused of creating and exacerbating anger and distrust through the use of an "us" versus "them" narrative.[596] He explicitly and routinely disparages racial, religious, and ethnic minorities,[597] and scholars consistently find that racial animus regarding blacks, immigrants, and Muslims are the best predictors of support for Trump.[598] His rhetoric has been described as using fearmongering and demagogy which intensified during his 2024 presidential campaign.[599] He has said that he believes real power comes from fear.[600] The alt-right movement coalesced around and supported his candidacy, due in part to its opposition to multiculturalism and immigration.[601][602][603] He has a strong appeal to evangelical Christian voters and Christian nationalists,[604] and his rallies take on the symbols, rhetoric, and agenda of Christian nationalism.[605] Trump has also used anti-communist sentiment in his rhetoric, regularly calling his opponents "communists" and "Marxists".[606][607] Racial and gender views Main articles: Racial views of Donald Trump and Donald Trump sexual misconduct allegations Many of Trump's comments and actions have been characterized as racist.[608] In a 2018 national poll, about half of respondents said he is racist; a greater proportion believed that he emboldened racists.[609] Several studies and surveys found that racist attitudes fueled his political ascent and were more important than economic factors in determining the allegiance of Trump voters.[610] Racist and Islamophobic attitudes are strong indicators of support for Trump.[611] He has been accused of racism for insisting a group of five black and Latino teenagers were guilty of raping a white woman in the 1989 Central Park jogger case, even after they were exonerated in 2002.[612] In 2011, Trump became the leading proponent of the racist "birther" conspiracy theory that Barack Obama, the first black U.S. president, was not born in the United States.[613] He claimed credit for pressuring the government to publish Obama's birth certificate, which he considered fraudulent.[614] In September 2016, he acknowledged that Obama was born in the U.S.,[615] though he reportedly expressed birther views privately in 2017.[616] During the 2024 presidential campaign, he made false attacks against the racial identity of his opponent, Kamala Harris, that were described as reminiscent of the birther conspiracy theory.[617] His 2024 campaign made extensive use of dehumanizing language and racial stereotypes.[618] Trump's comments on the 2017 Unite the Right rally, condemning "this egregious display of hatred, bigotry and violence on many sides" and stating that there were "very fine people on both sides", were criticized as implying a moral equivalence between the white supremacist demonstrators and the counter-protesters.[619] In a January 2018 discussion of immigration legislation, he reportedly referred to El Salvador, Haiti, Honduras, and African nations as "shithole countries",[620] remarks condemned as racist.[621] With a group of officials and advisors walking from the White House to St. John's Church, following the forced removal of protesters at Lafayette Square In July 2019, Trump tweeted that four Democratic congresswomen—three of whom are native-born Americans—should "go back" to the countries they "came from".[622] Two days later, the House of Representatives voted 240–187 to condemn his "racist comments".[623] In June 2020, during the George Floyd protests, federal law-enforcement officials used tear gas and other crowd control tactics to remove a largely peaceful crowd of lawful protesters from Lafayette Square, outside the White House.[624][625] Trump then posed with a Bible for a photo op at the nearby St. John's Episcopal Church,[624][626][627] with religious leaders condemning both the treatment of protesters and the photo opportunity itself.[628] Many retired military leaders and defense officials condemned his proposal to use the U.S. military against anti-police-brutality protesters.[629] In 2025, he promoted false claims of white genocide in South Africa[630] and created the White South African refugee program.[631] Trump has a history of belittling women when speaking to the media and on social media.[632][633] He made lewd comments, disparaged women's physical appearances, and referred to them using derogatory epithets.[633] As of 2020, 26 women have publicly accused him of sexual misconduct, including rape, kissing without consent, groping, looking under women's skirts, and walking in on naked teenage pageant contestants. He has denied the allegations.[634] In October 2016, a 2005 "hot mic" recording surfaced in which he bragged about kissing and groping women without their consent, saying that, "when you're a star, they let you do it. You can do anything. ... Grab 'em by the pussy."[635] He characterized the comments as "locker-room talk".[636][637] The incident's widespread media exposure led to his first public apology, videotaped during his 2016 presidential campaign.[638] Link to violence and hate crimes Further information: Rhetoric of Donald Trump § Violence Trump has been identified as a key figure in increasing political violence in the U.S., both for and against him.[639][640][641] He is described as embracing extremism, conspiracy theories such as QAnon, and far-right militia movements to a greater extent than any modern American president,[583][642] and engaging in stochastic terrorism.[643] Research suggests that Trump's rhetoric is associated with an increased incidence of hate crimes,[644][645] and that he has an emboldening effect on expressing prejudicial attitudes due to his normalization of explicit racial rhetoric.[646] During his 2016 campaign, he urged or praised physical attacks against protesters or reporters.[647][648] Numerous defendants investigated or prosecuted for violent acts and hate crimes cited his rhetoric in arguing that they were not culpable or should receive leniency.[649][650] A nationwide review by ABC News in May 2020 identified at least 54 criminal cases, from August 2015 to April 2020, in which he was invoked in direct connection with violence or threats of violence mostly by white men and primarily against minorities.[651] Trump's refusal to condemn the white supremacist Proud Boys during a 2020 presidential debate[652] and his comment, "Proud Boys, stand back and stand by", were said to have led to increased recruitment for the pro-Trump group.[653] Counterterrorism researchers described his normalization and revisionist history of the January 6 Capitol attack, and grant of clemency to all January 6 rioters, as encouraging future political violence.[654][655] Conspiracy theories Main article: List of conspiracy theories promoted by Donald Trump Since before his first presidency, Trump has promoted numerous conspiracy theories, including Obama "birtherism", climate change denial, and alleged Ukrainian interference in U.S. elections.[656][657][658] After the 2020 presidential election, he promoted conspiracy theories for his defeat that were characterized as "the big lie".[659][660] False or misleading statements Main article: False or misleading statements by Donald Trump Chart depicting false or misleading claims made by Trump Fact-checkers from The Washington Post,[661] the Toronto Star,[662] and CNN[663] compiled data on "false or misleading claims" (orange background) and "false claims" (violet foreground). Trump frequently makes false statements in public remarks,[664][144] to an extent unprecedented in American politics.[664][665][666] His falsehoods are a distinctive part of his political identity[665] and have been described as firehosing.[667] His false and misleading statements were documented by fact-checkers, including at The Washington Post, which tallied 30,573 false or misleading statements made by him during his first presidency,[661] increasing in frequency over time.[668] Some of Trump's falsehoods were inconsequential,[669][670] while others had more far-reaching effects, such as his unproven promotion of antimalarial drugs as a treatment for COVID-19,[671][672] causing a U.S. shortage of these drugs and panic buying in Africa and South Asia.[673][674] Other misinformation, such as misattributing a rise in crime in England and Wales to the "spread of radical Islamic terror", served his domestic political purposes.[675] His attacks on mail-in ballots and other election practices weakened public faith in the integrity of the 2020 presidential election,[676][677] while his disinformation about the pandemic delayed and weakened the national response to it.[678][679][680] He habitually does not apologize for his falsehoods.[681] Until 2018, the media rarely referred to his falsehoods as lies, including when he repeated demonstrably false statements.[682][683][684] Social media Main articles: Social media use by Donald Trump and Twitter use by Donald Trump See also: Personal and business legal affairs of Donald Trump § Lawsuits over social media ban Trump's social media presence attracted worldwide attention after he joined Twitter in 2009. He posted frequently during his 2016 campaign and as president until Twitter banned him after the January 6 attack.[685] He often used Twitter to communicate directly with the public and sideline the press;[686] in 2017, his press secretary said that his tweets constituted official presidential statements.[687] During his 2024 campaign and second presidency, he frequently posted AI-generated content of himself as pop-culture icons or mocking immigrants.[688][689] After years of criticism for allowing Trump to post misinformation and falsehoods, Twitter began to tag some of his tweets with fact-checks in May 2020.[690] In response, he said social media platforms "totally silence" conservatives and he would "strongly regulate, or close them down".[691] After the January 6 attack, he was banned from Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and other platforms.[692] The loss of his social media presence diminished his ability to shape events[693][694] and correlated with a dramatic decrease in the volume of misinformation on Twitter.[695] In February 2022, he launched social media platform Truth Social where he attracted a fraction of his Twitter following.[696] Twitter reinstated his account in November 2022.[697][698] The two-year ban at Meta Platforms lapsed in January 2023, allowing him to return to Facebook and Instagram.[699] Relationship with the press Further information: First presidency of Donald Trump § Relationship with the news media, Personal and business legal affairs of Donald Trump, and Donald Trump's conflict with the media Trump, seated at the Resolute Desk in the White House, speaking to a crowd of reporters with boom microphones in front of him and public officials behind him Talking to the press, March 2017 Trump sought media attention throughout his career, maintaining a "love-hate" relationship with the press.[700] In the 2016 campaign, he benefited from a record amount of free media coverage,[701] estimated at $2 billion.[702] As a candidate and as president, he frequently accused the press of bias, calling it the "fake news media" and "the enemy of the people".[703] The first Trump presidency reduced formal press briefings from about one hundred in 2017 to about half that in 2018 and to two in 2019. They also revoked the press passes of two White House reporters, which were restored by the courts.[704] His 2020 presidential campaign sued The New York Times, The Washington Post, and CNN for defamation in opinion pieces about his stance on Russian election interference. All the suits were dismissed.[705][706] By 2024, he repeatedly voiced support for outlawing political dissent and criticism,[707] and said that reporters should be prosecuted for not divulging confidential sources and media companies should possibly lose their broadcast licenses for unfavorable coverage of him.[708] In his second term, Trump's actions against the media were unprecedented in modern American history,[709] and historians described them as mirroring actions by authoritarian leaders to censor political opponents and negatively impacting the freedom of speech and free press.[710][711] The campaign to police speech drew comparisons to cancel culture, government censorship, and McCarthyism.[712][713][714] Some were sued and many social media companies,[715] broadcasters, and newspapers capitulated to the Trump agenda.[716] Trump launched lawsuits and created blacklists against certain media outlets, took over the process run by the White House Correspondents' Association to choose what outlets have access to him and made a policy of limited access for all wire services.[717][718] The Federal Communications Commission launched investigations into media outlets accused of bias against him.[719] As a result of Trump's threats, media executives instructed journalists and their staff to self-censor and reduce criticism of Trump,[720] and CBS agreed to create an Ombudsman to monitor its news channels to root out "bias" at CBS News.[721] Assessment Public image Main articles: Public image of Donald Trump and Donald Trump in popular culture See also: Opinion polling on the first Trump presidency and Opinion polling on the second Trump presidency In Trump's first term, from 2017 to 2021, international approval ratings of U.S. leadership dropped from about 22 percent in a Gallup poll[722] of 134 countries to just 16 percent—lower than China's Xi Jinping and Russia's Vladimir Putin—in a Pew Research poll[723] of 13 countries. In 2017, estimation of U.S. leadership declined most among allies.[724] Domestically, in his first term, Trump had chiefly partisan support: 88 percent among Republicans and 7 percent among Democrats.[725] In a 2021 Gallup poll, he was the only president never to reach a 50 percent approval rating, and he was the first not to be named most admired in his first year in office.[726] In his second term's first quarter according to Gallup, Trump's approval rating was 45 percent—somewhat better than his first term, and far below the 60 percent average of other presidents. Support remained polarized; he had the approval of 90 percent among Republicans, 37 percent among independents, and 4 percent among Democrats.[727] His second term also saw large drops in global public opinion of the United States.[728] Scholarly rankings Further information: Historical rankings of presidents of the United States After Trump's first term, historians ranked Trump as the fourth-worst president in C-SPAN's 2021 survey of presidential historians.[729] He rated lowest in the leadership characteristics categories for moral authority and administrative skills.[730][731] The Siena College Research Institute's 2022 survey ranked him third-worst. He was ranked near the bottom in all categories except for luck, willingness to take risks, and party leadership, and ranked last in several categories.[732] In 2018 and 2024, members of the American Political Science Association ranked him the worst president.[733][734] Personal life Family Further information: Trump family In 1977, Trump married Ivana Zelníčková.[735] They had three children: Donald Jr. (b. 1977), Ivanka (b. 1981), and Eric (b. 1984). The couple divorced in 1990, following his affair with model and actress Marla Maples.[736] He and Maples married in 1993 and divorced in 1999. They have one daughter, Tiffany (b. 1993), whom Maples raised in California.[737] In 2005, he married Slovenian model Melania Knauss.[738] They have one son, Barron (b. 2006).[739] Relationship with Jeffrey Epstein Main article: Relationship between Donald Trump and Jeffrey Epstein Trump had a 15-year friendship with Jeffrey Epstein. Persons who knew them at the time said they frequently hit on and competed for women.[740] Media attention and public pressure mounted in 2025, when his administration did not release files relating to Epstein, despite Trump's promise to do so during the 2024 campaign.[741] Health Main article: Age and health concerns about Donald Trump Trump says he has never drunk alcohol, smoked cigarettes, or used drugs,[742][743] and that he sleeps about four or five hours a night.[744][745] He has called golfing his "primary form of exercise", but usually does not walk the course.[746] Trump considers exercise a waste of energy because he believes in battery theory, a fringe belief that human beings are born with a finite amount of energy that is depleted by physical activity.[747][748] In 2015, his campaign released a letter from his longtime personal physician, Harold Bornstein, stating that he would "be the healthiest individual ever elected to the presidency".[749] In 2018, Bornstein said Trump had dictated the contents of the letter and that three of Trump's agents had seized his medical records in a February 2017 raid on Bornstein's office.[749][750] Religion Main article: Donald Trump and religion Trump called himself a Presbyterian and a Protestant in 2016.[751][752] In 2020, he said he was a nondenominational Christian.[753] However, many have questioned the depth of these religious affiliations. A survey during his first presidency (2017–2021) showed that 63 percent of Americans did not believe that he was religious, despite professing a Christian affiliation, and that only 44 percent of Americans believed Trump was a Christian.[754] Some of Trump's comments on the Bible or Christian practice have led critical observers to suggest that his knowledge of Christianity is superficial or erroneous, and few biographers have described him as deeply or even particularly religious.[755][756] In his first term, Trump appointed his personal pastor[757] and spiritual advisor,[758] millionaire televangelist Paula White-Cain, to the White House Office of Public Liaison.[759] During his second term, he appointed her senior advisor of the newly created White House Faith Office.[760][761] See also List of awards and honors received by Donald Trump Pseudonyms used by Donald Trump Notes In 2015, he threatened his high school, colleges, and the College Board with legal action if they released his academic records.[15] UPenn's 1968 commencement program lists Trump as a recipient of a Bachelor's of Science in Economics and not a recipient of Academic Honors.[13] Presidential elections in the U.S. are decided by the Electoral College. 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De Gruyter Contemporary Social Sciences. 35: 69–70. doi:10.1515/9783111238135-006. Johnson, Kevin R. (2017a). "Immigration and civil rights in the Trump administration: Law and policy making by executive order". Santa Clara Law Review. 57 (3): 611–665. Johnson, Kevin R.; Cuison-Villazor, Rose (May 2, 2019). "The Trump Administration and the War on Immigration Diversity". Wake Forest Law Review. 54 (2): 575–616. Kaufman, Robert R.; Haggard, Stephan (2019). "Democratic Decline in the United States: What Can We Learn from Middle-Income Backsliding?". Perspectives on Politics. 17 (2): 417–432. doi:10.1017/S1537592718003377. S2CID 149457724. Lajevardi, Nazita; Oskooii, Kassra A. R. (2018). "Old-Fashioned Racism, Contemporary Islamophobia, and the Isolation of Muslim Americans in the Age of Trump". Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics. 3 (1): 112–152. doi:10.1017/rep.2017.37. McGurk, Brett (January 22, 2020). "The Cost of an Incoherent Foreign Policy: Trump's Iran Imbroglio Undermines U.S. Priorities Everywhere Else". Foreign Affairs. Nacos, Brigitte L.; Shapiro, Robert Y.; Bloch-Elkon, Yaeli (2020). "Donald Trump: Aggressive Rhetoric and Political Violence". Perspectives on Terrorism. 14 (5): 2–25. ISSN 2334-3745. JSTOR 26940036. Retrieved January 20, 2025. O'Brien, Shannon (July 22, 2020). "Donald Trump and the Kayfabe Presidency - Wrestling with the Presidency: How Donald Trump Uses Wrestling and Theatrical Tactics in the Public Sphere". Rhetoric, Politics and Society: 39–58. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-50551-6_3. Parker, Christopher Sebastian; Towler, Christopher C. (May 2019). "Race and Authoritarianism in American Politics". Annual Review of Political Science. 22: 503–519. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-050317-064519. ISSN 1094-2939. Perry, Samuel L.; Whitehead, Andrew L.; Grubbs, Joshua B. (April 21, 2021). 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"Turning Back the Clock? Violence against Women and the Trump Administration". Victims & Offenders. 14 (8): 965–978. doi:10.1080/15564886.2019.1671284. Ross, Bertrall L. (July 1, 2024). "Polarization, Populism, and the Crisis of American Democracy". Annual Review of Law and Social Science. 20: 293–308. doi:10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-041922-035113. Schaffner, Brian F.; Macwilliams, Matthew; Nteta, Tatishe (March 2018). "Understanding White Polarization in the 2016 Vote for President: The Sobering Role of Racism and Sexism". Political Science Quarterly. 133 (1): 9–34. doi:10.1002/polq.12737. Stephens-Dougan, LaFluer (May 2021). "The Persistence of Racial Cues and Appeals in American Elections". Annual Review of Political Science. 24: 301–320. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-082619-015522. ISSN 1094-2939. Sundahl, Anne-Mette Holmgård (May 4, 2022). "Personality Cult or a Mere Matter of Popularity?". International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society. 36 (4): 431–458. doi:10.1007/s10767-022-09423-0. PMC 9066393. PMID 35528318. Urbinati, Nadia (May 2019). "Political Theory of Populism". Annual Review of Political Science. 22: 111–127. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-050317-070753. ISSN 1094-2939. Retrieved December 20, 2024. Further reading Books credited to Trump Books about Trump External links Library resources about Donald Trump Resources in your library Resources in other libraries By Donald Trump Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Archive of Donald Trump's tweets (Enter 2021-01-09 into the End Date field to view tweets from before the suspension.) 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Trump State ParkNicknames usedTrump Force OneTrump derangement syndromeFort TrumpOfficial portraitsSupport groups Bikers for TrumpBlacks for TrumpBlack Voices for TrumpGays for TrumpWomen for TrumpPseudonymsWikipedia coverage ← Barack Obama← Joe Biden → Category vte First presidency of Donald Trump (2017–2021) Previous: Obama administrationNext: Biden administration See also: Second Trump administration General Appointments ambassadorsU.S. attorneysjudgesSupreme Court candidates GorsuchKavanaughBarrettCabinet Pence vice presidencyEconomic advisorsWithdrawn appointeesShort-tenure appointeesDismissals and resignations attorneysComeyinspectors generalExecutive ordersLegal affairsImpeachments effortsresolutionsimpeachment inquiryfirst impeachmentfirst trialsecond impeachmentsecond trialproposed expungementsOpinion polling 201720182019Pardons Joe Arpaiocommutation of Jaime DavidsonProclamations 2017201820192020–21Trips 2017201820192020–21internationalRex TillersonMike PompeoNorth Korea summit SingaporeHanoiDMZRiyadh summitHelsinki summit2019 state visit to the United KingdomNamaste Trump Events Timeline First 100 days2017 Q1Q2Q3Q42018 Q1Q2Q3Q42019 Q1Q2Q3Q42020 Q1Q2Q3Q4January 2021 Speeches Joint address to CongressWarsaw speechNational Scout JamboreeState of the Union Address 201820192020Oval Office Address 20192020Farewell address Other Transition 2017 Vote CountInaugurationBiden transition 2021 Vote Count Policies Domestic Government shutdowns January 20182018–2019Salute to America 20192020COVID-19 pandemic TaskforceCommunicationGovernment response stimulus bills CARES ActConsolidated Appropriations Act, 2021Operation Warp SpeedWhite House outbreakInterference with science agenciesReactions to the George Floyd protests Photo op at St. John's ChurchDeployment of federal forces in the United StatesAttacks on journalists2020 Mount Rushmore Fireworks Celebration National Garden of American HeroesInfrastructureRacial viewsSocial First Step ActCannabisSpace Economic Tax cutsTariffs China trade warUSMCAFarmer bailouts Environmental Paris Agreement withdrawalAmerica's Water Infrastructure Act of 2018 Foreign America FirstSaudi Arabia arms dealRelations with Iran Nuclear deal withdrawalRelations with Israel Jerusalem recognitionGolan Heights recognitionPalestine peace planAbraham Accords UAEBahrainSudanMoroccoKosovo–Serbia agreementsSyria strikes 20172018Killings al-BaghdadiSoleimaniAfghanistan withdrawal Taliban dealProposed invasion of Venezuela Immigration Travel bans reactionslegal challengesprotestsreplacementExecutive Order 13767Border wallFamily separation policy protestsMigrant detentionsTroop deploymentsNational emergency Protests 2017 Women's March listLincolnPortlandSeattleglobalLGBTQTravel ban listDay Without ImmigrantsNot My Presidents DayDay Without a WomanTax MarchMarch for Science listPortlandSeattle2018People's Climate MarchMay DayMarch for TruthImpeachment MarchBoston Free Speech Rally (counter-protest)U.S. national anthem kneeling protests2018 Women's March listGun violence March for Our Lives listPortlandSeattleFamily separation Abolish ICEFamilies Belong TogetherOccupy ICEWomen DisobeyDonald Trump baby balloonKremlin AnnexNobody Is Above the Law2019 Women's March list2019 Presidents Day protestDump Trump (statue)December 2019 impeachment protests2020 Women's March January listOctober listRacial unrest George Floyd protests list-USAlist-abroadTrump Statue InitiativeGod Emperor Trump Related 2016 election Trump campaignDemocratic backsliding in the United States Donald Trump and fascismTrumpismUnitary executive theoryMediaFalse or misleading statements by Trump during first termSocial media TwitterCrossfire HurricaneClassified information disclosuresSpecial counsel investigations MuellerDurhamLinks between Trump administration and Russian government officialsRussian bounty programAnonymous senior official op-edStormy Daniels scandalZelenskyy phone callUkraine scandalFederal government data breachAttempts to overturn the 2020 presidential election Fake electors plot Chesebro memosEastman memosLawsuits Texas v. 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AIDS Vaccine Advocacy CoalitionGaza war Gaza Strip takeover proposalPeace planPeace summitICC sanctions2025 India diplomatic and trade crisisMay 2025 Middle East visit61st Munich Security Conference JD Vance speech2025 NATO summitRelations with Iran Iranian attack on US military base in QatarUS strikes on Iranian nuclear sitesIran negotiationsIran–Israel war ceasefireRamaphosa Oval Office meetingRussian invasion of Ukraine Peace talksFirst Putin callSaudi Arabia meetingMinerals agreementZelenskyy Oval Office meeting2025 Alaska summitWhite House multilateral meeting2025 Budapest summitCaribbean naval deployment Operation Southern Spearstrikes on alleged drug trafficking boatsoil tanker seizure2025 state visit to the United KingdomWithdrawal from WHOYemen attacks Houthis FTO designationOperation Rough RiderRas Isa oil terminal airstrikesSignal group chat leaksCeasefire Immigration Alligator AlcatrazArrest of Hannah DuganBirthright citizenship Barbara v. TrumpTrump v. CASAState of Washington v. TrumpCamarillo, California ICE raidDeportation of immigrants Kilmar Abrego GarciaIndiansVenezuelansEnding humanitarian paroleKilling of Silverio Villegas GonzálezA.R.P. v. TrumpD.V.D. v. Department of Homeland SecurityJ.G.G. v. TrumpNational TPS Alliance v. NoemExecutive Order 14159Georgia Hyundai plant immigration raidGuantanamo Migrant Operations CenterImpersonation of immigration officialsLaken Riley ActMexico border crisisMobile FortifyOperation Midway BlitzOperation SafeguardTravel ban Proclamation 10949Trump Gold CardUnited States v. BostonVisa and deportation controversies Mahmoud KhalilMohsen MahdawiRasha AlawiehRümeysa ÖztürkSarah ShawWhite South African refugee program Healthcare HHS gender dysphoria reportHHS reorganization Administration for a Healthy AmericaMake America Healthy Again MAHA report Democratic backsliding Department of Government Efficiency Deferred resignationLawsuitsMass layoffsNetworkTargetsAFGE v. 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Discovery acquisition oversightWhite House WirePersecution of transgender people "Adult human female"Gender identificationGender-affirming care for minorsMilitary serviceWomen's sportsTargeting political opponents and civil society Justice Department 2016 Russian interference counterinvestigationLaw firmsNational Security Presidential Memorandum-7Newark immigration detention center incidentProsecutions John BoltonJames ComeyLetitia JamesReprisals against commentators on the Charlie Kirk assassinationWeaponization Working GroupTrumpism Agenda 47Donald Trump and fascismFalse or misleading statements by Trump during second termProject 2025Unitary executive theory Protests 50501 movement protests Day of ActionAnti-deportation protests Los AngelesPortlandDay Without ImmigrantsEconomic BlackoutEfforts to impeach resolutionsFree America WeekendGood Trouble Lives On protestHands Off protestsNo Kings protests June 2025October 2025People's MarchResponse to DOGEStand Up for Science 20252025 United States boycott Canadian boycott Related 2024 election Trump campaignAnti-LGBTQ movementColorado State Capitol portraitDonald Trump and antisemitismElon Musk feudExecutive Branch (club)Jeffrey Epstein relationship Birthday bookEpstein filesNational Mall statueEpstein Files Transparency ActKennedy CenterLake Kaweah and Lake Success water releasePenny debate in the United StatesPresidential libraryProject EstherQatari luxury jet giftTACO$TrumpWhite House State Ballroom Demolition of East Wing Category Offices and distinctions Party political offices Preceded by Mitt Romney Republican nominee for President of the United States 2016, 2020, 2024 Most recent Political offices Preceded by Barack Obama President of the United States 2017–2021 Succeeded by Joe Biden Preceded by Joe Biden President of the United States 2025–present Incumbent U.S. order of precedence (ceremonial) First Order of precedence of the United States as President Succeeded by JD Vance as Vice President Articles related to Donald Trump vte Businesses of Donald Trump The Trump Organization Donald Trump Jr.Eric TrumpAllen WeisselbergPersonal and business legal affairs of Donald TrumpList of things named after Donald Trump NYC properties The Trump Building (40 Wall Street)Trump Parc and Trump Parc EastTrump Park AvenueTrump TowerTrump World Tower Hotels and resorts Trump International Hotel and Tower ChicagoLas Vegas 2025 explosionMaldivesNew York CityMar-a-Lago Golf courses U.S. Bedminster, NJ"Doral" Miami, FLJupiter, FLLos Angeles, CAPine Hill, NJWashington, D.C.Westchester, NYWest Palm Beach, FL Europe Balmedie, Scotland wind farm disputeDoonbeg, IrelandTurnberry, Scotland Other current ventures $TrumpCryptocurrencyNever Surrender High-TopTrump Media & Technology Group Truth SocialTrump MobileTrump Winery Name licensing Trump Bay StreetTrump Palace Condominiums Jersey City, NJNew Rochelle, NYNew York City, NYTrump Tower Istanbul, TurkeyManila, PhilippinesPune, IndiaPunta del Este, UruguaySunny Isles Beach, FL Former properties GM BuildingHyatt Grand Central New YorkJW Marriott PanamaKa Laʻi Waikiki Beach HotelLSH Hotel (Brazil)Old Post Office (Washington, D.C.)Paradox Hotel VancouverPark Tower StamfordPlaza HotelThe Dominick (Trump SoHo)The Plaza (West Palm Beach, FL)The St. Regis TorontoThe Tower at City Place (White Plains, NY) Cancelled real estate projects Russian projects Trump Tower MoscowTrump International Hotel and Tower Baku, AzerbaijanDubai, UAEFort Lauderdale, FLNew Orleans, LAPhoenix, AZTrump Ocean Resort Baja MexicoTrump Tower BrazilGermanyIsraelTampa, FLTwin Towers 2 Former ventures Central Park CarouselDonald Trump dollsDonald J. Trump FoundationGoTrump.comLasker RinkMiss Universe Miss USAMiss Teen USANew Jersey GeneralsParis Is Out!Tour de TrumpTrump HomeTrump Entertainment Resorts Trump's Castle / Trump MarinaTrump Plaza Hotel and CasinoTrump Taj MahalTrump World's FairTrump Casino IndianaTrump magazinesTrump Model ManagementTrump MortgageTrump NetworkTrump PlaceTrump ProductionsTrump ShuttleTrump SteaksTrump UniversityTrump VodkaTrump IceTrump VillageWollman Rink vte Media by and about Donald Trump See also: Media career of Donald Trump – Donald Trump in popular culture – Trump Productions – List of things named after Donald Trump Books By Trump Trump: The Art of the Deal (1987)Trump: Surviving at the Top (1990)Trump: The Art of the Comeback (1997)The America We Deserve (2000)Trump: How to Get Rich (2004)The Way to the Top (2004)Trump 101 (2006)Why We Want You to Be Rich (2006)Think Big and Kick Ass (2007)Trump Tower (2011)Time to Get Tough (2011)Midas Touch (2011)Crippled America (2015)Our Journey Together (2021)Letters to Trump (2023)Save America (2024) About Trump Point the Finger (1989)Trumped! (1991)TrumpNation (2005)Never Enough (2015)The Conservative Case for Trump (2016)The Day of the Donald (2016)The Making of Donald Trump (2016)The Plot to Hack America (2016)Trump Revealed (2016)In Trump We Trust (2016)The Beautiful Poetry of Donald Trump (2017)The Case for Impeachment (2017)Insane Clown President (2017)Understanding Trump (2017)The Dangerous Case of Donald Trump (2017)Devil's Bargain (2017)Raising Trump (2017)Let Trump Be Trump (2017)Fire and Fury (2018)Media Madness (2018)The Faith of Donald J. Trump (2018)A Higher Loyalty (2018)Liars, Leakers, and Liberals (2018)The Briefing: Politics, the Press, and the President (2018)Unhinged (2018)Resistance Is Futile! (2018)Fear: Trump in the White House (2018)The Fifth Risk (2018)Impeachment: An American History (2018)Whose Boat Is This Boat? (2018)Team of Vipers (2019) The Threat (2019)Siege (2019)Triggered (2019)A Warning (2019)Trump and His Generals (2019)A Very Stable Genius (2020)Hiding in Plain Sight (2020)Front Row at the Trump Show (2020)The Room Where It Happened (2020)Too Much and Never Enough (2020)Melania and Me (2020)Hoax (2020)Compromised (2020)Rage (2020)Disloyal: A Memoir (2020)Speaking for Myself (2020)Landslide (2021)I Alone Can Fix It (2021)The Reckoning (2021)Peril (2021) I'll Take Your Questions Now (2021)Midnight in Washington (2021)Betrayal: The Final Act of the Trump Show (2021)A Sacred Oath (2022)Thank You for Your Servitude (2022)Breaking History (2022)Holding the Line (2022)Confidence Man: The Making of Donald Trump and the Breaking of America (2022)The Divider: Trump in the White House, 2017–2021 (2022)The Trump Tapes (2022)Enough (2023)Network of Lies (2023)Tired of Winning (2023)At War with Ourselves: My Tour of Duty in the Trump White House (2024)All in the Family: The Trumps and How We Got This Way (2024)Lucky Loser (2024)Melania (2024)All or Nothing (2025) Radio, TV and film By Trump The Apprentice franchise The Apprentice (U.S.) (2004–2010)The Celebrity Apprentice (2008–2017)The Ultimate Merger (2010–2011)Trumped! (2004–2008)Pageant Place (2007) About Trump Trump: What's the Deal? (1991)Trump Unauthorized (2005)You've Been Trumped (2011)A Dangerous Game (2014)Michael Moore in TrumpLand (2016)Trumped (2017)Trump: The Kremlin Candidate? (2017)American Horror Story: Cult (2017)Dirty Money: The Confidence Man (2018)Trump: An American Dream (2018)The Fourth Estate (2018)Death of a Nation (2018)Fahrenheit 11/9 (2018)The Trump Prophecy (2018)America's Great Divide (2020)Trump Card (2020)The Choice 2020 (2020)The Comey Rule (2020)Totally Under Control (2020)The Curve (2020)Unprecedented (2022)The Apprentice (2024)Vindicating Trump (2024) Satires Pizza Man (1991)Bart to the Future (2000)Bomb Queen: Ultimate Bomb: Trump CardOur Cartoon PresidentThe President ShowThe Queen's CorgiThe Art of the Deal: The Movie (2016)Last Week Tonight February 28, 2016, episodeTracey Breaks the NewsTracey Ullman's Show (2018)"Demise of the Planet of the Apes / The Celebrity Ape-rentice" (Mad)"The Thanksgiving Special" (Regular Show)Saturday Night LiveHerbert Garrison (South Park)Spitting Image (2020)Borat Subsequent Moviefilm (2020)"Trump: The Rusical"Trump vs. BernieYou Got Trumped: The First 100 DaysHarvey Birdman: Attorney GeneralSassy JusticeTrump vs the Illuminati"Trump Guy"Biff Tannen Music "Donald Trump (Black Version)" (1990)"Las Vegas (In the Hills of Donegal)" (1991)"Country Grammar (Hot Shit)" (2000)"Donald Trump" (2011)Up Like Trump (2014)Make America Psycho Again (2015 album)"FDT" (2016)1,000 Days, 1,000 Songs "Million Dollar Loan" (2016)"Campaign Speech" (2016)"We the People...." (2016)"Land of the Free" (2017)"Legendary" (2017)"The Heart Part 4" (2017)"I'm Not Racist" (2017)"Tiny Hands" (2017)Too Dumb for Suicide: Tim Heidecker's Trump Songs (2017)"Ye vs. the People" (2018)"Love It If We Made It" (2018)"Batuka" (2019)"Quick Escape" (2020)"Commander in Chief" (2020)"Justice for All" (2023)"You Missed" (2024) Artwork Best Friends ForeverColorado State Capitol portraitCrooked and ObsceneDon ColossusThe Donald J. Trump Enduring FlameDump TrumpThe Emperor Has No BallsGod Emperor TrumpIn Honor of a Lifetime of Sexual AssaultMake Everything Great AgainPortrait by Michael O'BrienSloveniaTrump BuddhaThe Visionary Games Trump: The GameTrump Castle IIWho Wants to Beat Up a MillionaireReal Estate TycoonThe Political Machine 201220162020Trumped Up CardsSecret Hitler Websites r/The_DonaldTruth SocialWikipedia coverage Related Cultural depictions of Ivanka TrumpPublic image of Melania TrumpWinning Team Publishing vte Members of the Cabinet of the United States Cabinet members Trump • Vance BessentBondiBurgumChavez-DeRemerCollinsDuffyHegsethKennedyLutnickMcMahonNoemRollinsRubioTurnerWright White House Logo Cabinet-level members GabbardGreerLoefflerRatcliffeVoughtWilesZeldin Cabinet of Donald Trump vte Leaders of the Group of Seven Canada Carney France Macron Germany Merz Italy MeloniJapan TakaichiUnited Kingdom StarmerUnited States TrumpEuropean Union Costa / Von der Leyen vte Leaders of NATO Secretary General: Rutte Albania: RamaBelgium: De WeverBulgaria: ZhelyazkovCanada: CarneyCroatia: PlenkovićCzech Republic: BabišDenmark: FrederiksenEstonia: MichalFinland: OrpoFrance: MacronGermany: MerzGreece: MitsotakisHungary: OrbánIceland: KristrúnItaly: MeloniLatvia: SiliņaLithuania: NausėdaLuxembourg: FriedenMontenegro: SpajićNetherlands: SchoofNorth Macedonia: MickoskiNorway: StørePoland: TuskPortugal: MontenegroRomania: DanSlovakia: FicoSlovenia: GolobSpain: SánchezSweden: KristerssonTurkey: ErdoğanUnited Kingdom: StarmerUnited States: Trump vte Leaders of the G20 African Union: Lourenço / YoussoufArgentina: MileiAustralia: AlbaneseBrazil: LulaCanada: CarneyChina: XiEuropean Union: Costa / von der LeyenFrance: MacronGermany: MerzIndia: ModiIndonesia: PrabowoItaly: MeloniJapan: TakaichiMexico: SheinbaumRussia: PutinSaudi Arabia: SalmanSouth Africa: RamaphosaSouth Korea: LeeTurkey: ErdoğanUnited Kingdom: StarmerUnited States: Trump vte Leaders of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Australia AlbaneseBrunei BolkiahCanada CarneyChile BoricChina XiTaiwan Lai (Envoy: Lin)1Hong Kong LeeIndonesia PrabowoJapan TakaichiSouth Korea LeeMalaysia AnwarMexico SheinbaumNew Zealand LuxonPapua New Guinea MarapePeru JeríPhilippines MarcosRussia PutinSingapore WongThailand AnutinUnited States TrumpVietnam Cường 1 President is a non-participant; Taiwan is represented as Chinese Taipei. vte Presidents of the United States Presidents and presidencies George Washington (1789–1797) John Adams (1797–1801) Thomas Jefferson (1801–1809) James Madison (1809–1817) James Monroe (1817–1825) John Quincy Adams (1825–1829) Andrew Jackson (1829–1837) Martin Van Buren (1837–1841) William Henry Harrison (1841) John Tyler (1841–1845) James K. Polk (1845–1849) Zachary Taylor (1849–1850) Millard Fillmore (1850–1853) Franklin Pierce (1853–1857) James Buchanan (1857–1861) Abraham Lincoln (1861–1865) Andrew Johnson (1865–1869) Ulysses S. Grant (1869–1877) Rutherford B. Hayes (1877–1881) James A. Garfield (1881) Chester A. Arthur (1881–1885) Grover Cleveland (1885–1889) Benjamin Harrison (1889–1893) Grover Cleveland (1893–1897) William McKinley (1897–1901) Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1909) William Howard Taft (1909–1913) Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921) Warren G. Harding (1921–1923) Calvin Coolidge (1923–1929) Herbert Hoover (1929–1933) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1945) Harry S. Truman (1945–1953) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953–1961) John F. Kennedy (1961–1963) Lyndon B. Johnson (1963–1969) Richard Nixon (1969–1974) Gerald Ford (1974–1977) Jimmy Carter (1977–1981) Ronald Reagan (1981–1989) George H. W. Bush (1989–1993) Bill Clinton (1993–2001) George W. Bush (2001–2009) Barack Obama (2009–2017) Donald Trump (2017–2021) Joe Biden (2021–2025) Donald Trump (2025–present) Presidency timelines WashingtonJ. AdamsMcKinleyT. RooseveltTaftWilsonHardingCoolidgeHooverF. D. RooseveltTrumanEisenhowerKennedyL. B. JohnsonNixonFordCarterReaganG. H. W. BushClintonG. W. BushObamaTrumpBiden Category List vte Unsuccessful major party candidates for President of the United States Thomas Jefferson (1796) John Adams (1800) Charles C. Pinckney (1804, 1808) DeWitt Clinton (1812) Rufus King (1816) Andrew Jackson (1824) William H. Crawford (1824) Henry Clay (1824, 1832, 1844) John Quincy Adams (1828) William Henry Harrison (1836) Hugh Lawson White (1836) Martin Van Buren (1840) Lewis Cass (1848) Winfield Scott (1852) John C. Frémont (1856) Stephen A. Douglas (1860) George B. McClellan (1864) Horatio Seymour (1868) Horace Greeley (1872) Samuel J. Tilden (1876) Winfield Scott Hancock (1880) James G. Blaine (1884) Grover Cleveland (1888) Benjamin Harrison (1892) William J. Bryan (1896, 1900, 1908) Alton B. Parker (1904) William Howard Taft (1912) Charles Evans Hughes (1916) James M. Cox (1920) John W. Davis (1924) Al Smith (1928) Herbert Hoover (1932) Alf Landon (1936) Wendell Willkie (1940) Thomas E. Dewey (1944, 1948) Adlai Stevenson (1952, 1956) Richard Nixon (1960) Barry Goldwater (1964) Hubert Humphrey (1968) George McGovern (1972) Gerald Ford (1976) Jimmy Carter (1980) Walter Mondale (1984) Michael Dukakis (1988) George H. W. Bush (1992) Bob Dole (1996) Al Gore (2000) John Kerry (2004) John McCain (2008) Mitt Romney (2012) Hillary Clinton (2016) Donald Trump (2020) Kamala Harris (2024) All presidential candidates Presidents Third-party candidates vte First cabinet of President Donald Trump (2017–2021) Cabinet Vice President Mike Pence (2017–2021) Secretary of State Rex Tillerson (2017–2018)Mike Pompeo (2018–2021) Secretary of the Treasury Steven Mnuchin (2017–2021) Secretary of Defense Jim Mattis (2017–2019)Mark Esper (2019–2020)Christopher C. Miller (acting) (2020–2021) Attorney General Jeff Sessions (2017–2018)William Barr (2019–2020)Jeffrey A. Rosen (acting) (2020–2021) Secretary of the Interior Ryan Zinke (2017–2019)David Bernhardt (2019–2021) Secretary of Agriculture Sonny Perdue (2017–2021) Secretary of Commerce Wilbur Ross (2017–2021) Secretary of Labor Alexander Acosta (2017–2019)Eugene Scalia (2019–2021) Secretary of Health and Human Services Tom Price (2017)Alex Azar (2018–2021) Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Ben Carson (2017–2021) Secretary of Transportation Elaine Chao (2017–2021) Secretary of Energy Rick Perry (2017–2019)Dan Brouillette (2019–2021) Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos (2017–2021) Secretary of Veterans Affairs David Shulkin (2017–2018)Robert Wilkie (2018–2021) Secretary of Homeland Security John F. Kelly (2017)Kirstjen Nielsen (2017–2019)Chad Wolf (acting) (2019–2021) Cabinet-level Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency Scott Pruitt (2017–2018)Andrew R. Wheeler (2018–2021) Director of the Office of Management and Budget Mick Mulvaney (2017–2020)Russell Vought (2020–2021) Director of National Intelligence Dan Coats (2017–2019)John Ratcliffe (2020–2021) Director of the Central Intelligence Agency Mike Pompeo (2017–2018)Gina Haspel (2018–2021) Trade Representative Robert Lighthizer (2017–2021) Ambassador to the United Nations Nikki Haley (2017–2018)Kelly Craft (2019–2021) Administrator of the Small Business Administration Linda McMahon (2017–2019)Jovita Carranza (2020–2021) White House Chief of Staff Reince Priebus (2017)John F. Kelly (2017–2019)Mark Meadows (2020–2021) See also: Political appointments of the first Trump administration vte Second cabinet of President Donald Trump (2025–present) Cabinet Vice President JD Vance (2025–present) Secretary of State Marco Rubio (2025–present) Secretary of the Treasury Scott Bessent (2025–present) Secretary of Defense Pete Hegseth (2025–present) Attorney General Pam Bondi (2025–present) Secretary of the Interior Doug Burgum (2025–present) Secretary of Agriculture Brooke Rollins (2025–present) Secretary of Commerce Howard Lutnick (2025–present) Secretary of Labor Lori Chavez-DeRemer (2025–present) Secretary of Health and Human Services Robert F. Kennedy Jr. (2025–present) Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Scott Turner (2025–present) Secretary of Transportation Sean Duffy (2025–present) Secretary of Energy Chris Wright (2025–present) Secretary of Education Linda McMahon (2025–present) Secretary of Veterans Affairs Doug Collins (2025–present) Secretary of Homeland Security Kristi Noem (2025–present) Cabinet-level Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency Lee Zeldin (2025–present) Director of the Office of Management and Budget Russell Vought (2025–present) Director of National Intelligence Tulsi Gabbard (2025–present) Director of the Central Intelligence Agency John Ratcliffe (2025–present) Trade Representative Jamieson Greer (2025–present) Administrator of the Small Business Administration Kelly Loeffler (2025–present) White House Chief of Staff Susie Wiles (2025–present) See also: Political appointments of the second Trump administration Donald Trump at Wikipedia's sister projects: Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata Authority control databases Edit this at Wikidata International ISNIVIAFGNDFASTWorldCat National United StatesFranceBnF dataJapanItalyCzech RepublicRussiaSpainRomaniaPortugalNetherlandsNorwayTaiwanLatviaCroatiaChileGreeceArgentinaKoreaSwedenPolandIsraelCataloniaBelgium Academics CiNiiORCIDScopus Artists ULANMusicBrainzEmmy Awards People TroveDeutsche BiographieDeutsche SynchronkarteiDDB Other IdRefOpen LibraryNARASNACTe Papa (New Zealand)Yale LUX Categories: Donald Trump1946 birthsLiving people2019 Trump–Ukraine scandal2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States20th-century American businesspeople20th-century American non-fiction writers20th-century Presbyterians21st-century American businesspeople21st-century American criminals21st-century American non-fiction writers21st-century Florida politicians21st-century New York (state) politicians21st-century Presbyterians21st-century presidents of the United StatesAmerican billionairesAmerican businesspeople convicted of crimesAmerican businesspeople in the casino industryAmerican chairpersons of corporationsAmerican conspiracy theoristsAmerican hoteliersAmerican Internet company foundersAmerican nationalistsAmerican people of German descentAmerican people of Scottish descentAmerican people of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)American politicians who switched partiesAmerican reality television producersAmerican rhetoriciansAmerican television hostsAttempted assassination of Donald Trump in PennsylvaniaBusinesspeople from FloridaCandidates in the 2000 United States presidential electionCandidates in the 2016 United States presidential electionCandidates in the 2020 United States presidential electionCandidates in the 2024 United States presidential electionCritics of socialismFlorida politicians convicted of crimesFlorida RepublicansIg Nobel laureatesIlleistsImpeached presidents of the United StatesJanuary 6 United States Capitol attackMale critics of feminismNew York (state) DemocratsNew York (state) independentsNew York (state) politicians convicted of crimesNew York (state) RepublicansNew York Military Academy alumniPeople associated with the January 6 United States Capitol attackPeople from Jamaica, QueensPeople of the Iran–Israel warPeople of the Gaza warPeople stripped of honorary degreesPresidents of the United StatesReal estate and property developers from Queens, New YorkReform Party of the United States of America politiciansRepublican Party (United States) presidential nomineesRepublican Party presidents of the United StatesThe State of Georgia v. Donald J. Trump, et al. defendantsTelevision personalities from New York CityTelevision producers from Queens, New YorkTime Person of the YearTrump familyThe Trump Organization employeesTrumpismUnited States Football League executivesWar on drugsWharton School alumniWWE Hall of Fame inductees