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Rare 1930s/1950s Large Chalkware General Art Co. St. Louis MO Missouri Piggy Bank 14" Made In USA🔴🟠🟡🔴⚪🔵
This rare 1930s/1950s large chalkware General Art Co. St. Louis MO piggy bank is a unique and collectible piece. Made in the United States, this original vintage item features a charming pig design, perfect for animal-themed collectors. The rich colors of red and orange add character to this classic piggy bank, making it a standout piece in any collection.
History
Chalkware is a mainly American term for popular figurines either made of moulded plaster of Paris (usually) or sculpted gypsum, and painted, typically with oils or watercolors.[1][2] They were primarily created during one of three periods: from the late 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century, during the Great Depression, and during the 'mid-century modern' era as decorative lamps, figurines and wall decor from the 1940s-1960s. Those created during the earlier period were intended as a more serious decorative art, often imitating the more expensive imported English Staffordshire potteries figurines such as Staffordshire dog figurines; those during the second period, by contrast, were more typically somewhat jocular. Early chalkware was often hollow and is difficult to find unblemished.
Two chalkware figurines
Heavy, and easy to break or chip, chalkware eventually lost favor to ceramic and plastic alternatives in the 1970s. Remaining pieces of MCM (and earlier) chalkware can be easily found today with more exotic or rare examples fetching hundreds or thousands of dollars by collectors on auction sites and other dealers.
Carnival chalk
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"Carnival chalk" refers to chalkware figures given out as carnival game prizes during the first half of the 20th century, especially during World War II. They were later replaced by stuffed animals.
Mid-century modern (MCM) era
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Chalkware flourished during the mid-century modern era (1945-1965) as an inexpensive and expressive medium for the home, serving many types of taste and types of decorative need with table lamps, figurines, wall decor and tourist memorabilia. Attracting fine, mundane and comic artists, chalkware reached a broad audience during the MCM era providing everything from representations of European sculpture, to kitsch images of exotic travel, cartoonish characters and potty humor.
Figurines
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Early figurines made in the United Kingdom around 1955 were eggcups, for holding matches[3] or as ashtrays. The earliest designers being Paoli Brothers and Hermann Lohnberg. Fashions changed into 1956 with a move to animals.[4] By 1957, figurines and statues of african-style ladies and gentlemen were very dominant. A view of all the examples found at the National Archives records can be seen on the Chalkware Gallery site
Lamps
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MCM chalkware lamps were often romantic and exotic with a focus on the idealized beauty of historic, natural, and abstract designs. Common motifs were dancers (often sold as a male and female pair), innocent or sensual figures, trees, flowers, animals, zig-zags, waves and modern abstract sculpture typical of the period. One of the most popular motifs were of romanticized, stereotyped Asian, African, Native American, Hawaiian people in exotic (at times inaccurate) settings or costume. Low lighting was sometimes included in the lamp design with small nightlight bulbs. TV lamps, based upon popular chalkware radio lamp designs, quickly became replaced by ceramic.
An attempt to thwart competitors from copying their highly successful male/female paired chalkware lamps and statuettes was taken all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court by Benjamin and Rena Stein of Reglor of California in 1953.[5] They won a technical victory that did not ultimately stop copying.[6]
Wall decor
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Wall decor chalkware included bath motifs like fish or mermaids, kitchen motifs like fruit, and 'wall pockets' that often were faces with small areas in the back suitable for air plants or plastic flowers.
In the United Kingdom, during the 1950s and 1960s, wall plaques were made of ladies faces by a number of designers, including Salvatore Melani, the Lohnberg brothers (under the Duron brand name), Paoli Brothers and Bacci & Bacci
Memorabilia
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Tourist memorabilia included ashtrays, figures, bobble-heads and destination-specific representations.
Advertising
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Companies such as the Universal Statuary Corp of Chicago made point-of-sale chalkware figures as well.
Production houses
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Popular American MCM chalkware companies whose work can be found traded today include Continental Art Company (Chicago),[8][9] Alexander Baker Company or 'ABCO' (New York),[10] Fine Arts In Plastics or F.A.I.P (Brooklyn), Jo Wallis Lamp Company, Miller Studios,[12][5] Reglor (Montebello, California) Universal Statuary Corp. (Chicago), and Vaillancourt Folk Art (Massachusetts).
Several chalkware companies also existed in the United Kingdom, where they registered their designs at the National Archives[15] in Kew, London, England. The Board of Trade records[16] are set out in two main sections: The Board of Trade Records of the Patent Office Design Registers (records starting BT 53) and the Non-Textile Designs Representations (records starting BT 52[18]).
Designs in Great Britain in the 1950s and 1960s were registered under the Registered Designs Act, 1949 (still current law as at November 2021). Each registered design is recorded in a lever arch folder with consecutive registration numbers and can be accessed at the National Archives in Kew, London. Each entry[20] contains a registered design number, the date when the design was registered, the date the certificate was issued, brief article description (typically "a mantel ornament") and the name & address of the proprietor. Some designers also included a separate service address.[21] Copyright typically expired on these pieces after 5 years, with some records showing an extension to 10 years.
A number of designers chose to include the registration number on the figurine, typically at the back, with a small number of designers also including an internal product number. The registration number can therefore be looked up in the Board of Trade BT 53 records and use the BT 52 design representation images to confirm the correct figurine has been identified.
With this knowledge it is possible to compile the following main list of designers;
Felice and Alfredo Bacci - 73, Camp Street, Salford 7, Lancashire
Bruno Besagni - Holborn, England
Elia and Milo Brunicardi (with Lino Maini) - 158 Copenhagen Street, Islington, London N1
Egisto Carli - Pancras area, London
Marcella Jackson, Renato Migliorini, Daniele Magi and Vasco Licci, trading as M. Jackson & Co - 66, Rigby Street, Salford, 7, Lancaster
Max (born 1880 - died 1958[22]) and Herbert Hermann Louis Lohnberg - 2, Ronalds Road, Holloway Road, London N5
Lorenzo and Leo Menesini - 21 Pickering Street, London N1
Diomede and Nicolao Nieri trading as D. N. Art Products - 26 and 28 Trafford Street, Hulme, Manchester 15, Lancashire
Leo Pagliai - Great Sutton Street, London
Alfredo and Giovanni Paoli - 125-127 East Road, London N1
Guido Quattromini, Umberto Berti and Gino Berti trading as F. and B. Sales - 127 Caledonian Road, London N1
Gino Manca - Italian designer who moved to Sweden
See also
edit
Ceramic forming techniques
Kewpie doll
Vaillancourt Chalkware
Universal Statuary Corp.
References
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"The Original Chalkware Studios in Sutton, Massachusetts".
Grove Dictionary of Art, "Chalkware"
Chalkware Gallery Research Site https://chalkware.gallery/2019/09/30/match-holder-by-lohnberg-reg-877847/
Example by Paoli taken from National Archives in London, https://chalkware.gallery/2019/10/16/squirrel-mirror-by-paoli-reg-880609/
"Mazer v. Stein, 347 U.S. 201, 74 S. Ct. 460, 98 L. Ed. 2d 630, 1954 U.S. LEXIS 2679 –". Courtlistener.com. Retrieved 2018-05-02.
"Questions and Answers". www.harryrinker.com.
"eBay Buying Guides". www.ebay.com.
"Continental Art Company 1967 Floor Lamp - Collectors Weekly". www.collectorsweekly.com.
"Continental Art Lamps - Marfa Lights & Lamps". marfalightsandlamps.com.
site., Who made this. "Project Name". www.simplydecorous.com.
"F.A.I.P. Lamps - Marfa Lights & Lamps". marfalightsandlamps.com.
"MSI | Miller Studio Inc". www.miller-studio.com.
"Reglor Lamps - Marfa Lights & Lamps". marfalightsandlamps.com.
STAFF, Donna Boynton TELEGRAM & GAZETTE. "Reluctant honor looms for folk art shop". telegram.com.
The National Archives https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/
National Archives search facility, https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C6117982
National Archives Discovery search for Patents, Designs and Trade Marks Office https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C3096
National Archives Discovery search for Patents, Designs and Trade Marks Office https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/browse/r/h/C89347
"Registered Designs Act and Rules".
Board Of Trade record entry https://chalkware.gallery/2017/08/21/lady-figurine-by-paoli-reg-891802/
Wilson, Gunn & Ellis https://www.wilsongunn.com/history/timeline.html
Ancestry.com Electoral Register records https://www.ancestry.co.uk/search/categories/cen_1950/?name=Max_Lohnberg&gender=m&name_x=_1
Last edited 17 days ago by Not-cheesewhisk3rs
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St. Louis (/seɪnt ˈluːɪs, sənt-/ saynt LOO-iss, sənt-, sometimes referred to as St. Louis City,[a] Saint Louis or STL) is an independent city in the U.S. state of Missouri. It lies near the confluence of the Mississippi and the Missouri rivers. In 2020, the city proper had a population of 301,578, while its metropolitan area, which extends into Illinois, had an estimated population of over 2.8 million. It is the largest metropolitan area in Missouri and the second-largest in Illinois. The city's combined statistical area is the 20th-largest in the United States.
St. Louis
Independent city
The Old Courthouse and Gateway Arch in Downtown St. Louis
Saint Louis Art Museum
Busch Stadium
Missouri Botanical Garden
Union Station
Flag of St. Louis
Flag
Official seal of St. Louis
Seal
Nickname(s): "Gateway to the West",[1] The Gateway City,[1] Mound City,[2] The Lou,[3] Rome of the West,[4] River City, The STL, St. Lou
Map
Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap
Interactive map of St. Louis
St. Louis is located in MissouriSt. LouisSt. Louis
Show map of Missouri
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Coordinates: 38°37′38″N 90°11′52″W
Country
United States
State
Missouri
CSA
St. Louis–St. Charles–Farmington, MO–IL
Metro
St. Louis, MO-IL
Founded
February 14, 1764
Incorporated
1809
Named after
Louis IX of France
Government
• Type
Mayor–council
• Body
Board of Aldermen
• Mayor
Cara Spencer (D)
• President, Board of Aldermen
Megan Green (D)
• Treasurer
Adam Layne
• Comptroller
Donna Baringer (D)
• Congressional representative
Wesley Bell (D)
Area[5]
• Independent city
66.17 sq mi (171.39 km2)
• Land
61.72 sq mi (159.85 km2)
• Water
4.45 sq mi (11.53 km2)
• Urban
910.4 sq mi (2,357.8 km2)
• Metro
8,458 sq mi (21,910 km2)
Elevation[6]
466 ft (142 m)
Highest elevation[7]
614 ft (187 m)
Population (2020)[8]
• Independent city
301,578
• Estimate (2024)[9]
279,695
• Rank
US: 82nd
Midwest: 13th
Missouri: 2nd
• Density
4,886.2/sq mi (1,886.59/km2)
• Urban
2,156,323 (US: 22nd)
• Urban density
2,369/sq mi (914.5/km2)
• Metro
2,809,299 (US: 21st)
• CSA
2,914,230 (US: 20th)
Demonym(s)
St. Louisan; Saint Louisan
GDP[10]
• Greater St. Louis
$209.9 billion (2022)
Time zone
UTC−6 (CST)
• Summer (DST)
UTC−5 (CDT)
ZIP Codes
List
Area code
314/557
FIPS code
29-65000
Website
stlouis-mo.gov
The land that became St. Louis had been occupied by Native American cultures for thousands of years before European settlement. The city was founded on February 14, 1764, by French fur traders Gilbert Antoine de St. Maxent, Pierre Laclède, and Auguste Chouteau. They named it for King Louis IX of France, and it quickly became the regional center of the French Illinois Country. In 1804, the United States acquired St. Louis as part of the Louisiana Purchase. In the 19th century, St. Louis developed as a major port on the Mississippi River; from 1870 until the 1920 census, it was the fourth-largest city in the country. It separated from St. Louis County in 1877, becoming an independent city and limiting its political boundaries. In 1904, it hosted the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, also known as the St. Louis World's Fair, and the Summer Olympics.
St. Louis is designated as one of 173 global cities by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network.[16] The GDP of Greater St. Louis was $226.6 billion in 2023. St. Louis has a diverse economy with strengths in the service, manufacturing, trade, transportation, and aviation industries. It is home to sixteen Fortune 1000 companies, six of which are also Fortune 500 companies. Federal agencies headquartered in the city or with significant operations there include the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency.
The city's attractions include the 630-foot (192 m) Gateway Arch in Downtown St. Louis, the St. Louis Zoo, the Missouri Botanical Garden, the Saint Louis Art Museum, and Bellefontaine Cemetery. Major research universities in Greater St. Louis include Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis University, and the University of Missouri–St. Louis. The Washington University Medical Center hosts an agglomeration of medical and pharmaceutical institutions, including Barnes-Jewish Hospital. St. Louis has four professional sports teams: the St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball, the St. Louis Blues of the National Hockey League, St. Louis City SC of Major League Soccer, and the St. Louis BattleHawks of the United Football League.
Main article: History of St. Louis
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of St. Louis.
Mississippian culture and European exploration
Historical affiliations
Kingdom of France 1690s–1763
Kingdom of Spain 1763–1800
French First Republic 1800–1803
United States 1803–present
The home of Auguste Chouteau is in St. Louis. Gilbert Antoine de St. Maxent,[13] Chouteau, and Pierre Laclède founded St. Louis in 1764.
Main article: History of St. Louis before 1762
The area that became St. Louis was a center of the Native American Mississippian culture, which built numerous temple and residential earthwork mounds on both sides of the Mississippi River. Their major regional center was at Cahokia Mounds, active from 900 to 1500. Due to numerous major earthworks within St. Louis boundaries, the city was nicknamed as the "Mound City". These mounds were mostly demolished during the city's development. Historic Native American tribes in the area encountered by early Europeans included the Siouan-speaking Osage people, whose territory extended west, and the Illiniwek.[22] Sugarloaf Mound in South St. Louis was repatriated to the Osage Nation in 2025.[23]
European exploration of the area was first recorded in 1673, when French explorers Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette traveled through the Mississippi River valley. Five years later, La Salle claimed the region for France as part of La Louisiane, also known as Louisiana. The earliest European settlements in the Illinois Country (also known as Upper Louisiana) were built by the French during the 1690s and early 1700s at Cahokia, Kaskaskia, and Fort de Chartres. Migrants from the French villages on the east side of the Mississippi River, such as Kaskaskia, also founded Ste. Genevieve in the 1730s.[citation needed]
In 1764, after France lost the Seven Years' War, Pierre Laclède and his stepson Auguste Chouteau founded what was to become the city of St. Louis.[24] (French lands east of the Mississippi had been ceded to Great Britain and the lands west of the Mississippi to Spain; Catholic France and Spain were 18th-century allies. Louis XV of France and Charles III of Spain were cousins, both from the House of Bourbon.[citation needed]) The French families built the city's economy on the fur trade with the Osage, and with more distant tribes along the Missouri River. The Chouteau brothers gained a monopoly from Spain on the fur trade with Santa Fe. French colonists used African slaves as domestic servants and workers in the city.[25]
During the negotiations for the 1763 Treaty of Paris, French negotiators agreed to transfer France's colonial territories west of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers to New Spain to compensate for Spanish territorial losses during the war. These areas remained under Spanish control until 1803, when they were transferred to the French First Republic. During the American Revolutionary War, St. Louis was unsuccessfully attacked by British-allied Native Americans in the 1780 Battle of St. Louis.[26]
Founding
Main article: History of St. Louis (1763–1803)
The founding of St. Louis was preceded by a trading business between Gilbert Antoine de St. Maxent and Pierre Laclède (Liguest) in late 1763. St. Maxent invested in a Mississippi River expedition led by Laclède, who searched for a location to base the company's fur trading operations. Though Ste. Genevieve was already established as a trading center, he sought a place less prone to flooding. He found an elevated area overlooking the flood plain of the Mississippi River, not far south from its confluence with the Missouri and Illinois rivers. In addition to having an advantageous natural drainage system, there were nearby forested areas to supply timber and grasslands which could easily be converted for agricultural purposes. Laclède declared that this place "might become, hereafter, one of the finest cities in America". He dispatched his 14-year-old stepson, Auguste Chouteau, to the site, with the support of 30 settlers in February 1764.
Laclède arrived at the future town site two months later and produced a plan for St. Louis based on the New Orleans street plan. The default block size was 240 by 300 feet, with just three long avenues running parallel to the west bank of the Mississippi. He established a public corridor of 300 feet fronting the river, but later this area was released for private development.
This photograph of a mural titled Indian Attack on the Village of St. Louis, 1780, depicts the Battle of St. Louis.
The mural Indian Attack on the Village of St. Louis, 1780, depicts that during the American Revolutionary War, St. Louis was unsuccessfully attacked by British-allied Native Americans in the Battle of St. Louis in 1780.
For the city's first few years, it was not recognized by any governments. Although the settlement was thought to be under the control of the Spanish government, no one asserted any authority over it, and thus St. Louis had no local government. This vacuum led Laclède to assume civil control, and all problems were disposed in public settings, such as communal meetings. In addition, Laclède granted new settlers lots in town and the surrounding countryside. In hindsight, many of these original settlers thought of these first few years as "the golden age of St. Louis".[28] In 1763, the Native Americans in the region around St. Louis began expressing dissatisfaction with the victorious British, objecting to their refusal to continue to the French tradition of supplying gifts to Natives. Odawa chieftain Pontiac began forming a pan-tribal alliance to counter British control over the region but received little support from the indigenous residents of St. Louis. By 1765, the city began receiving visits from representatives of the British, French, and Spanish governments.[citation needed]
St. Louis was transferred to the French First Republic in 1800 (although all of the colonial lands continued to be administered by Spanish officials), then sold by the French to the U.S. in 1803 as part of the Louisiana Purchase. St. Louis became the capital of, and gateway to, the new territory. Shortly after the official transfer of authority was made, the Lewis and Clark Expedition was commissioned by President Thomas Jefferson. The expedition departed from St. Louis in May 1804 along the Missouri River to explore the vast territory. There were hopes of finding a water route to the Pacific Ocean, but the party had to go overland in the Upper West. They reached the Pacific Ocean via the Columbia River in summer 1805. They returned, reaching St. Louis on September 23, 1806. Both Lewis and Clark lived in St. Louis after the expedition. Many other explorers, settlers, and trappers (such as Ashley's Hundred) would later take a similar route to the West.[citation needed]
19th century
Main articles: History of St. Louis (1804–1865) and History of St. Louis (1866–1904)
See also: St. Louis in the American Civil War
White men pose in 1852 at Lynch's slave market at 104 Locust Street.
The city elected its first municipal legislators (called trustees) in 1808. Steamboats first arrived in St. Louis in 1817, improving connections with New Orleans and eastern markets. Missouri was admitted as a state in 1821. St. Louis was incorporated as a city in 1822, and continued to develop largely due to its busy port and trade connections.[citation needed]
City of St. Louis and Riverfront, 1874
South Broadway had a tornado on May 27, 1896.
Immigrants from Ireland and Germany arrived in St. Louis in significant numbers starting in the 1840s, and the population of St. Louis grew from less than 20,000 inhabitants in 1840, to 77,860 in 1850, to more than 160,000 by 1860. By the mid-1800s, St. Louis had a greater population than New Orleans.[citation needed]
Settled by many Southerners in a slave state, the city was split in political sympathies and became polarized during the American Civil War. In 1861, 28 civilians were killed in a clash with Union troops. The war hurt St. Louis economically, due to the Union blockade of river traffic to the south on the Mississippi River. The St. Louis Arsenal constructed ironclads for the Union Navy.[citation needed]
Slaves worked in many jobs on the waterfront and on the riverboats. Given the city's location close to the free state of Illinois and others, some slaves escaped to freedom. Others, especially women with children, sued in court in freedom suits, and several prominent local attorneys aided slaves in these suits. About half the slaves achieved freedom in hundreds of suits before the American Civil War began in 1861. The printing press of abolitionist Elijah Parish Lovejoy was destroyed for the third time by townsfolk. He was murdered the next year in nearby Alton, Illinois.
After the war, St. Louis profited via trade with the West, aided by the 1874 completion of the Eads Bridge, named for its design engineer. Industrial developments on both banks of the river were linked by the bridge, the second in the Midwest over the Mississippi River after the Hennepin Avenue Bridge in Minneapolis. The bridge connects St. Louis, Missouri to East St. Louis, Illinois. The Eads Bridge became a symbolic image of the city of St. Louis, from the time of its erection until 1965 when the Gateway Arch Bridge was constructed. The bridge crosses the St. Louis riverfront between Laclede's Landing, to the north, and the grounds of the Gateway Arch, to the south. Today the road deck has been restored, allowing vehicular and pedestrian traffic to cross the river. The St. Louis MetroLink light rail system has used the rail deck since 1993. An estimated 8,500 vehicles pass through it daily.[citation needed]
On August 22, 1876, the city of St. Louis voted to secede from St. Louis County and become an independent city, and, following a recount of the votes in November, officially did so in March 1877.[30] The 1877 St. Louis general strike caused significant upheaval, in a fight for the eight-hour day and the banning of child labor.
Industrial production continued to increase during the late 19th century. Major corporations such as the Anheuser-Busch brewery, Ralston Purina company and Desloge Consolidated Lead Company were established at St. Louis which was also home to several brass era automobile companies, including the Success Automobile Manufacturing Company; St. Louis is the site of the Wainwright Building, a skyscraper designed in 1892 by architect Louis Sullivan.
20th century
Main article: History of St. Louis (1905–1980)
The Government Building is at the 1904 World's Fair.
In 1900, the entire streetcar system was shut down by a several months-long strike, with significant unrest occurring in the city & violence against the striking workers.
In 1904, the city hosted the World's Fair and the Olympics, becoming the first non-European city to host the games. The formal name for the 1904 World's Fair was the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. Permanent facilities and structures remaining from the fair are located in Forest Park, and other notable structures within the park's boundaries include the St. Louis Art Museum, the St. Louis Zoo and the Missouri History Museum, and Tower Grove Park and the Botanical Gardens.
After the Civil War, social and racial discrimination in housing and employment were common in St. Louis. In 1916, during the Jim Crow Era, St. Louis passed a residential segregation ordinance saying that if 75% of the residents of a neighborhood were of a certain race, no one from a different race was allowed to move in. That ordinance was struck down in a court challenge, by the NAACP, after which racial covenants were used to prevent the sale of houses in certain neighborhoods to "persons not of Caucasian race".[clarification needed] Again, St. Louisans offered a lawsuit in challenge, and such covenants were ruled unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1948 in Shelley v. Kraemer.
In 1926, Douglass University, a historically black university was founded by B. F. Bowles in St. Louis, and at the time no other college in St. Louis County admitted black students.
In the first half of the 20th century, St. Louis was a destination in the Great Migration of African Americans from the rural South seeking better opportunities.[40] During World War II, the NAACP campaigned to integrate war factories. In 1964, civil rights activists protested at the construction of the Gateway Arch to publicize their effort to gain entry for African Americans into the skilled trade unions, where they were underrepresented. The Department of Justice filed the first suit against the unions under the Civil Rights Act of 1964.[citation needed]
Between 1900 and 1929, St. Louis, had about 220 automakers, close to 10 percent of all American carmakers, about half of which built cars exclusively in St. Louis. Notable names include Dorris, Gardner and Moon.
In the first part of the century, St. Louis had some of the worst air pollution in the United States. In April 1940, the city banned the use of soft coal mined in nearby states. The city hired inspectors to ensure that only anthracite was burned. By 1946, the city had reduced air pollution by about 75%.
The Arch (completed 1965) is visible from Laclede's Landing, the remaining section of St. Louis's commercial riverfront.
De jure educational segregation continued into the 1950s, and de facto segregation continued into the 1970s, leading to a court challenge and interdistrict desegregation agreement. Students have been bused mostly from the city to county school districts to have opportunities for integrated classes, although the city has created magnet schools to attract students.
St. Louis, like many Midwestern cities, expanded in the early 20th century due to industrialization, which provided jobs to new generations of immigrants and migrants from the South. It reached its peak population of 856,796 at the 1950 census.[44] Suburbanization from the 1950s through the 1990s dramatically reduced the city's population, as did restructuring of industry and loss of jobs.[citation needed] The effects of suburbanization were exacerbated by the small geographical size of St. Louis due to its earlier decision to become an independent city, and it lost much of its tax base. During the 19th and 20th century, most major cities aggressively annexed surrounding areas as residential development occurred away from the central city; however, St. Louis was unable to do so.[citation needed]
Several urban renewal projects were built in the 1950s, as the city worked to replace old and substandard housing. Some of these were poorly designed and resulted in problems. One prominent example, Pruitt–Igoe, became a symbol of failure in public housing, and was torn down less than two decades after it was built.[citation needed] The degradation and razing of Mill Creek Valley in this time was featured as an example of disenfranchisement in the 2024 Reparations Commission Report.
Since the 1980s, several revitalization efforts have focused on Downtown St. Louis.
21st century
Main article: History of St. Louis (1981–present)
The urban revitalization projects that started in the 1980s
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Vintage Chalkware Coin Bank Large Pig Piggy Bank General Arts Co. Made In USA
Vintage Chalkware Coin Bank Large Pig Piggy Bank Made In USA by General Arts Company St. Louis, Missouri. Scarce Vintage Original Chalkware Piggy Bank