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Reconstruction refers to the transformation
of the Southern United States from 1863 to 1877, as directed by Washington,
with the reconstruction of state and society.

From 1863 to 1869, Presidents Lincoln and Johnson took a moderate
position designed to bring the South back to normal as soon as possible, while
the Radical Republicans (as they called themselves) used Congress to block the
president, impose harsh terms, and upgrade the rights of the Freedmen (the
ex-slaves). The president prevailed until the election of 1866, which enabled
the Radicals to take control of policy, remove from power the ex-Confederates,
and enfranchise the Freedmen. A Republican coalition came to power in (nearly
all) the southern states and set out to radically transform the society, with
support from the Army and the Freedman's Bureau. Conservative white Democrats,
alleging widespread corruption, counterattacked and regained power in each
state by 1877, often with violence. The Freedmen became second class citizens,
while most Southern whites became embittered toward the North and formed a
Democratic "Solid South." The deployment of the U.S. military was
central to the establishment of Southern Reconstructed state governments and
the suppression of violence against black and white voters.


 
Contents
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY. 
CHAPTER 11. FEDERAL UNION ;
REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY. 
CHAPTER III. POLITICAL SEPARATENESS OF
THE BRITISH COLONIES. 
CHAPTER IV. SEPARATENESS OF THE BRITISH
COLONIES CONTINUED. 
CHAPTER V. THE ARTICLES OF
CONFEDERATION. 
CHAPTER VI. THE CONSTITUTION. 
CHAPTER VII. THE FORMATION OF PARTIES. 
CHAPTER VIII. THE FORMATION OF PARTIES— CONTINUED. 
CHAPTER IX. THE FORMATION OF PARTIES —CONTINUED. 
CHAPTER X. CONSTITUTIONAL LEGISLATION. 
CHAPTER XI. COERCION
CHAPTER XII. DEVELOPMENT OF PRINCIPLES
OF CONGRESSIONAL ACTION TOWARDS THE SOUTH. 
CHAPTER XIII. PLANS OF RECONSTRUCTION. 
CHAPTER XIV. THE CONGRESSIONAL PLAN OF
RECONSTRUCTION. 
CHAPTER XV. THE CONGRESSIONAL PLAN OF
RECONSTRUCTION — CONTINUED. 
CHAPTER XVI. ENFORCEMENT OF THE
PRESIDENTIAL PLAN OF RECONSTRUCTION. 
CHAPTER XVII. ENFORCEMENT OF THE
PRESIDENTIAL PLAN OF RECONSTRUCTION CONTINUED. 
CHAPTER XVIII. ENFORCEMENT OF THE
PRESIDENTIAL PLAN OF RECONSTRUCTION 
CHAPTER XIX. WHAT CONSTITUTES A STATE
OF THE AMERICAN UNION ? 
CHAPTER XX. CONCLUSION 390 
Appendix A 401 
Appendix B 406 
Appendix C 411 
Index 427