Environmental
factors, hormones, medications, and age cause oxidative damage. Oxidative
damages cause the overproduction and accumulation of melanin, resulting in skin
darkening, age spots, uneven skin tone, and other skin conditions. It also
repairs oxidative damage. Arbutin also effectively influences pigmentation by
inhibiting the activity of the enzyme that supports the production of melanin:
tyrosinase. Its brightening efficacy is dose-dependent.