RARE KRAFTWERK Concert Ticket Stub - October 15, 1978 Free Trade Hall, Manchester, ENG

A rare and authentic piece of electronic music history!

Up for auction is an original vintage ticket stub from the legendary German electronic pioneers, Kraftwerk, for their concert on Sunday, 15th October 1978, at the iconic Free Trade Hall in Manchester, UK.

This concert was part of the groundbreaking tour in support of their seminal album, "The Man-Machine" (Die Mensch-Maschine), which had been released earlier that year. This tour is famous among fans for its influential "robot" presentation and for solidifying Kraftwerk's status as visionaries of the electronic genre. Owning this ticket is owning a tangible connection to a pivotal moment in modern music.

Ticket Details:

Condition: This ticket stub is a genuine survivor, nearly 50 years old. Please examine the high-resolution photos carefully for a detailed look at its condition.

This is an essential item for any serious Kraftwerk collector, electronic music historian, or enthusiast of vintage concert memorabilia. Don't miss this opportunity to acquire a genuine artifact from one of the most important bands of the 20th century, performing at a legendary British venue.

















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Artist Emil Schult is a painter, poet, and musician best known for his work with electronic music pioneers Kraftwerk. While studying with Dieter Rot, Joseph Beuys and Gerhard Richter at Kunstakademie in Düsseldorf, he was invited to contribute to the band’s visual and musical ideas. This collaboration with founders Ralf Hütter and Florian Schneider led to Schult’s creating lyrics as well as graphic designs for their album covers and creating images of the musical instruments and electronic sounds that were being crafted by the group for performances and recordings.

Schult's designs include the covers of the albums Ralf & Florian, Autobahn, Radioactivity, Trans Europe Express, and Computer World. He also provided projections of his artwork that are still used in Kraftwerk concerts today.

In 2012, Schult was invited to be an artist in residence at the Institute for Electronic Arts at Alfred (N.Y.) University. Since then, he has been a frequent visitor and lecturer at Alfred while creating new work at the Institute. 

This exhibition explores the depth of Schult’s career in visual and sonic art. It includes hand cut prints of early computer chips; Reverse Glass Portraits of electronic music luminaries Robert Moog, John Cage, Clara Rockmore, Oskar Sala, and others; a sound installation based on Charles Burchfield's work and the concept of synesthesia; and ceramic sound sculptures created in Germany. In the fall of 2014 Schult worked with students at the institute for Electronic Arts to create The Sounds of Charles Burchfield, an examination of the  role of synesthesia in the painter's work. Schult instructed participants to analyze the structural and rhythmic elements of the images and re-create them with his "reverse glass painting" technique. Audio files were then created with Photosounder software to allow viewers to literally "hear" the paintings. The end results will be part of the exhibition in the Budin Gallery.

I began my studies at the art academy in the late sixties under Diter Rot, Joseph Beuys and Gerhard Richter, who had all been extremely influential in terms of my artistic development. That’s also when I first met Ralf and Florian and became involved with Kraftwerk. In general, the art world in Düsseldorf was a pretty competitive atmosphere and it wasn’t always so easy to find people you could work and get along with, especially in terms of feeling comfortable enough to show your art.

At the time, both Ralf and Florian were already innovative and advanced, musically speaking, and I had long been fascinated by electronic music. They were gracious enough to allow me to come by and, well, take part. My input with the band was always part of a larger artistic dialogue, which included visual ideas that were developed together. It wasn’t just give and take; it was also about developing things conceptually in parallel processes. A good example of that is the “music comics” developed for the album Ralf and Florian, where, if you know the group, you can really see what a mix of ideas and input it is, visually speaking. Interestingly, the same was also true for developing some of the musical instruments and electronic sounds. Whenever Kraftwerk wanted to redesign an acoustic instrument to make it electronic or somehow create an electronic simulation, then a visualization, a sketch or a notation was part of the process.

Electronic music makes use of a sound spectrum that’s larger than acoustic music. It’s enabled humanity to expand mental processes and to imagine the future, which is why I think there’s always been such a strong connection between electronic music and science fiction. For example, at the World’s Fair in New York in 1964, I saw a pavilion called Futurama that featured visions of the future—cities in the ocean or in the sky, advanced forms of transportation—and these were accompanied by electronic sounds from some of the earlier synthesizers and electronic instruments put together by Raymond Scott. This is the tradition in which my contribution to Kraftwerk can be seen. I think there are two main metalanguages in this universe: music and image.

When I create an image and put it into the world, then people understand it non-discursively. You know, people tend to say an image is worth a thousand words, but music is even further along in that sense: when I play a series of notes in a certain order, then people immediately relate to it in some way—they have immediate associations. That’s why progression in music and art is strongly connected to human progress.

You can make destructive music, but you can also make music that pushes things forward. Electronic music is the music for modern times, the music that allows us to meet the standards of today’s technology. The Internet and other forms of digital communication demand a metalanguage sophisticated enough to process and interpret it. Progress in art, music and society are also necessary to balance the madness of excess and greed, which leads to landmines, radioactivity and destruction of living cosmic tissue. You can see the balance and progress in children—especially in their acceptance of electronic beats. They are far less biased than older people, far better able to perceive things intuitively and far more likely to see art and music as a reminder of paradise.

For the shows at the MoMA, and specifically the 3-D visuals, I participated by figuring out ways to provide the images with a new dimensionality—especially those for “Autobahn”, “Kometenmelodie”, “Airwaves”, and “Trans-Europe Express”. These we discussed quite a bit and, with the programming skills of Falk Grieffenhagen, turned into material for film projections. I’ve been taking part in Kraftwerk concerts for over forty years, and what was presented at the MoMA was the absolute pinnacle of what I’ve had seen and heard. The sound, the visuals, the amount of people at the shows . . . it wasn’t a normal “concert” experience. In that sense, it wasn’t really a “concert” experience at all.









The Man-Machine: A Kraftwerk Biography

Introduction: The Sound of the Future, Born in the Past

In the annals of popular music, few acts have left as indelible and transformative a mark as Kraftwerk. Hailing from Düsseldorf, Germany, this enigmatic quartet, often described as the "godfathers of electronic music," didn't just create songs; they engineered a revolution. From their humble beginnings in the experimental krautrock scene of the early 1970s to their meticulously crafted, highly influential electronic soundscapes, Kraftwerk systematically dismantled traditional notions of songwriting, performance, and even what it meant to be a band. They were pioneers, visionaries who foresaw a future dominated by technology, and then proceeded to compose its soundtrack.

Their impact reverberates across genres, from techno and hip-hop to pop and rock, influencing countless artists who dared to push the boundaries of sound. More than just musicians, Kraftwerk were conceptual artists, embracing a minimalist aesthetic, robotic stage personas, and a profound fascination with the interplay between humanity and machinery. This biography delves into the fascinating journey of Ralf Hütter, Florian Schneider, and the rotating cast of collaborators who, for over five decades, have consistently challenged the status quo, redefined the sonic landscape, and cemented their legacy as one of the most important and innovative groups in modern music history. We will explore their origins, dissect their groundbreaking albums, trace their profound influence, and ultimately understand why Kraftwerk remains, to this day, the quintessential "Man-Machine."

Chapter 1: Origins in the Kling Klang Studio – From Psychedelia to Precision (1968-1973)

The story of Kraftwerk begins not with synthesizers and vocoders, but amidst the swirling, improvisational sounds of late 1960s German experimental music. Ralf Hütter and Florian Schneider-Esleben, both students at the Robert Schumann Hochschule in Düsseldorf, met in 1968. Hütter was studying organ and piano, while Schneider was learning flute. Their initial collaborations were far from the rigid, electronic precision that would define Kraftwerk. Instead, they were part of the vibrant West German avant-garde scene, often performing in free-form, improvisational groups.

Their early projects, such as Organisation, were steeped in the "krautrock" movement, a term often used to describe the experimental, psychedelic, and often motorik-beat driven music emerging from Germany at the time. Organisation released one album, "Tone Float," in 1970. This album, recorded in a castle and featuring an eclectic mix of instruments including organ, flute, violin, bass, and drums, showcased a band still searching for its identity. While hints of their future minimalist tendencies could be detected, "Tone Float" was largely a product of its era – sprawling, organic, and rooted in traditional instrumentation.

However, Hütter and Schneider quickly grew restless with the limitations of conventional rock instrumentation and the improvisational nature of their early work. They shared a burgeoning fascination with technology, particularly the nascent world of electronic instruments. This shared vision led them to establish their own studio, Kling Klang, in Düsseldorf. This studio would become the crucible in which Kraftwerk's distinctive sound was forged. Initially a modest space, Kling Klang was meticulously equipped and re-equipped over the years with custom-built synthesizers, sequencers, and drum machines, becoming as much a member of the band as the musicians themselves. It was here that they began to experiment with electronic sounds, moving away from the organic textures of their past towards a more structured, synthesized future.

Their self-titled debut album, "Kraftwerk," released in 1970, marked a significant departure from Organisation. While still featuring live drums and flute, the album introduced electronic elements more prominently. Tracks like "Ruckzuck" showcased repetitive, almost hypnotic rhythms, a precursor to their later motorik beat. "Kraftwerk 2," released in 1972, continued this exploration, with even more emphasis on electronic textures and rudimentary drum machines. These early albums, while not yet fully realizing their iconic sound, were crucial steps in their evolution, demonstrating a clear trajectory towards a more disciplined, electronic approach.

The turning point arrived with "Ralf und Florian" in 1973. This album saw Hütter and Schneider almost entirely abandon traditional instruments in favor of synthesizers, drum machines, and early vocoders. The music was sparser, more atmospheric, and hinted at the melodic clarity that would soon define their work. Tracks like "Elektrisches Roulette" and "Ananas Symphonie" showcased their growing mastery of electronic sound manipulation. It was on this album that the famous "Kling Klang" studio was first prominently credited, solidifying its role as the band's creative sanctuary.

During these formative years, the core philosophy of Kraftwerk began to crystallize: a dedication to electronic sound, a fascination with technology, and a desire to create music that reflected the modern industrial landscape of Germany. They were not just making music; they were building a new sonic architecture, brick by synthesized brick, within the confines of their private sound laboratory. The stage was set for their breakthrough, an album that would not only define their career but also reshape the course of music history.

Chapter 2: Autobahn – The Road to Global Recognition (1974)

If Kraftwerk's early albums were exploratory journeys into the electronic unknown, "Autobahn," released in 1974, was the moment they found their destination and paved the way for the world to follow. This album was a revelation, a masterpiece that not only brought them international acclaim but also fundamentally shifted perceptions of electronic music. "Autobahn" was more than just an album; it was a conceptual work, a sonic homage to the German motorway system, transforming the mundane act of driving into a meditative, almost spiritual experience.

The album's centerpiece, the 22-minute title track, was a groundbreaking achievement. It meticulously recreated the sounds of a road trip – the whirring of tires, the passing of cars, the gentle hum of the engine – using entirely electronic means. The repetitive, hypnotic rhythm, often referred to as the "motorik beat," became a signature element of their sound. This wasn't just abstract experimentation; it was accessible, melodic, and surprisingly beautiful. The track's structure, with its gradual build-up and evolving textures, captivated listeners and critics alike.

"Autobahn" was a commercial success, particularly in the United States, where a shortened single version of the title track reached the top 30 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. This was an unprecedented achievement for an electronic, German-language track. The album's success was due in part to its unique blend of avant-garde sensibilities with pop melodicism. While deeply experimental, "Autobahn" possessed an undeniable catchiness that transcended language barriers.

The album also marked the solidification of the classic Kraftwerk lineup: Ralf Hütter (vocals, synthesizers), Florian Schneider (synthesizers, vocoder, flute), Wolfgang Flür (electronic percussion), and Karl Bartos (electronic percussion). Flür and Bartos, who joined in 1973 and 1975 respectively, brought a new dimension to Kraftwerk's live performances, operating custom-built electronic drum pads that were as much visual elements as musical instruments. This lineup would remain stable for over a decade, defining the band's most influential period.

The visual aesthetic also began to take shape with "Autobahn." The album cover, depicting a stylized motorway scene, was simple yet striking, reflecting the band's minimalist approach. Their live performances, while still evolving, started to incorporate elements of their "man-machine" persona, with the band members often standing stoically behind their instruments, almost like extensions of the technology itself.

"Autobahn" was a pivotal moment not just for Kraftwerk, but for electronic music as a whole. It proved that synthesizers were not merely novelty instruments but could be used to create complex, emotionally resonant, and commercially viable music. It opened the floodgates for a new wave of electronic artists and laid the groundwork for genres like techno, electro, and synth-pop. The album's influence cannot be overstated; it was a blueprint for the future, a sonic prophecy that continues to resonate decades later. Kraftwerk had found their lane on the electronic highway, and they were driving full speed ahead.

Chapter 3: Radio-Activity and Trans-Europe Express – The Golden Age of the Man-Machine (1975-1977)

Following the unexpected success of "Autobahn," Kraftwerk embarked on a period of intense creativity and innovation, solidifying their reputation as electronic music's foremost pioneers. The albums "Radio-Activity" (1975) and "Trans-Europe Express" (1977) represent the zenith of their classic period, where their conceptual rigor, technological mastery, and melodic genius converged to create works of unparalleled influence.

"Radio-Activity" was a conceptual album exploring themes of radio communication, nuclear power, and the invisible waves that permeate our world. Released in both German ("Radio-Aktivität") and English versions, it showcased Kraftwerk's increasing sophistication in crafting cohesive sonic narratives. The album was darker and more atmospheric than "Autobahn," utilizing a broader palette of electronic sounds, including early digital synthesis and vocoders. Tracks like the haunting title track, with its Morse code-like rhythms and robotic vocals, and the ethereal "Ohm Sweet Ohm," demonstrated their ability to evoke complex emotions through purely electronic means. The album's minimalist aesthetic and thematic focus on technology further cemented their "man-machine" identity. While not as commercially successful as "Autobahn" in the US, "Radio-Activity" was critically acclaimed and deepened their artistic credibility, particularly in Europe.

However, it was "Trans-Europe Express" that truly cemented Kraftwerk's legendary status and became arguably their most influential work. Released in 1977, this album was a seamless blend of European romanticism, industrial futurism, and the relentless pulse of modern transportation. Inspired by the luxurious Trans-Europe Express train network, the album evoked the romance of rail travel across the continent, juxtaposing it with the cold, metallic precision of the machines themselves.

The album's title track, "Trans-Europe Express," is a masterpiece of electronic composition. Its driving, repetitive rhythm, combined with elegant melodic lines and robotic vocals, created a sound that was both futuristic and deeply evocative. The track famously incorporated elements from their earlier song "Europe Endless," creating a sense of continuity and thematic depth. Other standout tracks include the melancholic "Franz Schubert" and "Europe Endless," which perfectly encapsulated their vision of a unified, technologically advanced Europe.

"Trans-Europe Express" was groundbreaking for several reasons. Musically, it refined the motorik beat and introduced more sophisticated sequencing and melodic structures. Conceptually, it presented a cohesive artistic statement, where every sound, every lyric, and every visual element served the overarching theme. But perhaps its most profound impact was on the burgeoning hip-hop scene in the United States. The driving bassline and distinctive rhythms of "Trans-Europe Express" and "Numbers" (from "Computer World") became foundational samples for early hip-hop artists, most notably Afrika Bambaataa's seminal track "Planet Rock." This unexpected cross-pollination demonstrated the universal appeal and rhythmic power of Kraftwerk's electronic innovations, proving that their music transcended genre and cultural boundaries.

During this period, Kraftwerk's live performances evolved into highly stylized, almost ritualistic events. The band members, often dressed in matching suits, stood largely motionless behind their custom-built consoles, their faces obscured or expressionless, reinforcing the idea of them as extensions of their machines. The stage sets were minimalist, often featuring projections and stark lighting, creating an immersive, futuristic atmosphere. This deliberate detachment from traditional rock star theatrics further emphasized their focus on the music itself and the technological process behind it.

The mid-to-late 1970s saw Kraftwerk at the peak of their creative powers, pushing the boundaries of electronic music and establishing a unique artistic identity. "Radio-Activity" and "Trans-Europe Express" are not just albums; they are monuments to a radical vision, works that continue to inspire and influence generations of musicians, proving that the future of music could indeed be found in the hum of a circuit board and the pulse of a machine.

Chapter 4: The Man-Machine and Computer World – Robotic Perfection and Digital Prophecies (1978-1981)

As the 1970s drew to a close and the 1980s dawned, Kraftwerk continued their relentless march into the future, releasing two more seminal albums that cemented their status as electronic music's most prescient prophets: "The Man-Machine" (1978) and "Computer World" (1981). These records not only refined their signature sound but also delved deeper into the philosophical implications of technology, anticipating a digital age that was still largely unimaginable to the wider public.

"The Man-Machine" (German: "Die Mensch-Maschine") is arguably Kraftwerk's most iconic album, both musically and visually. The album cover, featuring the band members in stark red shirts, black ties, and slicked-back hair, presented them as robotic, almost interchangeable figures, a visual representation of their "man-machine" concept. Musically, the album was a masterclass in minimalist electronic pop. Tracks like "The Robots" (with its unforgettable "Wir sind die Roboter" refrain) and "Spacelab" showcased their increasingly sophisticated use of vocoders and synthesizers, creating a sound that was both futuristic and strangely human.

The album's themes explored the blurring lines between human and machine, the rise of artificial intelligence, and the increasingly automated world. "The Model" (German: "Das Model"), a surprisingly catchy pop song about the superficiality of the fashion industry, became a massive hit in the UK when released as a single in 1981, proving Kraftwerk's ability to craft commercially successful tracks without compromising their artistic integrity. "The Man-Machine" was a triumph of conceptual art and electronic pop, influencing a generation of synth-pop bands and solidifying Kraftwerk's image as the ultimate technological band.

Three years later, in 1981, Kraftwerk released "Computer World" (German: "Computerwelt"), an album that proved to be astonishingly prophetic. At a time when personal computers were still a niche curiosity, and the internet was decades away from public consciousness, Kraftwerk accurately envisioned a world dominated by digital technology, data, and global communication networks. The album's themes revolved around the emerging digital landscape: "Computer Love" (a poignant reflection on finding connection in a digital age), "Numbers" (a rhythmic exploration of digital counting), and "Computer World" itself, which painted a picture of a society increasingly reliant on machines.

Musically, "Computer World" was even more precise and rhythmically complex than its predecessors. The use of sequencers and early digital synthesizers was more prominent, creating a colder, more analytical sound that perfectly matched the album's themes. The track "Numbers" became another foundational sample for early hip-hop, its stark, percussive rhythm and multi-lingual counting vocals providing a powerful backdrop for MCs. The album's influence on techno and electro was immense, with producers dissecting its intricate rhythms and pristine sound design.

The "Computer World" tour that followed was equally groundbreaking. Kraftwerk introduced their famous "robot duplicates" – life-sized mannequins of themselves that would sometimes appear on stage in their place, further blurring the lines between human and machine and adding to their mystique. Their live shows became even more theatrical and technologically advanced, featuring elaborate light shows and synchronized projections.

"The Man-Machine" and "Computer World" represent the pinnacle of Kraftwerk's conceptual and musical development in their most prolific period. They were not just making music about technology; they were embodying it, becoming the very "man-machines" they sang about. These albums cemented their legacy as true innovators, artists who not only foresaw the digital revolution but also provided its defining soundtrack, influencing countless musicians and shaping the sound of modern electronic music for decades to come.

Chapter 5: Electric Café and The Mix – The Long Silence and Reinterpretation (1986-1991)

Following the intense creative output of the 1970s and early 1980s, Kraftwerk entered a period of relative quiet, a long silence punctuated by the release of "Electric Café" in 1986 and "The Mix" in 1991. These albums marked a shift in their trajectory, reflecting both internal changes within the band and a new approach to their existing catalog.

"Electric Café" (later re-released as "Techno Pop" in 2009) was the first studio album in five years, a significant gap for a band that had previously released albums with remarkable regularity. The album's production was protracted, reportedly due to the band's meticulous perfectionism and their ongoing experimentation with new digital technologies. The sound of "Electric Café" was noticeably different from their earlier work, embracing the cleaner, more polished sounds of mid-1980s digital synthesis. Tracks like "Musique Non Stop" and "Boing Boom Tschak" featured more prominent sampling and a harder, more percussive edge, hinting at the emerging techno sound.

The album's themes touched upon consumerism ("The Telephone Call"), the power of music ("Musique Non Stop"), and the growing influence of technology in everyday life. While "Electric Café" contained some strong tracks and continued their exploration of electronic sounds, it was met with a more mixed reception compared to their previous masterpieces. Some critics found it less innovative or conceptually cohesive than their earlier work, while others appreciated its embrace of contemporary digital sounds. It also marked the departure of Wolfgang Flür, a key member of the classic lineup, who left the band in 1987, citing creative differences and a desire for more traditional touring.

The next major release, "The Mix," in 1991, was not a new studio album but a re-recording and re-imagining of their classic tracks. This album was a significant statement from Kraftwerk, demonstrating their commitment to continually updating and refining their sound in line with technological advancements. Rather than simply remastering old recordings, Kraftwerk meticulously re-recorded and remixed songs from "Autobahn," "Radio-Activity," "Trans-Europe Express," "The Man-Machine," and "Computer World" using contemporary digital equipment.

"The Mix" was a fascinating exercise in self-reinterpretation. The tracks gained a new clarity, punch, and digital sheen, often with updated arrangements and sounds that reflected the evolving electronic music landscape of the early 1990s. For long-time fans, it offered a fresh perspective on beloved classics, while for new listeners, it provided a modern entry point into Kraftwerk's extensive catalog. The album also underscored Kraftwerk's philosophy that their music was a continually evolving work, subject to constant refinement and technological enhancement. It reinforced their identity as engineers of sound, rather than just performers of fixed compositions.

The period between "Computer World" and "The Mix" also saw a significant reduction in Kraftwerk's touring schedule. Their live appearances became rarer, almost event-like, further contributing to their mystique. The internal dynamics of the band also shifted, with the core duo of Hütter and Schneider becoming even more central to the creative process.

While "Electric Café" might be considered a transitional album, and "The Mix" a retrospective reinterpretation, both releases were crucial in Kraftwerk's ongoing narrative. They demonstrated the band's enduring commitment to electronic innovation, their willingness to embrace new technologies, and their unique approach to their own legacy. This period of re-evaluation and refinement set the stage for their eventual return to more active touring and a renewed appreciation for their pioneering work in the decades that followed.

Chapter 6: Tour de France Soundtracks and Minimalist Resurgence (2003-Present)

After a significant hiatus from new studio material following "Electric Café," Kraftwerk re-emerged in 2003 with "Tour de France Soundtracks," an album that marked a triumphant return to form and reaffirmed their enduring relevance. This album, initially conceived as a soundtrack for the 100th anniversary of the Tour de France bicycle race, showcased a renewed focus on their signature minimalist aesthetic and a deeper integration of digital technologies.

The album was a logical extension of their "man-machine" concept, exploring the symbiotic relationship between human endurance and mechanical precision in the context of professional cycling. Tracks like "Tour de France Étape 1," "Chrono," and "Vitamin" captured the rhythmic intensity of the race, the whirring of bicycle chains, and the physical exertion of the riders, all translated into pristine electronic soundscapes. The album's sound was clean, crisp, and modern, utilizing advanced digital synthesis and sequencing while retaining the melodic sensibility and rhythmic drive that defined their classic work.

"Tour de France Soundtracks" was met with widespread critical acclaim, hailed as a worthy successor to their earlier masterpieces. It demonstrated that even after decades, Kraftwerk remained at the forefront of electronic music innovation, capable of producing fresh, compelling material that was both conceptually rich and sonically engaging. The album also saw the departure of Karl Bartos in 1990 and later the tragic passing of long-time member Fritz Hilpert, leading to a new lineup that would accompany Hütter and Schneider in their subsequent live performances.

Perhaps even more significant than the new album was Kraftwerk's resurgence as a live act. From the early 2000s onwards, they embarked on extensive world tours, bringing their meticulously crafted performances to new generations of fans. These concerts were not merely musical performances; they were immersive multimedia experiences. Utilizing state-of-the-art 3D visuals, synchronized projections, and their iconic robotic stage personas, Kraftwerk transformed concert halls into futuristic spectacles. The band members, often standing stoically behind their illuminated consoles, became part of the visual tapestry, blurring the lines between musicians, machines, and the digital art projected behind them.

A pivotal moment in their live resurgence was their "3-D Concerts" series, which began in earnest in the late 2000s and culminated in the release of "3-D The Catalogue" in 2017. This live album and film captured their entire studio album catalog performed in stunning 3D, a testament to their commitment to presenting their work in the most technologically advanced and immersive way possible. These concerts were not just nostalgic trips; they were a re-contextualization of their entire body of work, presented as a living, evolving art form.

The 2000s and 2010s also saw Kraftwerk receive numerous accolades and recognitions for their pioneering work. In 2014, they were awarded a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, acknowledging their profound and lasting impact on music. Their influence continued to be cited by a diverse range of artists, from pop superstars to underground techno producers, underscoring their universal appeal and timeless innovation.

The period from "Tour de France Soundtracks" onwards has been characterized by Kraftwerk's embrace of their legacy while simultaneously pushing the boundaries of live electronic performance. Ralf Hütter, as the sole remaining original member after Florian Schneider's passing in 2020, has continued to lead the band, ensuring that the Kraftwerk vision endures. Their minimalist resurgence has not only captivated long-time fans but also introduced their groundbreaking work to a new global audience, cementing their place as true legends of electronic music.

Chapter 7: The Philosophy of the Man-Machine – Art, Technology, and Identity

Beyond the groundbreaking sounds and innovative technologies, Kraftwerk's enduring appeal lies in their profound philosophical underpinnings. Their work is a continuous exploration of the relationship between humanity and technology, the nature of identity in an increasingly automated world, and the very essence of what it means to be an artist in the digital age. This "philosophy of the man-machine" is central to their artistic output and defines their unique place in cultural history.

At its core, the "man-machine" concept is a deliberate blurring of boundaries. Kraftwerk challenged the romantic notion of the tortured artist, instead presenting themselves as engineers, scientists, and technicians. Their meticulous studio work, their custom-built instruments, and their precise, almost clinical sound design all reinforced this image. They didn't just play instruments; they operated machines, becoming extensions of the technology itself. This was not a dehumanizing act, but rather an embrace of a new form of artistic expression, one where the human hand guided the machine to create something uniquely modern.

Their robotic personas, from the stylized album covers to the actual robot duplicates on stage, further emphasized this theme. By de-emphasizing individual personalities, they shifted the focus from the cult of celebrity to the music itself and the ideas it conveyed. The band became a collective entity, a "Gesamtkunstwerk" (total work of art), where every element – visual, sonic, and conceptual – was meticulously controlled and integrated. This anonymity allowed their conceptual messages to take center stage, making the technology and its implications the true protagonists of their art.

Kraftwerk's lyrics, though often sparse and repetitive, were loaded with meaning. They explored themes of communication ("Radio-Activity," "The Telephone Call"), transportation ("Autobahn," "Trans-Europe Express"), and the digital revolution ("Computer World," "Numbers"). They were not just describing these phenomena; they were celebrating them, questioning them, and often predicting their future impact. Their fascination with German industrial landscapes and the post-war economic miracle (Wirtschaftswunder) also informed their aesthetic, transforming the sounds of factories and motorways into a new kind of electronic folk music.

Furthermore, Kraftwerk's work often carried a subtle critique of consumerism and superficiality, as seen in "The Model." Yet, they did so without being overtly didactic, allowing the listener to draw their own conclusions. Their embrace of technology was not uncritical; it was a nuanced exploration of its potential and its implications for human society. They were fascinated by progress but also aware of its complexities.

The enduring relevance of Kraftwerk's philosophy is evident in how their themes continue to resonate today. In an era dominated by artificial intelligence, virtual reality, and ubiquitous digital connectivity, their early explorations of the man-machine interface feel more pertinent than ever. They were not just futurists; they were philosophers of the digital age, using sound as their medium to ponder the profound questions of our technological existence. Their art encourages us to consider our own relationship with the machines that increasingly shape our lives, urging us to find the human element within the digital realm.

Chapter 8: The Kling Klang Studio – The Heart of the Machine

The Kling Klang Studio is more than just a recording space; it is the spiritual and creative epicenter of Kraftwerk. Located in Düsseldorf, Germany, this unassuming building has been the band's private sanctuary and laboratory since its inception in the early 1970s. It is here that Ralf Hütter and Florian Schneider, along with their collaborators, meticulously crafted every sound, engineered every rhythm, and refined every concept that defines the Kraftwerk oeuvre.

From its earliest days, Kling Klang was designed to be a self-contained creative environment, free from the pressures and distractions of commercial studios. This autonomy allowed Kraftwerk to pursue their unique vision without compromise, experimenting endlessly with new technologies and developing their distinctive sound. The studio was continually updated and customized, becoming a living, breathing extension of the band's artistic philosophy.

Initially, Kling Klang housed a collection of early synthesizers, drum machines, and custom-built electronic instruments. As technology evolved, so too did the studio. Kraftwerk were early adopters of digital synthesis, computer sequencing, and vocoders, often modifying and integrating these technologies in ways that were far ahead of their time. They were not simply using off-the-shelf equipment; they were actively involved in the design and modification of their instruments, blurring the lines between musician and engineer. This hands-on approach to technology was a hallmark of their creative process.

The meticulous nature of their work in Kling Klang is legendary. Stories abound of endless hours spent perfecting a single sound, a specific rhythm, or a particular vocal inflection. This dedication to precision and sonic perfection was a direct reflection of their "man-machine" aesthetic. The studio became a space where human creativity and technological capability converged, resulting in music that sounded both organic and machine-like.

Kling Klang also served as a retreat, a private world where the band could work in isolation, shielded from the outside world. This reclusiveness contributed to their mystique and allowed them to maintain a consistent artistic vision over decades. The studio was not just a place for recording; it was a workshop, a research facility, and a sanctuary where the future of music was being quietly assembled.

Over the years, Kling Klang has remained largely a mystery to the outside world, with very few photographs or detailed descriptions ever released. This secrecy further enhances its legendary status, reinforcing the idea that it is a sacred space where the magic of Kraftwerk is born. It is a testament to their commitment to their art that they have maintained such a private and dedicated creative environment for so long.

In essence, Kling Klang Studio is more than just a physical location; it is a symbol of Kraftwerk's unwavering dedication to innovation, their relentless pursuit of sonic perfection, and their profound belief in the power of technology to shape the future of music. It is the heart of the machine, tirelessly generating the sounds that have redefined an entire genre and continue to inspire generations.

Chapter 9: The Influence – Echoes in the Digital Age

The influence of Kraftwerk is so pervasive and profound that it is almost impossible to overstate. They are not merely a band that influenced other bands; they fundamentally altered the trajectory of popular music, laying the groundwork for entire genres and inspiring countless artists across the globe. Their echoes can be heard in virtually every corner of the digital age's musical landscape.

Perhaps their most direct and undeniable impact was on electronic dance music (EDM). Kraftwerk's pioneering use of synthesizers, drum machines, and sequencers, combined with their repetitive, hypnotic rhythms, directly led to the birth of techno and electro. Early Detroit techno pioneers like Juan Atkins, Derrick May, and Kevin Saunderson openly cited Kraftwerk as a primary inspiration, seeing their music as a blueprint for a futuristic, machine-driven sound. The motorik beat, the precise sequencing, and the minimalist aesthetic became foundational elements of techno.

Their influence on hip-hop is equally significant. The iconic rhythms and melodies of tracks like "Trans-Europe Express" and "Numbers" were famously sampled by Afrika Bambaataa for his groundbreaking 1982 track "Planet Rock." This single moment connected Kraftwerk's European electronic precision with the burgeoning street culture of the Bronx, creating a fusion that would define early electro-funk and hip-hop. Their influence can be traced through countless hip-hop productions, demonstrating the rhythmic power and universal appeal of their electronic innovations.

Beyond these direct lineages, Kraftwerk's impact extends to synth-pop and new wave. Bands like The Human League, Depeche Mode, Gary Numan, and Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark (OMD) all drew heavily from Kraftwerk's minimalist electronic sound, their use of vocoders, and their detached, futuristic aesthetic. They showed that electronic instruments could be used to create catchy, melodic pop songs, opening up new possibilities for mainstream music.

Their conceptual approach to music, where albums were cohesive artistic statements rather than just collections of songs, also influenced a wide array of artists. Their meticulous attention to sound design, their embrace of technology as an artistic tool, and their willingness to challenge traditional notions of performance inspired musicians from diverse backgrounds. Artists as varied as David Bowie (who famously cited "Trans-Europe Express" as an inspiration for his Berlin Trilogy), Daft Punk (who adopted their robotic personas and precise electronic sound), and Coldplay (who sampled "Computer Love" for "Talk") have all acknowledged Kraftwerk's profound impact.

Furthermore, Kraftwerk's influence goes beyond specific musical genres. Their vision of the "man-machine" and their exploration of technology's role in society have resonated with artists and thinkers across various disciplines. They were not just musicians; they were cultural commentators, anticipating the digital age and providing its defining soundtrack. Their legacy is not just in the sounds they created, but in the way they changed how we perceive music, technology, and the very act of artistic creation. The echoes of Kraftwerk continue to reverberate, shaping the sounds of tomorrow and reminding us that the future of music is always being built, one electronic pulse at a time.

Chapter 10: The Live Experience – The Man-Machine on Stage

For Kraftwerk, live performance has always been an integral part of their artistic statement, evolving from rudimentary electronic setups to elaborate, immersive multimedia spectacles. Their concerts are not merely recitals of their studio albums; they are carefully choreographed events that reinforce their "man-machine" philosophy and transport the audience into their meticulously constructed digital world.

In their early years, particularly during the "Autobahn" and "Radio-Activity" tours, Kraftwerk's stage setup was relatively simple but already hinted at their unique approach. The band members, often dressed in matching suits, stood largely motionless behind their custom-built electronic consoles, operating synthesizers, drum machines, and vocoders. There was a deliberate lack of conventional rock star theatrics; the focus was entirely on the sound and the technology producing it. This stoic presence contributed to their mystique and emphasized the idea of them as extensions of their machines.

As their technology advanced, so too did their live shows. By the time of "The Man-Machine" and "Computer World" tours in the late 1970s and early 1980s, their performances became more theatrical. They introduced their famous "robot duplicates" – life-sized mannequins of themselves that would sometimes appear on stage in their place, further blurring the lines between human and machine and adding to their enigmatic aura. Large projection screens became a prominent feature, displaying synchronized visuals that complemented the music, often featuring abstract patterns, computer graphics, or iconic imagery related to their album themes.

After a period of reduced touring in the late 1980s and 1990s, Kraftwerk experienced a significant live resurgence in the 2000s, culminating in their highly acclaimed "3-D Concerts." These performances represented the pinnacle of their live artistry. Utilizing cutting-edge 3D projection technology, the concerts became truly immersive experiences. Audiences were given 3D glasses, and the visuals, ranging from flying spaceships to numerical sequences and rotating globes, appeared to leap out from the screen, enveloping the entire concert hall.

In these 3D shows, the band members (Ralf Hütter and his rotating cast of collaborators) continued their minimalist stage presence, often standing behind transparent consoles that allowed the projections to pass through them, further integrating them into the visual landscape. The music itself was often re-arranged and updated for the live setting, showcasing their commitment to continually refining their sound. Every beat, every synth line, and every visual cue was meticulously synchronized, creating a seamless fusion of sound and vision.

Kraftwerk's live performances are a testament to their unwavering artistic vision and their dedication to pushing the boundaries of what a concert can be. They are not just about hearing the music; they are about experiencing it, being transported into the Kraftwerk universe. Their shows are a celebration of technology, a meditation on the man-machine relationship, and a powerful demonstration of how electronic music can be a truly immersive art form. The live experience remains a crucial component of their legacy, proving that even in a digital world, the power of a collective, shared artistic experience is paramount.

Chapter 11: Legacy and Enduring Relevance – The Future is Now

The legacy of Kraftwerk is not merely confined to the history books of electronic music; it is a living, breathing force that continues to shape the sounds of the present and inspire the artists of the future. Their enduring relevance stems from their uncanny ability to foresee the technological landscape of the 21st century and to compose its definitive soundtrack decades in advance.

One of their most significant contributions is the legitimization of electronic music as a serious art form. Before Kraftwerk, electronic instruments were often relegated to novelty acts or experimental fringes. They demonstrated that synthesizers, drum machines, and vocoders were not just replacements for traditional instruments but powerful tools for creating entirely new sonic palettes and emotional landscapes. They proved that machine-generated sounds could be as expressive and profound as those produced by acoustic instruments, opening the door for countless electronic artists to follow.

Their conceptual rigor and artistic integrity also set a high bar. Kraftwerk's albums were not just collections of songs; they were cohesive artistic statements, meticulously crafted and conceptually unified. This holistic approach to album creation influenced artists across genres, encouraging a deeper engagement with thematic content and visual presentation. They showed that pop music could be intelligent, thought-provoking, and deeply artistic without sacrificing accessibility.

Furthermore, their minimalist aesthetic and their "man-machine" persona continue to resonate in an increasingly automated and digitally connected world. In an era where artificial intelligence, robotics, and virtual realities are becoming commonplace, Kraftwerk's early explorations of the human-technology interface feel more pertinent than ever. They were the original cyborg musicians, blurring the lines between flesh and circuit board, and their work serves as a timeless meditation on what it means to be human in a world increasingly shaped by machines.

The sheer breadth of their influence is staggering. From the driving rhythms of techno and house to the melodic sensibilities of synth-pop, from the sampling culture of hip-hop to the experimental textures of ambient music, Kraftwerk's DNA is woven into the fabric of modern music. Their impact is not limited to their direct descendants; it extends to any artist who embraces technology as a creative tool, who explores the relationship between humanity and machines, or who dares to challenge conventional notions of what music can be.

Even after more than five decades, Kraftwerk continues to perform, albeit with Ralf Hütter as the sole original member after Florian Schneider's passing. Their "3-D Concerts" are a testament to their commitment to presenting their legacy in the most technologically advanced and immersive way possible, ensuring that their groundbreaking work continues to captivate new generations.

In essence, Kraftwerk didn't just predict the future of music; they built it. They provided the soundtrack for the digital age, a sound that is as relevant and revolutionary today as it was when it first emerged from the Kling Klang Studio. Their legacy is a constant reminder that true innovation transcends time, and that the future, in many ways, has always been now, thanks to the vision of the Man-Machine.

Conclusion: The Enduring Pulse of the Machine

From the experimental krautrock scene of the late 1960s to their status as global electronic music icons, Kraftwerk's journey has been one of relentless innovation, conceptual brilliance, and profound influence. Ralf Hütter and Florian Schneider, alongside their collaborators, didn't just create music; they engineered a new sonic language, meticulously crafting electronic soundscapes that were both futuristic and deeply human.

Their Kling Klang Studio served as the crucible for their revolutionary ideas, a private laboratory where the boundaries between man and machine were deliberately blurred. Albums like "Autobahn," "Trans-Europe Express," "The Man-Machine," and "Computer World" were not merely records; they were conceptual masterpieces, each a meticulously designed exploration of technology, communication, and the modern world. They foresaw the digital revolution decades before it became a reality, providing its defining soundtrack and anticipating its profound impact on human society.

The influence of Kraftwerk is immeasurable, reverberating across genres from techno and hip-hop to synth-pop and beyond. They legitimized electronic music as a serious art form, inspiring countless artists to embrace synthesizers and drum machines as primary creative tools. Their minimalist aesthetic, robotic personas, and precise sound design became a blueprint for a new era of music, one where the machine was as much a collaborator as the human.

Even today, after more than fifty years, Kraftwerk's music remains as fresh, relevant, and visionary as ever. Their live "3-D Concerts" continue to captivate audiences, transforming their classic catalog into immersive multimedia experiences that bridge the past, present, and future. The passing of Florian Schneider in 2020 marked the end of an era, but Ralf Hütter continues to carry the torch, ensuring that the Kraftwerk vision endures.

In a world increasingly shaped by algorithms, artificial intelligence, and digital connectivity, Kraftwerk's "man-machine" philosophy feels more pertinent than ever. They remind us that while technology may advance, the human element – the creativity, the emotion, the desire to connect – remains at the heart of all great art. Kraftwerk didn't just make music for the future; they made music that is the future, a timeless pulse that continues to drive the evolution of sound. Their legacy is a testament to the power of a singular, uncompromising artistic vision, a reminder that sometimes, to move forward, you must first embrace the machine.











Emil Schult (born 10 October 1946) is a German painter, poet and audio-visual artist.


Contents
1 Biography
2 List of works
2.1 Books (selection)
2.2 Singles
2.3 Vocals
2.4 Instruments & Performance
2.5 Writing & Arrangement
2.6 Production
2.7 Technical
2.8 Visual
2.9 Acting, Literary & Spoken
3 References
4 External links
Biography
After studying Sinology in Münster, Schult joined the Academy of Art in Düsseldorf in 1969 to study Fine Arts in the printmaking class of Dieter Roth and later in the painting classes of Joseph Beuys and Gerhard Richter. In 1973 he finished his studies with the title of ‘Meisterschüler’ of Gerhard Richter. Both Joseph Beuys and Dieter Roth as well as Roth's partner Dorothy Iannone remained important for Schult's artistic development. In 1969, Schult lived in Reykjavik at Roth's studio-home.

Schult has developed a vast body of work beginning with prints, drawings and artist's books that encompass philosophical writings, poems, comics, collages and drawings. Early on he included film in his repertoire as well as painting – later on he only worked with reverse glass painting.

From 1970 to 1974 Schult collaborated with the Free International University, founded by Joseph Beuys. From 1973 to 1975 he also worked as an art teacher at a grammar school in Düsseldorf, then as a lecturer at the former college of education in Münster. Schult published books on art didactics.

In 1972 Emil Schult started artistic collaboration with Kraftwerk founders Ralf Hütter and Florian Schneider. As artist friends they created the "musicomix" poster for the album Ralf and Florian and further artwork for Autobahn, Radioactivity, and additional graphics. During the next years of their cooperation they also wrote lyrics and sound poetry for Autobahn, Radioactivity, The Model, Pocket Calculator, Computer World et al.

In 1979, he deepened his studies of Computer Music at the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Stanford University, CA, USA. Since the mid 1980s, Schult has also worked with video and computer animated images.

In the late 1980s he moved to the Bahamas, where he developed his distinctive style of reverse glass painting, which has informed his future work. This ancient Chinese technique opened to Schult a contemporary view on painting, as today the world is mostly perceived through glass – the window glass, the glass of the tablet, TV etc.

Since the early 1990s, he has lived in Düsseldorf again where he was commissioned to create a crypt for the Robert-Schumann Music Academy. The crypt is a complex artistic room meant to create the opportunity for meditation for the students. After submitting 50 photos of the crypt to Karlheinz Stockhausen, he composed a piece called ’50 Klangbilder’ for it. It was published in form of a DVD in the publication „Symbolik einer Krypta” (Droste Verlag, 2012).

In Schult's artistic work topics such as the evolution of the electronic chip play a central role as well as a series of homages to the pioneers of electronic developments. His focus lies on the visionary potential of art and his recent paintings reflect on the connection between humans, the electronic microcosmos and the vastness of space.

Emil Schult has recently held solo exhibitions at Osthaus Museum Hagen, DE, Burchfield Penney Art Center, Buffalo, NY, USA,[1] Rauschenberg Gallery at Florida South Western State College, Fort Myers, FL, USA, Heinz Nixdorf MuseumsForum, Paderborn, DE,[2] Institute for Electronic Arts at Alfred University, NY, USA, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA.

He served as a guest professor at the Institute for Electronic Arts, Alfred University NY, USA.

His recent participations in group exhibitions include Deichtorhallen Hamburg, DE,[3] Haus der Kulturen der Welt Berlin, DE,[4] Galerie Buchholz New York, USA,[5] AC Gallery Beijing, CHN,[6] Zhang Zhou International Contemporary Art Exhibition, CHN, Kunsthalle Düsseldorf, DE,[7] Raketenstation Hombroich, Neuss, DE,[8] Tampa Museum of Art, FL, USA, Julia Stoschek Foundation, Düsseldorf, DE, et al.

Since 2017, Schult has collaborated with Emma Nilsson as TRANSHUMAN ART CRITICS. In 2019, Lothar Manteuffel and Max Dax joined the group. TRANSHUMAN ART CRITICS view the evolution of electronic music and art from the perception of enhanced humans. The observations are presented as audio-visual pieces in which the archeological findings merge with the cognition of future.

List of works
Books (selection)
FLUXUS to FUTURE. Works 1967 – 2017, ed. Emma Nilsson, Transhuman Art Critics Publishing, Düsseldorf, DE (2017)
Emil Schult, Karlheinz Stockhausen: Symbolik einer Krypta, with DVD “50 Klangbilder” by Karlheinz Stockhausen, Droste Verlag, Düsseldorf (2012)
Emil Schult: Test Bilder 1999 – Test Cards 1999, Catalogue, Edition of 500 (1999)
Emil Schult, Peter Rech unter Mitarbeit von Lothar Manteuffel, Katarina Jacobsen und Notburga Rech: Spiele mit Kunst - Kunst-Spiele. Bergedorfer Förderprogramme 6, Text by Heiner Müller, Verlag Sigrid Persen, Hamburg – Horneburg/Niederelbe (1981)
Liederheft. Guten Morgen Schöne Blume. 10 Lieder, Published by Gute Zeiten Musikverlag, Edition of 100 (1979)
Liederheft. 10 Lieder, Published by Gute Zeiten Musikverlag, Edition of 100 (1977)
Emil Schult, Peter W. Rech: Konzept Didaktik, unter Mitarbeit von Lothar Manteuffel u.v.a., Verlag für Lehr & Musische Bücher Emil Schult, Düsseldorf (1976)
Emil W. Schult: Gesichter – Visages – Köppe – Faces – Capites – Heilabrot, Published by Edition Hansjörg Mayer, Stuttgart, Edition of 500 (1974)
Der andere Comic “Dürerchen’s Mondfahrt” von Johannes Geuer, Emil Schult, Derrek Kremer, Young Voss, Christof Kohlhöfer, H.P. Wallner, self-published (1972)
A Book of Man. Connected Memories. Finally. Part 3 B Tree, Published by Fred Jahn, Munich, Edition of 500 (1970)
A Book of Man. Connected Drawings, Self-published, signed and numbered, Edition of 100 (1969)
A Book of Man Second Part Two, Unique manuscript, Self-published in an amended version, Edition of 200, signed and numbered (1969)
Es war einmal ein Gästebuch, Published as: Das war mal ein Gästebuch, publ. Galerie Fred Jahn, Edition of 1000 (1969)
Singles
1997 - Elektronisches Mosaic
Vocals
Autobahn Kraftwerk - Autobahn (Cass, Album, RE) EMI 266-240.0704 1985
Where Would I Be Without IBM Information Society - Peace And Love, Inc. Tommy Boy, Reprise Records 1992
Instruments & Performance
Kraftwerk - Computerwelt Capitol Records (2) 1981
Wally Badarou - Words Of A Mountain Island Records 1989
Writing & Arrangement
Autobahn Kraftwerk - Autobahn Philips, Philips 1974
Die Stimme Der Energie (as Schult) and 6 more…Kraftwerk - Radio-Aktivität Kling Klang, HÖR ZU, EMI Electrola 1975
Radioactivity (as Schult) Kraftwerk / Nomadi - Radioactivity / Quasi Quasi (7", Promo) Capitol Records 3C 000 70069 1976
Kraftwerk - Radioaktivität Kling Klang, EMI Electrola 1975
Radioactivity (as Schult) Urszula Dudziak / Kraftwerk - Papaya / Radioactivity (7", Jukebox) Arista, Capitol Records 3C 000-70074 1976
Radio Activity (as Schult) Daniel Janin, Son Orchestre, Ses Chanteurs* - 12 Super Succès Nº 30 (LP) Les Tréteaux 6361 1976
Trans Europa Express (as Schult) and 1 more…Kraftwerk - Trans Europa Express Capitol Records, Capitol Records 1977
The Hall Of Mirrors (as Schult) Kraftwerk - Showroom Dummies Capitol Records 1977
Kraftwerk - Trans Europa Express Kling Klang, EMI Electrola 1977
Trans-Europe Express (as E. Schult) Kraftwerk / Kiki Dee - Trans-Europe Express / Loving And Free / Amoureuse (7", Jukebox) Capitol Records, The Rocket Record Company 3C 000 - 70095 1977
Radioactivity (as Schult) Various - Thomson 1 - Demonstration Thomson 1977
Das Modell (as Schult) Kraftwerk - Die Mensch·Maschine Kling Klang, Kling Klang, EMI Electrola 1978
Das Model (as Schult) Kraftwerk - Das Model Kling Klang, EMI Electrola 1978
Kraftwerk - The Robots Capitol Records 1978
Kraftwerk - Neon Lights Capitol Records, Capitol Records 1978
Trans-Europe Express (as E. Schult) Kraftwerk - Kraftwerk's Disco Best (12", Promo) Capitol Records, Capitol Records SPRO-8865, SPRO-8866 1978
The Model (as Schult) Snakefinger - Chewing Hides The Sound Ralph Records 1979
The Model (as Schult) Snakefinger - The Model Ralph Records 1980
The Model (as Schult) Snakefinger - The Man In The Dark Sedan / The Model (7", Single) Missing Link MISS 24 1980
Rendezvous (as Schult) Rheingold - Rheingold Welt-Rekord, EMI Electrola 1980
Rendezvous (as E. Schult) Rheingold - Dreiklangs-Dimensionen (7", Single) Welt-Rekord 1C 006-46 410 1980
Radioactivity (as Schult) Various - Record News Today (7", Comp, Smplr) EMI-Odeon S.A.I.C. PROM 2 1980
Kraftwerk - Taschenrechner Kling Klang, EMI Electrola 1981
Kraftwerk - Computerwelt Capitol Records (2) 1981
Rheingold - Fan Fan Fanatisch Welt-Rekord, EMI Electrola 1981
Computerwelt (as Schult) Kraftwerk - Computerwelt Kling Klang, EMI Electrola 1981
Kraftwerk - Computer Love / The Model EMI 1981
Computer Love Kraftwerk - Numbers / Computer Love Warner Bros. Records 1981
The Model (as Schult) Various - Methods Of Dance Virgin 1981
Duran Duran / Kraftwerk - New Romantic (12", Promo) EMI PRP-8179 1981
The Model (as Schult) The French (2) - The Model / Set Me On Fire (7", Single) Sanguine Records SAN 101 1981
Dentaku (as Schult) Various - '81夏 総合演奏盤 (2xLP, Comp, Promo) Toshiba Records, Toshiba Records PRT-8182, PRP-8183 1981
Fat Old Sun Pink Floyd - Atom Heart Mother (LP, Album, RE) Oasis Record Co., Harvest OLE-398, SMAS-382 1982
Fan Fan Fanatic (as E. Schult) Rheingold - Fan Fan Fanatic EMI 1982
Rheingold - Fan Fan Fanatic (12", MiniAlbum) Harvest DLP-15005 1982
The Model (as Schult) The Members - Uprhythm, Downbeat (LP, Album) Arista AL 6605 1982
Das Model (as Schult) and 1 more…Various - Es Geht Voran! Die Neue Deutsche Tanzmusik Sonocord, Deutscher Schallplattenclub 1982
Das Model (as Schult) and 1 more…Various - Tanz Mit Dem Herzen (LP, Comp) EMI, EMI Electrola, EMI Electrola 1 C 086-78 083, 1C 086-78 083, 1C 086 78 083 1982
Das Model (as Schult) Party Service Band - Das Tanzbein (LP, Album) Polydor 2475 755 1982
Das Model (as E. Schult) La Dolce Vita - Bitte Lächeln! (LP, Album) Rock-Trend, Rock-Trend 30 006, 30006 1982
FanFanFanatisch (as Schult) and 1 more…»real« - Neue Deutsche Welle (LP, Album) Europa 111 905.2 1982
The Model (as Schult) Various - Best Of Ralph (2xLP, Comp) Ralph Records RR8251 1982
Via Satellit (as E. Schult) Rheingold - Via Satellit (7", Single) CBS CBS A 3882 1983
The Model (as Schult) Star Inc* - Synsation Arcade 1983
Radio-Activity (as Schult) and 2 more…Between The Sheets - Late Night Radio Bootlegs 1983
Trans-Europe-Express (as Schulz) and 2 more…Various - Bunny's Party With The Radio Stars (12", Comp, Mixed) Bootlegs BTL 281154/F 1983
The Model (as Schult) Various - Dancin' The 80's (2xLP, Comp) EMI 1A 146.78241/2 1983
The Model (as Schult) Snakefinger - Against The Grain (LP, Comp) Ralph Records SN 8353 1983
Via Satellit (as Schult) Rheingold - Distanz (LP, Album) CBS, CBS CBS 25871, CBS 25 871 1984
The Model (as Schult) The Members - Going West Albion Records 1983
Planet Rock (as E. Schult) Various - Tommy Boy - Greatest Beats (2xLP, Comp) Tommy Boy ILPS 9825 1985
Planet Rock (Original Twelve-Inch Version) (as E. Schult) Afrika Bambaataa & Soulsonic Force - Planet Rock - The Album Tommy Boy 1986
The Model (as Schult) Snakefinger's Vestal Virgins - Live In Chicago Ralph Records 1986
Techno Pop (as Schult) Kraftwerk - Electric Cafe Kling Klang, EMI 1986
The Model (as Schult) Big Black - He's A Whore / The Model Touch And Go 1987
The Model (as Schult) Big Black - Songs About Fucking (LP, Album) Torso TORSO 33043 1987
Trans-Europe Express and 2 more…Kraftwerk - The Man Machine / Trans Europe Express EMI, EMI, EMI 1987
Hall Of Mirrors (as Schultz) Siouxsie & The Banshees - Through The Looking Glass Wonderland (3) 1987
The Model (as Schult) Star Inc. - Synthesizer Spectacular Star Inc. Music 1987
The Model Fact 22* - Chatterbox EP (Cass, EP) Black Music BMCS006 1987
The Model (as Schult) Snakefinger - A Collection Of Songs Written And Produced With The Residents Torso 1988
Trans Europe Express (as E. Schult) Kraftwerk / B.B. & Q. Band* - Trans Europe Express / On The Beat Unidisc 1988
Calculadora (Pocket Calculator) (as Schult) Las Vegas (3) - Las Vegas (12", Maxi, Promo) Epic EPC 461185-1 1988
The Model (as Schult) Various - Bremen Under Cover (LP, Comp, Red) Strange Ways Records WAY 6 1989
The Model (as Schult) Ed Starink - Synthesizer Greatest Volume 2 Arcade 1989
The Model (as Schult) The London Studio Orchestra* - 40 Magic Synthesizer Themes (2xCD) Laser (2) 2668342 1989
Radioactivity (as Schult) Melt (4) - Sex-O-Matic / Radioactivity Robot Düsseldorf 1989
Uranium (as Schult) and 3 more…Vangelis / Kraftwerk - Untitled (LP, Comp) DeAgostini IGDA 1113 / IGDA 1114 1989
The Model (as Schult) Ed Starink - Synthesizer Greatest Volume 2 (CD, Album) Arcade 05 4020 61 1989
Radio Activity (as Schult) Ed Starink - Synthétiseur 4 - Les Plus Grands Thèmes Arcade 1990
The Model (as Schult) Star Voyager - Synthesizer Greatest - The Future Mix Arcade 1990
The Motiv (Boy I Feel Sorry For Da Chicken Mix) (as E. Schult) and 1 more…Genaside II - The Motiv Jumpin' & Pumpin' 1990
Autobahn Huah! - Was Machen Huah! Jetzt? L'Age D'Or 1990
Das Model (as Schult) Various - Deep Heat (2xLP, Comp) Eurostar 39830011 1990
Das Modell (7 Inch Version) (as Schult) and 1 more…Dance Robots - Das Modell WEA 1990
Das Model (as Schult) Kröger* - Das Model Hansa 1990
Trans Europe Express (as E. Schult) Koto (2) - Plays Synthesizer World Hits ZYX Records 1990
Radio Activity (as Schult) Ed Starink - Synthesizer Greatest Volume 5 - The Final Episode Arcade 1990
The Model (as Schult) Unknown Artist - The Sound Of Synthesizer LaserLight Digital 1990
Trans-Europe Express (as E. Schult) Kraftwerk / Boogie Boys - Trans-Europe Express / A Fly Girl (12") Capitol Records, Capitol Gold Cuts V-15566 1990
The Model (as Schult) Various - Super Synthesizer Hits (CD, Comp) Fortune 3068 1990
The Model (as Schult) Andromeda Project - Synthesizer Sequences - 20 Great Synthesizer Themes (CD, RM) Mega Sound 94.717-2 1990
The Model (as Schult) Star Inc. - Synthesizer Spectacular Volume 3 (CD, Album) Star Inc. Music 86048 1990
Radio Activity (as Schult) Star Inc. - Music From Outer Space (4xCD, Comp) Star Inc. Music 4-5400 1990
Autobahn (as Schult) Project D - Synthesizer - The Ultimate Sound Experience (4xCD, Comp + Box) Star Direct SDCD 002 1991
Autobahn (as Schult) Various - All In A Day's Werk (12") Deutsch Englische Freundschaft EEF 91 1991
Computerliebe (as Schult) Camouflage - Handsome - The Remix (CD, Maxi) Metronome 867 553-2 1991
Autobahn (as Schult) and 5 more…Kraftwerk - The Mix EMI, EMI 1991
Trans Europa Express (as Schult) Various - Mörderische Entscheidung (Cass, Comp) Eurostar 39870014 1991
The Model (as Schult) The Galaxy Sound Orchestra - Synthesizer Hits Vol 1 (CD) Object Enterprises OP0031 1991
Das Model (as Schult) Various - Smash 9 (CD, Comp) Sonet SOPOD 1039 1991
Das Model (as Schult) Various - Smash 9 (2xLP, Comp) Sonet SOPOL 1039 1991
Fan Fan Fanatisch (as E. Schuld) Various - Herzschrittmacher - Folge II (VHS, PAL, Comp) Warner Music Vision 9031-74013-3 1991
Autobahn (Original Version (Edit)) (as Schult) -Pro+Gress* - Untitled (12") Deutsch Englische Freundschaft EEF 93 1991
The Model (as Schult) Various - New Romantic Classics Virgin, Virgin 1992
Kraftwerk - The Model - Retrospective 1975-1978 Cleopatra, CEMA Special Markets 1992
Radio Activity Starink* - Synthesizer Greatest Gold Arcade 1992
Elektric Music - Crosstalk (CD, Maxi, Ltd) SPV Records SPV 056-110363 1992
The Balanescu Quartet - Possessed Mute 1992
Afrika Bambaataa & The Soulsonic Force* - Don't Stop... Planet Rock (The Remix EP - Part 1) Tommy Boy 1992
The Model (as Schult) Unknown Artist - Synthesizer Greatest Hits (2xCD) Point Productions 0302672 1992
Autobahn (as Schult) Unknown Artist - The Synthesizer Album (CD, Comp) Music Club MCCD 061 1992
The Model (as Schultz) Ed Starink - Synthesizer Greatest - The Original Tapes (CD) Indisc DICD 3770 1992
The Model (as Schult) Jill Smith - Synthesizer Collection (CD) Impuls International IMP 9272 1992
Elektric Music - Esperanto EastWest 1993
Das Modell Robert (13) - Sine Columbia 1993
Trans Europe Express (as Schult) and 2 more…Trans World - Kraftwerk Discomagic Records 1993
Kraftwerk - Academy Theatre (2xCD) Paper Corn Music PC 008/9 1993
Radio Activity (as Schult) Ed Starink - Best Of Synthétiseur (Les Plus Grands Thèmes) (2xCD, Album) Arcade 302 598 1993
Computer Love (as Schultz) Various - Tonal Evidence 6 (Cass, Comp, Promo, Smplr) Mute CP1 1993
The Model (as Schult) Big Black - Death Wish (CD, Unofficial) Big Music BIG 049 1993
Autobahn (as Schultz) Various - Update Live Volume 2 (CD, Comp) Columbia COL 473789-2 1993
Computer Love (as Schult) Slipstream (2) - Computer Love Ché Trading, Ché Trading 1994
The Model (as Schult) Various - It's Electric (Classic Hits From An Electric Era) Dino Entertainment, Dino Entertainment 1994
Hall Of Mirrors (as Schultz) Dive - Extended Play Discordia 1994
Das Model (as Schult) The Treble Spankers - Araban Vulcan (3) 1994
The Model Terrorvision - The Model (12", Promo) Total Vegas Recordings 12OBSDJ 1 1994
The Model (as Schult) Terrorvision - Oblivion Total Vegas Recordings, Total Vegas Recordings, Total Vegas Recordings 1994
Trans Europe Express (as Shult) and 2 more…Boing Boom Tschak - A Tribute To Kraftwerk (Cass) Prima Musik 0006224PMM 1994
Das Modell (as Schult) Various - Flieger - Flug 4 (CD, Comp) GiG Records, Reverso GIG 660 807, 660 807 1994
Das Model (as Schult) The Treble Spankers - Araban (CD, Album) Vulcan (3) 2094/CD 40.145-222 1994
Radio Activity (as Schult) Ed Starink - Synthesizer Greatest Gold (2xCD, Comp) Arcade 3200552 1994
The Model (as Schult) Various - Synthesizer Greatest Hits (Box + 3xCD, Comp) Disky LB 8066 1994
The Model (as Schult) Various - New Romantic - Classic Tracks (CD, Comp) Music For Pleasure, EMI CDPR 128, 7243 8 31341 2 0 1994
Alternativa - Trans Europe Express (12") Dig It International DMX 10179 1994
The Model (as Schult) Unknown Artist - Synthesizer Gold - Part Two (CD, Comp) Disky DCD 72 1994
The Model (as Schult) Green Hill - Pigs Might Fly (CD, Album) Harvest, Harvest 7243 8 29191 2 4, 8 29191 2 1994
The Model (as Schult) Various - "...Just Can't Get Enough" - Originalhits Fra 80'erne EMI-Medley 1995
Computer Love (as Schult) Slipstream (2) - Slipstream Ché Trading 1995
The Model (as Schult) Star Inc. - Best Of Synthesizer (2xCD, Comp) Arcade 9100077 1995
Autobahn (as Schult) Various - Synthesizer Hits (Cass, Comp) True Trax TRT MC 212 1995
Garden Eden - Das Modell Elixir, Elixir 1996
The Model (as Schult) Various - New Romantics · 15 · Classic · Club · Cuts EMI 1996
Aurora Borealis (Greatest Show For Free) (as E. Schult) Yamo - Time Pie EMI Electrola 1996
The Model (as Schult) Various - Entre Hoy Y Mañana DRO 1996
New System (2) - Radioactivity (12") Aux-Out Records AUX OUT 1005 1996
Generator - Das Model (CD, Single) Ultraphonic, EastWest 0630-17497-2 1996
Onkel Zbyndas Winterrock* - Nevergreeny (CD, Album) Black Point BP 0095-2 1996
Radio Activity and 1 more…Starink* - Mega Synthétiseur - Les 100 Plus Grands Thèmes (4xCD, Comp) Arcade 3006942 1996
The Ukrainians - Radioactivity (CD, Maxi) Cooking Vinyl PANT 159 1996
The Model (as Schuit) Various - Alles Prima - Und Viele Andere Hits (CD, Comp) EVA 74321 375752 1996
Cha Cha 2000 - Autobahn (10") Lissy's Records LISS 3 1996
The Model (as Schult) Tictox - Toxeuphoria (CD, Album) Swing-A-Ling Records 531 878-2 1996
Das Modell (as E. Schult) Rammstein - Das Modell Motor Music 1997
The Model (as Schult) Warm Jets - Never Never EP (CD, EP) This Way Up, Island Records WAY 5833, 854 921-2 1997
Das Model (Model In Der Luft Mix) (as Schult) Various - Bravo 20 Hits Vol. 2 (Cass, Comp) Warner Music Poland, Warner Music Poland 9548-35265-4, 548-35265-4 1997
Radioland (as Schult) Various - 100 Ans De Radio 1896-1996 (CD, Comp) RFI 96MPS02 1997
Technopop (as E. Schult) Terre Thaemlitz - Die Roboter Rubato (CD, Album) Mille Plateaux MP 034 CD 1997
Radioactivity Various - Covered (CD, Comp) Roadrunner Records, Roadrunner Records RR 8798-2, RR 8798.2 1997
Das Modell (as Schult) Various - Die Größten Hits Der 80er Und 90er Aus Österreich 7 - Best Of Flieger (CD, Comp) Reverso 74321 530572 1997
Trans Europe Express (as Schult) Kraftwerk - Trans Europe Express / Numbers / Musique Non Stop / Homecomputer (Box, Comp, Promo + 4x12") Kling Klang, EMI United Kingdom KLANG BOX 101 1997
Uranium (as Shult) Various - Krafty Move (An Electronic Tribute To Kraftwerk) (2xCD, Comp) Energy Rekords ERCD 111 1997
Trouble Funk Express (Trans-Europe Express) (as E. Schult) Trouble Funk - Early Singles (CD, Comp) Infinite Zero 9 43095-2 1997
Anthony Rother - Trans Europa Express (12") Psi49net PSI49-1 1998
Chris Whitley - Dirt Floor (CD, Album) Messenger Records UTCD 004 1998
Basskraft - A Bass Tribute To Kraftwerk (CD, Album) Pandisc PD 8924-2 1998
The Model (as Schultz) Various - Κύματα Ροκ (CD, Comp) ΜΕΤΡΟ, Virgin, Mute ΜΕΤΡΟ 32 1998
The Model Spizzenergi - The Model (CDr, Promo) PolyMeDia (2) 2001 1998
Carter The Unstoppable Sex Machine - Live! (CD, Album) Cooking Vinyl COOK CD 149 1998
The Model (as E. Schult) Hybrid Machine - Eloquence (CD, Album) Virtual Music VM-HM002 1998
The Model (as Schult) The Wildbunch - Don't Be Afraid Of The Robot (CD, Album) Off Woodward GD-101 1998
Autobahn (as Schult) Fink (2) - Mondscheiner L'Age D'Or 1999
The Model (as Schult) The Divine Comedy - A Secret History (...The Best Of The Divine Comedy) (2xCD, Comp, Ltd) Setanta Records SETCDL100 1999
Radioactivity (as Schult) The Divine Comedy - National Express (CD, Single, CD1) Setanta Records SETCDA069 1999
Moje Oci (as Schult) Various - Best Of Techno (CD, Comp) ARS Productions 740405-2 1999
Planet Rock - The Power From Planet X (The DJ Messias Mix) Afrika Bambaataa - Zulu Nation War Chant (CD, Album) Eurotrend CD 157.989 1999
The Model (Live In Düsseldorf '94) The Divine Comedy - Rarities (CD, Comp, Ltd) Setanta Records SETCDL100R 1999
The Model (Radio Version) (as Schult) Model FAB / Ltd. - Limited - The Model / Save The World (Action Man) (CD, Maxi, Ltd, Promo) Metropolitan IMCDS 125 1999
The Model Snakefinger - Chewing Hides The Sound / Greener Postures (CD, Album + CD, Album + Comp, Dig) Euro Ralph CD 021 1999
Music Non Stop (Cumbia) (as Schult) and 2 more…Señor Coconut Y Su Conjunto* - El Baile Alemán Emperor Norton 2000
The Model (as Schult) Various - To Cut A Long Story Short - The New Romantics (CD, Comp) Universal Music, EMI JS054UE 2000
The Model (as Schult) Various - Best Of The Eighties - 108 Original Hits (Box, Comp + 6xCD, Comp) EMI Gold, EMI Gold 7243 5 28435 2 7, 528 4352 2000
Trans Europe Express (Cumbia Instrumental) (as Schult) and 1 more…Señor Coconut Y Su Conjunto* - Trans Europe Express (12") Emperor Norton EMN 13-12 2000
Paul Oakenfold Presents Afrika Bambaataa & The Soulsonic Force* - Planet Rock Remixes Tommy Boy 2001
Im Spiegelzimmer (as Schult) Ikon (4) - The Shallow Sea (CD, Single) Apollyon Apo CD 20050 2001
The Model (as Schult) Zoot Woman - Living In A Magazine Wall Of Sound 2001
Kraftwerk - Somewhere In Europe Not On Label (Kraftwerk) 2001
The Model (as Schult) Veronika Zemanova - The Model (CD, Single) Bizarre Music (2) 55 24682 2001
The Model (as Schult) Various - Completely New Romantic (CD, Comp) EMI Gold, EMI Gold 7243 5 31193 2 4, E531 1932 2001
Radio Activity (as E. Schult) Magic Finger Project - Magic Finger Project (CD, Comp) Oy EMI Finland Ab 7243 5358852 6 2001
Pocket Calculator (as Schult) Lloyd Cole - 2001 (Collected Recordings By Lloyd Cole 1996 - 2000) (4xCD, Ltd, Comp) The Establishment, XIII BIS Records est:003, 139452 2001
Tranz (as E. Schult) MAW Electronic - Tranz / Body MAW Records 2002
Das Model (as E. Schuit) Partia - Szminka I Krew Ars Mundi 2002
Trans-Europe Express David Waxman - Ultra. 80's Vs Electro 01 (2xCD, Comp, Mixed) Ultra Records UL 1136-2 2002
The Model (as Schult) Aqua Vista - Go Feral (7", MiniAlbum) Purr PURR 004 2002
The Model (as Schult) Various - Absolute Synth Classics (2xCD, Comp) Absolute (2) ACCD 3004 2002
The Model (as Schult) Various - The Original Electro Album - 21 Brilliant Synth And Electro Classics From The 1980s (CD, Comp) EMI Gold, EMI Gold 7243 5 40906 2 2, 540 9062 2002
The Hall Of Mirrors (Empire's Radio Edit) Empire State Human - Alpha & Omega (CD, Comp) Ninthwave Records, Ninthwave Records NW10019-2, NW10019-02 2002
Das Model ('00) (as Schult) The Cardigans - For What It's Worth Stockholm Records 2003
The Model Various - Eighties Number 1's (CD, Comp, Copy Prot.) EMI Gold 584 0142 2003
The Robots (as Schultz) Various - Russendisko Hits (CD, Comp) Trikont, Trikont Trikont US-0308, US-0308 2003
Radioactivity (as E. Schult) Jah On Slide And Friends* - Parole De Rude Boy Big 8 Records 2004
You Can Do It (2004) Various - Now That's What I Call Music! 59 (2xCD, Comp) EMI CD NOW 59 2004
Trans Balkan Express (as Schult) OMFO - Trans Balkan Express (CD, Album, Promo, Car) Essay Recordings AY CD 02 2004
Silence (2) - Vain, A Tribute To A Ghost (CD, Album) Chrom Records, Matrix Musik CRO 6522, CDTRIX119 2004
Radioactivity (as E. Schultz) Various - Trax Records - The Next Generation (CD, Comp, Mixed + CD, Comp) Trax Records CTX CD 5002 2004
Planet Rock Various - The History Of Hip Hop (3xCD, Album, Comp + Box, Car) Warner Strategic Marketing United Kingdom WSMCD085 2004
Das Model ('00) (as Schult) The Cardigans - Communication (7", Ltd) Sound Pollution SPS003 2004
Talk (Radio Edit) (as Schult) Coldplay - Talk Parlophone, Parlophone 2005
Talk (as Schult) Coldplay - X&Y Parlophone, Parlophone 2005
The Model (as Schult) King Automatic - Automatic Ray (CD, Album) Voodoo Rhythm VRCD25 2005
Autobahn and 3 more…New David - New David Sings Kraftwerk (6xFile, MP3, MiniAlbum, 320) Junk Music d-jnk-0514 2005
Kraftwerk - Minimum-Maximum EMI 2005
Das Gamer (as Schult) Various - Back In Time Live! (2xDVD-V, PAL + CD + Ltd) C64Audio.com C64DVD1 2005
The Model Various - Real Eighties - Hits Plus Extended Mixes (Box + 3xCD, Comp) Virgin, EMI, Universal Music VTDCD 709, 7243 8 73995 2 5 2005
Talk (Jacques Lu Cont / Thin White Duke Remix) (as Schult) Various - ThriveMix02 (2xCD, Mixed) ThriveDance 90748-2 2006
Talk Various - Now That's What I Call Music! 63 (2xCD, Album, Comp) EMI, Virgin CDNOW63 2006
Das Modell (as Schult) MakroSoft - Stereo Also Playable Mono Ministry Of Sound (Germany) 2006
Computer Love DJ Spinna - Intergalactic Soul (CD, Album) Papa Records PAPACD002 2006
Radioaktivität (as Schult) Girls Under Glass - Traumatized Van Richter 2006
Das Model Eläkeläiset - Das Humppawerk EP (CD, EP) Stupido Records, Humppa Records STUPIDO 080, Humppa 035 2006
Talk Various - The Dome Vol. 37 (2xCD, Comp) Polystar (3), EMI 060249837873 (1) 2006
The Model Various - Technoloid : Japanese 80's New Wave Sampler (CD, Comp) Tokuma Japan Communications TKCA-73035 2006
Radioactivity John Alexander Ericson - Black Clockworks (CD, Album) Kalinkaland Records KAL27 2006
Talk (as E. Schult) Various - Now Big Hits 2006 (2xCD, Comp) NOW Music (Denmark) NOW 984 414 4 2006
Trans Europe Express (as Schult) Señor Coconut And His Orchestra - Fine Songs And Rare Versions (A Selection From 6 MultiColor Recordings Releases) (CD, Comp) Multicolor Recordings MCR 150.2 2006
Various - Kraftworld - Brazilian Tribute To Kraftwerk (CD, Comp) Lua Music LUA 093 2006
Autobahn Various - Music From The Motion Picture Control Warner Music UK Ltd. 2007
Das Model (as E. Schult) Robert (13) - Haute Couture (DVD-V) DEA DA25200 2007
Das Modell Erdmöbel - No. 1 Hits Sony BMG Music Entertainment 2007
Talk (FK Dub) Various - Luftkastellet 5 Music For Dreams 2007
Computerliebe (Live 1989) Camouflage - Archive #01 (2xCD, Comp) Universal Music Group 1746183 2007
Pocket Calculator and 5 more…8-Bit Operators - 8-Bit Operators - The Music Of Kraftwerk Astralwerks, Astralwerks,ReceptorsMusic 2007
The Model Nouvelle Vague - New Wave (2xCD, Comp) District 6 DSCD002 2007
Das Modell (as E. Schult) Polkaholix - The Great Polka Swindle Westpark Music 2007
Talk (Radio Edit) (as Schult) Coldplay - Talk (7", Single) Parlophone, Parlophone 00946 346924 2 7, CDR 6679 2007
Pocket Calculator (Glomag Mega-Mix) (as Schult) 8-Bit Operators / 8-Bit (2) - Pocket Calculator (Glomag Mega-Mix) / The Robots (12") Astralwerks, Astralwerks ASW 71190, 094637119013 2007
Autobahn (as Shultz) Various - Music Is Love! (15 Tracks That Changed The World) (CD, Comp) Mojo Magazine June 2007 2007
Autobahn Man Or Astro-Man? - Time Bomb (DVD-V, Reg) Cherry Red, Cherry Red Films CRDVD149 2007
Das Modell (as Schult) Blue Babies - Aggugamidda! (CD, Album) hfb records 001 2007
Motorway (as E. Schult) Magnetic Morning - A.M. Friend Or Faux Recordings 2008
Radioactivity (as Schult) Fatboy Slim - You've Come A Long Way Baby Skint 2008
Trans Europa Express Christian Prommer's Drumlesson* - Drum Lesson Vol. 1 (CD, Album) Sonar Kollektiv SK162CD/JAZZ CLUB 2008
Don't Stop... Planet Rock (House Mix II By LFO) (as Schult) Various - Zang Tumb Tuum (The ZTT Box Set) (Box + 3xCD, Comp + DVD-V, Comp) Salvo, ZTT SALVOBX405, IQ 10 2008
Planet Rock (as Schult) Various - Recovery (10x7" + Box, Comp, Ltd) Fractured Recordings FRACT 01 2008
Dil Da Rog Muka Ja Mahi (The Cheb I Sabbah Shining Star ReMix) Various - Six Degrees Records Presents Traveler '08 (CD, Comp) Saregama CDNF 196018 2008
Das Model Death Valley Surfers - Last Dance Saloon (CD) Punkabilly Records DVS 004 2008
Over-Proof-Sound-System* - The Model (12") Not On Label BANG05 2008
The Model Various - Electro (CD, Comp) EMI Playlist, EMI Playlist 5099921280023, 2128002 2008
Planet Rock 2008 (as Schult) Various - Electroloops - A Tribute To Kraftwerk (2xCD, Comp) ZYX Music ZYX 82092-2 2008
The Model (as E. Schult) Various - The New Romantics (3xCD, Comp) EMI TV, Virgin 509999 66565 2 5, VTDCD 958 2009
The Model Hotei* - Modern Times Rock'N'Roll (CD, Album) Virgin TOCT-26920 2009
The Model (7 and 1 more…Various - 80s Niteclub (3xCD, Comp, P/Mixed + Box) Universal Music TV 5313245 2009
Computer Liebe Jan Lundgren Trio - European Standards (CD, Album) ACT (4) ACT 9482-2 2009
The Model Tangerine Dream - Under Cover - Chapter One Eastgate 2010
The Model (as E. Schult) Various - ........Anthems .........Electronic 80s 2 (3xCD, Comp) Ministry Of Sound, EMI TV MOSCD214, 5051275033724 2010
The Model (as E. Schult) Seu Jorge And Almaz (3) - Seu Jorge And Almaz Now-Again Records 2010
The Model Byaduoorgroup - Ode EP (4xFile, MP3, EP, 320) Not On Label (Byaduoorgroup Self-released) none 2010
The Model The Magnets - Gobsmacked (CD, Album) Not On Label (The Magnets Self-released) MG-7701A 2010
The Model (Album Version) (as E. Schult) and 2 more…Seu Jorge And Almaz (3) - The Model (12", EP) Now-Again Records NA 5077 2010
Radioactivity (as Schult) The Triffids - Come Ride With Me... Wide Open Road - The Deluxe Edition (10xCD, Comp + Box, Dlx, Ltd) Domino REWIGCD72X 2010
The Model (as E. Schult) Various - M80 Radio Presenta New Wave Classix (3xCD, Comp, Box) Universal Music Group M8357 2010 2010
The Model (as E. Schult) Various - Alle 40 Goed - Absolute 70's (2xCD, Comp) EMI 50999 9078162 9 2010
Radioactivity (Big Slow Bang Cover) Feat. Laurent Pernice (as Schult) Palo Alto - Time Capsule / 1990 - 2010 (CD, Comp) Infrastition FIN 054 2010
Das Modell The Tremolo Beer Gut - Under The Covers With .... The Tremolo Beer Gut (CD, Comp) Crunchy Frog FROG 086-2 2011
Talk Various - Epic Volume II - The Biggest Tracks. The Festival Anthems (3xCD, Comp) Sony Music, EMI TV, Rhino Records (2) 88697927292 2011
Autobahn (as Schult) and 2 more…The Balanescu Quartet - This Is The Balanescu Quartet (CD, Comp) Mute, Mute CDMUTEL19, 5099902693224 2011
The Model (as Schult) Fall Of Saigon - Fall Of Saigon (CD, Album) Gazul Records GA8851 2011
She's A Model Various - Death To Glitter (12xFile, MP3, Comp, 320) Vault 106 VAULT063 2011
Das Model (as Schult) Die Toten Hosen - Ballast Der Republik / Die Geister Die Wir Riefen Jochens Kleine Plattenfirma (JKP) 2012
Radioactivity (as Schult) Robert (13) - Nuit Gravement DEA 2012
The Model (Das Modell) (as Schult) Arizona Baby - The Truth, The Whole Truth And Nothing But The Truth (CD, Album) Subterfuge Records 21924SUB 2012
The Model (as E. Schult) The '64 Falcon - '64 Falcon Vol. 2 (CD, Album) Luxe Records LUXE 003 2012
Talk (as E. Schult) Various - Album Top 1000 Allertijden: The Long Versions (8xCD, Comp + Box) Sony Music 88697779232 2012
Hall Of Mirrors (as Schultz) Dive - Dive (Box) (8xCD + Box, Comp, Ltd, Num, RM) Out Of Line, Out Of Line, Out Of Line,Out Of Line, Out Of Line, Out Of Line,Out Of Line, Out Of Line OUT 558, OUT 559, OUT 560, OUT 561, OUT 562, OUT 563, OUT 564, OUT 565 2012
Superchrist (2) - Breaking Bones EP (CD, EP, Ltd, RE, RM) Disco Blanco Recordings DBR 026 2013
The Model Parralox - Recovery (CD, Album, Ltd) Conzoom Records CRCD PLOX 12 2013
The Model (Mix 1991) (as Schult) Fernando Abrantes - Mix 2.0 (CD, Album) Astro Records & Filmworks NF907777 2013
Autobahn (as Schult) and 6 more…Various - Tashitari Hiitari / Tribute To Kraftwerk (CD, Album, Comp) Nekon Records ntkw-01234 2013
Radioactivity (as E. Schult) Atom™ - The Eccentric Electrics Of Atom™ & Friends (CD, Comp, RM) The Omni Recording Corporation OMNI - 171 2013
Das Model Absinthropy - Previews Of Epoch.Of.Stars Split (2xFile, MP3, Smplr, 320) Not On Label none 2013
Don't Stop...Planet Rock (as Schult) Various - Now That's What I Call 80s Dance (2xCD, Comp) Sony Music, Universal Music TV CDNNNOW4 2013
Das Modell (as Schult) The Ukulele Orchestra Of Great Britain - Uke-Werk - Live In Germany (CD) Not On Label (UOGB Self-released) CD1002013 2013
FanFanFanatisch Various - Abby - The Compilation Part 4.2 (2xCD, Comp) UpScene 97523-2 2014
Das Model Various - Fussball Megamix 2014 (2xCD, Mixed) More Music And Media 899631-2 2014
The Model (as Schult) The Bluebeaters (2) - Hungry Heart Record Kicks 2015
Radioakktivity (Radio Mix) Various - Covered In Darkness Digital World Audio 2015
C-Lekktor - Radioakktivity Digital World Audio 2015
All I Want For Christmas Is You (So So Def Remix) (as Emil Schultz) Mariah Carey - All I Want For Christmas Is You (10", EP, Ltd, Num, Pic) Columbia 88875134811 2015
The Model The Bluebeaters (2) - Everybody Knows Record Kicks 2015
Das Modell Rammstein - XXI (2xLP, Album, RE, RM + 2xLP, Album, RE, RM + 2xLP) Universal Music Group UNI-0602527-29662 2015
The Model Surgery Without Research - Birth/Lies/War/Death (CD, Album, Comp, RM) Aggrobeat ABCD021 2015
The Model 1991 [Mix 2.0 Album Version] (as Schult) Fernando Abrantes - Musique Non Stop - Version 2015 (CD, Maxi) Astro Records & Filmworks NF 917777 2015
Radioactivity Yellow Magic Orchestra - No Nukes 2012 (CD, Album) Commmons RZCM-59939 2015
Franck Vigroux | Matthew Bourne - Radioland: Radio-Activity Revisited Leaf 2016
Das Model Partia - Ostatni Koncert (10", Album, Ltd, Red) Thin Man Records TMR028LP 2016
The Model (as Schult) Fall Of Saigon - Fall Of Saigon 1981-1984 (LP, Album, Ltd, RE, RM) Replica Records (4) RPC019 2016
Autobahn Dyko - In Ordnung (CD, Single) Ordnungsamt Records ORD001 Unknown
Rheingold - R. (Die Musik Zum Film "Der Fan") (CD, Album, RE, RM) EMI 7243 5 60315 2 4 Unknown
The Model (as Schult) Unknown Artist - Synthesizer 2 (Famous Synthesizer Themes) (CD, Comp) Mega Sound 959122 Unknown
Das Model (as Schult) Various - Deutsche Hits (Cass, Comp) Kiosk, TELDEC 4.25123 Unknown
The Model (as Schult) Star Inc. - The Great Synthesizer Hits (Day & Nightdreams) (3xLP, Comp, Ltd) Laser (2) 9112/3-WZ Unknown
Autobahn (as Schult) Unknown Artist - Atmospheric Synthesizer (2xCD, Comp + Box) Tring International PLC, Tring International PLC TTCD028A, TTCD028B Unknown
Radio Activity (as Schult) Mario Cavallero Son Orchestre Et Ses Chanteurs* -Hit Parade Chante - Pop Hits - Vol. 27 (LP, Album) Pop Hits 30 PH 1827 Unknown
The Model (as Schult) Various - Classic Cuts - The New Romantic Era (2xCD, Promo, Comp) Music Factory NROM1 Unknown
Autobahn (as E.Schult) Electro Sound Band - Synthesizer (CD) Going For A Song GFS 055 Unknown
Kraftwerk - Tour De France (Cass, Comp, Unofficial) Basston 342 Unknown
Das Modell (as Schult) Kraftwerk - Die Mensch-Maschine (LP, Album, RE, Unofficial, Red) EMI Electrola (2), Kling Klang (2) 1C 058-32 843 Unknown
The Model (as Schultz) Unknown Artist - Synthesiser Greats (2xCD, Comp) The Music Rack MRDCD004 Unknown
The Model (as Schult) Various - Pop Of The Tops (CD, Comp, Mixed) Guttenberg Recordings 4743173011263 Unknown
The Model (as Schult) Unknown Artist - Atmospheric Synthesizer Spectacular - Vol. 4 (CD, Comp) A Tring Product VAR058 Unknown
Production
Kraftwerk - Radioactivity (7") Capitol Records, Capitol Records 3C 006-82119, 3C 006 82119 1976
Technical
Kraftwerk - Ralf & Florian Philips 1973
Visual
Kraftwerk - Ralf & Florian Philips 1973
Kraftwerk - Autobahn (7", Single) Vertigo 6003 438 1974
Kraftwerk - Autobahn Philips, Philips 1974
Kraftwerk - Radio-Aktivität Kling Klang, HÖR ZU, EMI Electrola 1975
Kraftwerk - Trans Europa Express Capitol Records, Capitol Records 1977
Blue In Heaven - Explicit Material Island Records 1986
Kraftwerk - Electric Cafe Kling Klang, EMI 1986
Elektric Music - Crosstalk (CD, Maxi, Ltd) SPV Records SPV 056-110363 1992
Elektric Music - Esperanto EastWest 1993
Elektric Music - TV SPV Records 1993
Nalin & Kane - Talkin' About Urban Tracks 1997
Inga Rumpf - 1966-1996 The Best Of All My Years So Far... (2xCD, Comp) Repertoire Records IMS 7037-WR 1997
Kraftwerk - Computerwelt Capitol Records (2) 1981
Roland Sebastian Faber* - Hommage An Die Jugend Europas (12") Aube AUBE002 2007
Roland Sebastian Faber* - Gropiusstadt EP (12", EP) Aube aube009 2010
Roland Sebastian Faber* - Gegen Den Strom EP Aube 2011
Acting, Literary & Spoken
FanFanFanatisch (as E. Schult) Welle: Erdball - Ich Rette Dich! (CD, EP) Synthetic Symphony SPV 268312 CD-EP 2014


Kraftwerk's radical and prophetic approach to purely electronic pop music has been referenced by an extraordinary number of artists from the mid-'70s onward. The Düsseldorf pioneers' self-described "robot pop" -- hypnotically minimal and obliquely rhythmic, and presented since the late '70s as the work of automatons -- has resonated in virtually every development of contemporary pop since the late 20th century, including David Bowie's Berlin trilogy, synth pop, and Neue Deutsche Welle, as well as later U.S. developments such as electro, techno, and house. Kraftwerk's enduring influence, particularly through '70s albums such as the unlikely cross-continental hit Autobahn, Trans-Europe Express, and The Man-Machine, and 1981's Computer World, cannot be overstated. Although new material has been in short supply since the group's second decade of activity, they've continued to enhance their legacy with innovative live performances and several catalog projects.
Tone FloatKraftwerk emerged from the same German experimental music community of the late '60s that spawned Can and Tangerine Dream. Primary members Florian Schneider and Ralf Hütter met as classical music students at the Düsseldorf Conservatory, originally teaming in the group Organisation and issuing a 1969 album, Tone Float, in the U.K. Schneider and Hütter soon disbanded Organisation, rechristening themselves Kraftwerk (German for "power station"), beginning work on their own studio (later dubbed Kling Klang), and immersing their music in the fledgling world of minimalist electronics. The group's 1970 debut, titled simply Kraftwerk, offered a hint of their unique aesthetic in its earliest form, already implementing innovations -- including Schneider's attempts at designing homemade rhythm machines -- with encouragement and assistance from producer/engineer Conny Plank.
Kraftwerk 2A series of lineup shifts followed. Among the musicians who came and left were Michael Rother and Klaus Dinger, who formed Neu! in 1971. At one point, Hütter even left the band; however, by the release of 1972's Kraftwerk 2, he and Schneider were again working in tandem. Recorded without a live drummer, the album's rhythms relied solely on a drum machine, creating a distinctly robotic feel without precedent -- the concept of purely technological music was, at the time, utterly alien to most musicians, as well as listeners. A series of well-received live performances followed before Kraftwerk began work on their breakthrough third LP, 1973's Ralf & Florian. Honing their many ambitions down to a few simple yet extraordinarily innovative concepts, their music began growing more and more revelatory -- even their clean-cut, scientific image was in direct opposition to the dominant pop fashions of the time.
Kraftwerk's first album to be issued in the U.S., 1974's Autobahn -- their first recording with member Wolfgang Flür, and their last with Plank -- was an international smash. An edited single version of the epic title track reached number nine in Germany and number 11 in the U.K., and became the group's lone Top 40 pop hit in the U.S., where they toured for the first time with new addition Karl Bartos. The album went Top Ten in all three territories. Performed in large part on a Moog synthesizer, Autobahn crystallized the distinctive Kraftwerk sound while making the group's first clear overtures toward conventional pop structure and melody, establishing a permanent foothold for electronic music within the mainstream.

Radio-ActivityKraftwerk resurfaced in 1975 with Radio-Activity, a concept album exploring the theme of radio communication. Indicative of the band's new global popularity, it was released in both German- and English-language editions, the latter appearing early the following year, and in France it was a chart-topping success. Train travel emerged as the subject of 1977's Trans-Europe Express, which marked an increased movement toward seeming musical mechanization. The line became even further blurred with the follow-up, 1978's aptly titled The Man-Machine, a work almost completely bereft of human touches. By this time, the members of Kraftwerk even publicly portrayed themselves as automatons, an image solidified by "The Robots," a number 25 single in the group's home country.
Electric CafeHaving released their most influential albums, the group disappeared from view, the first of many extended absences to follow. They did not return to action prior to 1981's Computer World, a meditation on the new global dominance of technology -- a social climate their earlier music had forecast. After achieving their second Top Ten placement on Germany's album chart and topping the U.K. singles chart with "Computer Love," they took an extended break from releasing albums. However, their earlier works informed 1982 electro classics such as Afrika Bambaataa's "Planet Rock" and Planet Patrol's "Play at Your Own Risk," and in 1983, they issued a single, the joyous competitive cycling homage "Tour de France," a number four U.S. club hit (number 22 pop in the U.K.) heard in the film Breakin'. Kraftwerk ended a five-year wait between albums in 1986 with Electric Cafe, by which point pop music was dominated by synthesizers and drum machines. Another five years passed before the next full-length, The Mix, a set of remixed and rearranged material that placed Kraftwerk -- essentially Schneider and Hütter now -- closer to the Detroit techno and Chicago house producers they inspired. Just before the end of the '90s, Kraftwerk released their first original material in well over a decade, the "Expo 2000" single.
Tour de France SoundtracksThe group celebrated the 2003 centennial anniversary of Tour de France with a new version of their 1983 single, and followed it with a full album, Tour de France Soundtracks. Minimum-Maximum, a live recording, arrived in 2005. Schneider departed in 2008, leaving Hütter as the lone founding member, flanked by longtime associates Fritz Hilpert and Henning Schmitz (and eventually live video technicians Stefan Pfaffe and Falk Grieffenhagen). From the late 2000s through the 2010s, Hütter tended to Kraftwerk's recorded legacy and continued to tour. An extensive box set, The Catalogue, pulled together their eight core albums with remastered sound in 2009. Three years later, Kraftwerk performed their studio works from Autobahn to Tour de France at New York's Museum of Modern Art, and soon did the same in Düsseldorf and at the Tate Modern in London. The group's steady touring culminated in the live release 3-D The Catalogue, capturing performances from 2012 through 2016. On May 6, 2020, representatives of Kraftwerk confirmed that Schneider had died from cancer.

The obverse: In a 1975 review in Creem magazine, Lester Bangs describes an apocryphal encounter between Krautrock progenitors Kraftwerk, and bearded, Southern, boogie-rock golems Black Oak Arkansas. Essentially, Bangs’ mission is to lay into the effeminate, electronically advanced Kraftwerk as being icy, humorless, and soulless. It’s a surprising tack, coming from rock lit’s most deliberate contrarian. I mean, the guy would champion the most extreme garbage imaginable — “Hideous Blare” — just to crank up the stakes in the debate about what constituted art, rock, and genuine, rump-shaking beauty. Yet Kraftwerk were more than even he could handle.

The reverse: There is a laughably revisionist 90s television series, “Time/Life Presents the History of Rock ‘n’ Roll.” It’s available on DVD, and it’s laughable because it defines the 1970s with the music of David Bowie, The Stooges, Funkadelic, and Kraftwerk. I mean, that’s all well and good, and we all own those records now, three decades later, but come on. No one in the 70s was listening to The Stooges. In fact, all of those bands, Bowie included, were so far off the mainstream map that they were considered novelty acts. In fact, there were probably about three white people who actually owned Funkadelic records in the 1970s, and two of them were John Sinclair and his girlfriend. Please. Everyone was listening to Fleetwood Mac and The Eagles, not Maggot Brain. Give me a flipping break.

Anyway. In this TV show, they go to Grandmaster Flash, who describes his epiphany at hearing Kraftwerk for the first time. Recounting it, he reels: “Who are these funky, funky white boys?!” Basically, he and the show then make the case that Kraftwerk single-handedly laid the foundation for techno and hip-hop.

So which one is it? Were Kraftwerk rigid, technocratic automatons, subject to blame for every ill foisted upon us by Midi technology and drum machines in the last twenty to thirty years? I mean, these are gay dudes who dressed up in Roaring Twenties-era, Valentino garb and makeup, lipstick included, and self-identified as robots. Well, don’t judge too quickly — you can have my Roland TR-808 when you pry it and my bedazzled Crunk cup from my cold, dead, ATL-livin’ hands. The truth is that it’s all one coin: Kraftwerk are funky, funky, computer nerds who really did invent techno and were an indirect yet massive contributing component in the birth of hip-hop, and they’re not humorless at all. They’re just German.

Add one more item: The original line-up included not only Florian Schneider (flutes, synthesizers, electric violin) and Ralf Hütter (electronic organ, synthesizers), but Michael Rother (guitars, synthesizers) and Klaus Dinger (drums, synthesizers), who split before the first LP to found Neu!, which to an alt-rock geek is the equivalent of Jimi Hendrix and Keith Moon being in the first version of the Rolling Stones. And behind the mixing desk you’ve got Konrad “Conny” Plank, who was the Phil Spector of Krautrock. Pow!

Schneider and Hütter were from Dusseldorf, and met at conservatory. Afterwards, they quickly wedged into the underground music scene, which went prominently aboveground when the UK music press latched on and dubbed it all Krautrock. It was an unruly aggregate of bands, but the common factor was a driving, metronomic beat, a rolling, repetitive minimalism, and — especially in Ralf and Florian’s case — the use of newfangled synthesizers. In the geologic epoch in which Crosby, Stills, and Nash stomped around the FM tar pit, this was clever, engaging, mammalian stuff.

It’s safe to say that Ralf and Florian are a couple of freaks. Stories of their secrecy and paranoia are the stuff of legend, from the earliest days, to recent encounters with the likes of Johnny Marr of The Smiths and Chris Whatshisname of Coldplay. (“How do I know you’re gay? You listen to Coldplay.”) Their Dusseldorf studio, Kling Klang, is shrouded in Langley levels of mystery and intrigue. It’s worth mentioning because of this mindnumbingly grotesque fact: Ralf and Florian have completely disavowed all three of their earliest, rock-based records. And all three of them are landmark, rock ‘n’ roll classics — classics you’ll have to root for like a pig rooting for truffles, but classics nevertheless.

The debut, simply titled Kraftwerk 1 (1971 Philips) is a hard-driving joy — even the flute parts rock. It maps the band’s agenda of looping, reverberating minimalism, with electronics wherever possible, but it doesn’t shy away from standard instrumentation when necessary, including fuzzed-out electric guitar. Kraftwerk 2 (1972 Philips) is a very similar affair, rising in a series of gradual, layered crescendos. As with the contemporaneous LPs by Neu!, there is liberal twisting of the varispeed knob.

The third record is billed as Ralf and Florian (1973 Philips); it meanders a bit, but is generally excellent. Better yet is Kraftwerk 4 (2007 bootleg), a recently released live concert from 1970 that predates Kraftwerk 1 and is the only available recording of the band with Rother and Dinger. It’s anomalous and highly recommended — think the motorik of Neu! with a dollop of Black Sabbath. Seriously. It’s great stuff.

It’s almost impossible to even explain the context into which Autobahn (1974 Philips) dropped. Electronic music was still in its infancy, enough so that it was considered a gimmick. The top-selling acts of 1974 were Bob Denver, Elton John, and (ugh) Wings. We can take it for granted in 2008 that a pop band can be influenced by Karlheinz Stockhausen. Not so in 1974. In the era of bell-bottoms and back-to-the-country Jesus Freaking, Autobahn was as alien as a ride in a flying saucer. It’s a vivid, disorienting masterpiece.

Autobahn is an abrupt departure for Kraftwerk as well. It’s their first all-electronic outing, and the first of several concept albums, as it simulates a long-form drive on Germany’s infamous highways, replete right down to the swoosh of passing vehicles and the honking of horns. It’s a sharply focused effort — dense, layered, lustrous, and gorgeous. Autobahn was a hit throughout Europe, and even got some FM play in America, albeit in a truncated version. Superficial novelty may have played a role in the original interest, but a quarter century later, Autobahn remains a classic of both Krautrock and electronica.

Radio-Activity (1975 Capitol) offers various takes on transmissions and radio communication as its conceptual conceit, with shorter, song-based tracks; with the addition of Wolfgang Flür and Karl Bartos, the band had a line-up that would last for nearly a decade. Pushing a Weimar vibe, Kraftwerk cut their hair and adopted an arch, silent-film-era look for the elegant, glossy Trans-Europe Express (1977 Capitol). By this point, David Bowie, Brian Eno, Gary Numan, and Joy Division/New Order were all furiously taking notes. The Man Machine (1978 Capitol) even scored a Top-40 hit on the US disco charts with “The Robots.” This time it was George Clinton and Grandmaster Flash taking notes.

If Autobahn is Kraftwerk’s Exile on Main Street, Computer World (1982 Capitol) is its Goat’s Head Soup. It’s got a couple of great songs, but you can hear that the band is slipping, and inadvertently entering the territory of self-parody. The track “Pocket Calculator” is completely awesome, a Speak ‘n’ Spell booty call, totally engaging. But elsewhere, they seem to have lost some of the organic underpinnings that made Autobahn so thrilling. You can tell they’re paying too much attention to the technology.

Kraftwerk may have some records after Computer World, but they’re not worth discussing. Go out and find the early stuff, plus the LPs by Neu! as well as the two or three releases by Harmonia, which is Rother’s Krautrock “supergroup” with the dudes from Cluster and sometimes Brian Eno. They’ll get you by for years.

The first three Kraftwerk LPs are straight-up rock ‘n’ roll classics, and sound fresh and invigorated well into the 21st century. Autobahn is a pan-genre masterpiece of 20th century art. The next couple of records totally bop and roll, and Computer World is, at least, an awful lot of fun. Come on, Lester. Pry yourself away from that rehearsal with Tupac and shake your ass to a song called “Pocket Calculator.” Improbability is a blast.



The Emergence of Kraftwerk & Krautrock
During the 1960’s and 1970’s, popular music as a whole experienced an explosion of growth and
diversification. With the developments of the progressive rock and industrial scenes in the UK,
the jazz fusion scene in the US, and the krautrock/“Berlin School” scenes in Germany, music
was undergoing a complete cosmopolitan renaissance heavily rooted in sonic experimentation
and pushing musical boundaries in a way that had never been witnessed before. “Krautrock” was
the colloquial term used to describe the experimental rock that developed in West Germany in
the late 1960s that combined elements of psychedelic rock, electronic music, and a broad range
of avant-garde influences. The German krautrock scene specifically brought forth countless
innovations. These included the use of early synthesizers; experimental tape-editing techniques
such as cutting, splicing, or altering the magnetic tape itself; as well as the forward-thinking use
of electronic gear-like drum machines, electronic drum kits, and vocoders (a synthesizer for the
human voice). The krautrock scene largely emerged within Germany’s youth groups that were
actively rebelling against their country’s legacy in World War II two decades earlier and were
actively seeking to reform their cultural identity, which included through the formation of new
musical acts. One of the most influential bands in this cultural movement was Kraftwerk, who
formed in 1970 in Düsseldorf. Both Kraftwerk and Can (another influential Krautrock band)
provided a sense of postwar cultural identity for Germanic peoples that embraced technological
innovations while emphasizing the relationship between man and machine (Adelt). Whereas Can
was still rooted heavily in traditional rock instrumentation, Kraftwerk became an all-electronic
musical group over time that emphasized their Germanic heritage, making them all the more
novel and distinctively a product of Germanic identity. Some scholars have even gone as far as
to say that Krafterwerk’s popular song ‘Autobahn’ is a quintessential song that reflects a
summative depiction of Germany’s newfound 1970s cultural identity communicated through
spatialities, temporalities, and subjectivities (Schiller).
Among the many different krautrock bands, Kraftwerk proved to be the most influential
both musically and technologically. Musically, Kraftwerk’s most distinctive quality is likely
their utilization of propulsive, repetitive rhythms. From their very beginning, Kraftwerk refused
to let technological limitations hinder their creative vision. They often created or commissioned
their own custom-built electronic instruments with their most famous example being the
electronic drum pads first used on their 1974 album Autobahn. Additionally, their famous “Kling
Klang” private studio more so resembled a sound laboratory where experimentation occurred
than any sort of recording studio, and the studio was often treated as a musical instrument itself
3
(Sch tte). Kraftwerk’s lyrics were an area of influential and cultural impact too, as their content
often celebrated the monotony of post–war Europe along with the technology that was used in
daily life, all with a certain glimmer of hope for the future. Through harnessing their bold,
technology–focused vision, they continually pushed towards new, uncharted sonic territories and
questioned the roles people and technology took in relation to music composition. This article
outlines Kraftwerk’s musical development and influence through five areas: 1) the conditions for
their formation and their influence on German cultural identity following WWII, 2) their musical
influences, 3) their unique financial situation that enabled their musical creation and innovation,
4) their musical and technological evolution, and 5) their influence and legacy seen through
current musical acts.
The Germanic Cultural Landscape and Struggles of Identity
It has often been argued that Kraftwerk can only be fully understood by taking into account the
specific social, economic and political context of late 1960s and early 1970s Germany (Cohen).
During this time, Germanic youths were pushing against two facets in order to find their own,
new identity: 1) The influence of other western cultures on Germanic identity, and 2) the
authoritarian association from previous decades. The youth wanted to find a unique Germanic
identity that was not borrowed from other Western cultures and they wanted to distance
themselves from the authoritarian associations from the previous World War. During the decades
following World War II, West Germany received extensive international aid resulting in
thousands of US and British troops stationed in the region. This unique overlap motioned in a
flood of Anglo-American culture into West Germany. Before citizens realized it, West German
radio was dominated by rock ‘n’ roll and kids began to pick up English but with American
accents (Cope). This pervasion of American and British culture, however, left a vacuum of any
tangible German culture for German people to latch on to. As Kraftwerk's Ralf Hütter puts it:
There was really no German culture after the war. Everyone was rebuilding their
homes and getting their little Volkswagens. In the clubs when we first started
playing, you never heard a German record, you switched on the radio and all you
heard was Anglo-American music, you went to the cinema and all the films were
Italian and French. That's okay but we needed our own cultural identity (Barr 13).
The other major source of cultural dissonance stemmed from Germany’s role in WWII. This was
a timeframe when people in Germany were struggling to find meaning and understanding
causing widespread protests in Berlin pushing towards a freer democracy. The desperation for
German cultural prosperity was further echoed through disgruntled students fed up with the
inaction of their government, leading to the 1968 German student movement. In the eyes of most
German students, the government had not done nearly enough to move on and distance
themselves from its Nazi past with their then chancellor, Kurt Georg Kiesinger, having actually
been a member of the National Socialist German Workers' Party during Hitler’s reign. This led
to violent conflicts between students and police culminating in a battle on February 28th, 1968
between 3,000 demonstrators and 1,000 police officers leaving hundreds injured. It was a time of
conflict that was perceived as a struggle against authoritarian powers to progress democracy
(Della Porta). In addition to this, there was a desire for a new Germanic identity that wasn’t
adapted from the past or borrowed from the numerous other cultures that had increasing
prominence within the country. In the aftermath of WWII, Germany was left with a divided
nation of low–spirited citizens, desperate to latch onto new ideas as a means to leave behind their 
4
sordid past.
The production of art, as well as most other social institutions, was tainted by the Third
Reich that dictated over Germany from 1933-1945. This resulted in a desire by Germanic
musicians to distance themselves from conventional notions of harmonic structure and melody
because those were constructs largely associated with the cultural policies of the Nazi regime
(Pattie). As a result, Germanic musicians moved towards avant garde approaches in musical
production, both in terms of songwriting and instrumentation. Their desire to progress onward
from Germany’s past towards a new future coupled with their dissatisfaction with
American/British rock tropes became the perfect catalyst for the creation of krautrock as a new,
experimental music style unlike anything ever seen or heard before. In the case of Kraftwerk,
this simultaneous push against the past as well as forging forward towards a new cultural identity
resulted in their unique art style characterized by primarily instrumental music using electronics
and extensive song lengths that were free–form in composition. Their music frequently used
repetition in place of traditional tonality and scales, often oscillating between simple harmonies
and radical divergences especially on their earliest albums.
The subject matter of Kraftwerk’s lyrics and aesthetic focused around technology and
industry, which can be attributed to the broader social and political climate in West Germany at
the time. Having relatable lyrics can serve as a way to help individuals cope and connect
(Messick and Aranda; Messick, Aranda, and Chris), so the focus on these monotonous aspects of
life offered a connecting point for the struggles that were being experienced. The disillusion with
Germany’s past caused a cultural ‘flatness’ in affect and art that also extended to a critical
disassociation with politics (Cohen). This cultural state of automaton-like behavior and precedent
translated well into the context of music for a new generation of German youth. This is notably
exhibited in Kraftwerk’s pervasive use of the vocoder throughout most of their career, which
mimicked the sound of a robot talking, appearing as early as their 1973 album Ralf and Florian.
In fact, Kraftwerk likened themselves to robots and also remained stoic and seemingly
unenthusiastic when they would play their music live, going as far as to replace themselves with
robots for parts of performances. Kraftwerk were embraced by Germanic youth that were
struggling with feelings of dissatisfaction and monotony, and Kraftwerk channeled those feelings
into a new art form to which they could relate. Kraftwerk’s music might appear a cultural
novelty in modern times, but within the context of post-war Germany, they played a fundamental
role in providing Germanic youth with a new cultural product that was uniquely German, but that
was also not tainted by or in any way associated with the depravities of the past.
Musical Lineage
Despite popular thinking, krautrock was not necessarily a concrete genre of music but rather a
movement composed of like–minded musicians possessing a great insistence on creating
something completely new (Brown). This subtle distinction implies that the music itself covers a
vast spectrum of different sounds and defies any meaningful categorization. However, even
krautrock bands possess a handful of common characteristics including “a reliance on electronic
sounds and new musical technology (e.g. synthesizers), extended improvisation, often involving
non-Western modalities, emphasis on texture and timbre (sound as such) over composition and
connection to the European avant-garde tradition” (Brown 340).
Specifically, krautrock’s link to the avant-garde is undoubtedly attributed largely to the
work of experimental composer Karlheinz Stockhausen (Brocker 99). Born in 1928, Stockhausen
was a composer famous for pioneering the concept of “musical space.” His compositions would
often require sound to be amplified from various positions to create the illusion of music 
5
occupying a literal three dimensional space. He was also one of the earliest true innovators of
electronic music with his compositions Studie I and Studie II being especially important for its
development during the 1950s and 60s. As a leading avant garde figure, there is no single
individual more influential on krautrock’s development than Stockhausen. As a Cologne
resident, he lived in the heart of Germany’s then developing krautrock scene—not far from
Kraftwerk’s private Kling Klang studio in Düsseldorf. Of all the aspiring krautrock musicians
trying to find that “new” sound, Kraftwerk founding members Ralf Hütter and Florian Schneider
gleaned the most influence from Stockhausen, as they considered themselves “the second
generation of electronic explorers, after Stockhausen” (Grönholm 379). With Kraftwerk, they
were able to take what was at first, a niche, avant garde movement, and transform it into a wide–
appealing, international phenomenon. Stockhausen himself even commented on Kraftwerk,
saying that “music now cannot only be sung or played on traditional instruments, but it is also
possible to produce one’s own sounds for a new piece. And you know how certain sounds are
formed. That opens up a completely new horizon for the whole of Western music” (Sch tte 89-
90).
The Cost of Innovation
Part of understanding the way in which Kraftwerk were able to continually innovate music
technology is understanding the background of founding members Ralf Hütter and Flourian
Schneider. According to former Kraftwerk musician Eberhard Kraneman, both Hütter and
Schneider grew up in incredibly wealthy households with millionaire parents (Esch). The
availability of lucrative financial resources was a key component in their capacity to innovate, as
it was precisely this wealthy background that allowed them to afford all of the various gadgets
and instruments used in their experimentation and musical production. Their wealthy background
is also what most likely funded their own private Kling Klang studio too.
The idea that these average West German students could afford not only the plethora of
instruments used, but their own entire recording studio in the heart of Düsseldorf, is nothing
short of extraordinary unless one considers the sheer wealth that Hütter and Schneider arose
from. For instance, if the price of the Minimoog Model D (a synthesizer purchased by the band
during the early 1970’s) was adjusted for inflation, it would cost more than $60,000 today.
Additionally, the EMS Synthi A—another staple synthesizer used by Kraftwerk—originally sold
for $25,000. The inaccessibility of these instruments cannot be overstated due to the unique
financial capabilities that Kraftwerk had at their disposal. It is through this perfect culmination of
creative drive and the ability to finance it that Kraftwerk were able to innovate and create
something new well beyond the works of their peers.
Technological and Musical Evolution
Very little of the band’s rehearsal time involved the members “playing” their instruments but
rather listening to the instruments play themselves. They would repeat pre–programmed
sequences and loops for hours in an attempt to blur the lines between man and machine, and a
similar technique was used during album recording. Inspired by their fellow mates in German
experimental rock band Can, Hütter and Schneider recognized the importance of total artistic
freedom in musical creation. As Maxime Schmitt, a frequent Kraftwerk collaborator, described:
Often, they would all sit behind the console, letting the machines run by
themselves for one or two hours, the sequencers, everything. From time to time
Florian would stand up and go to another machine and start or launch another 
6
sequence. It was almost closer to a traditional jam session than to studio work.
The following day they would listen back to the tape (Bussy 100).
While there is no doubt that Kraftwerk’s unorthodox recording style hugely influenced
modern electronic music production, an additional aspect for which they are most frequently
praised are the various pieces of technology that they utilized during their recording sessions,
which were frequently shrouded in mystery and intrigue as Kraftwerk were very secretive about
their creative process. From their self-titled debut Kraftwerk (1970), Kraftwerk were already
incorporating self–made oscillators into their music, most prominently heard on the closing
track, “Vom Himmel Hoch” (Brocker 101). Oscillators are devices that form consistent,
oscillating electric signals, usually in the form of a sine or square wave. They form the basis of
perhaps all modern sound synthesis techniques. Kraftwerk 2 (1971) saw the band’s first usage of
drum machines purely as a necessity—a necessity that would later become one of the band’s
major trademarks—considering they could not find a permanent drummer during this time
(Brocker). This album also featured the band experimenting with different recording speeds of
multiple tape recorders to produce highly synthetic, alien sounds (most notably heard on the first
track, “Kling Klang”).
Kraftwerk’s third album, Ralf and Florian (1973), marked a transition point for the band
from the early, avant-garde sound of Kraftwerk 1 and Kraftwerk 2 to the more characteristic, pop
influenced sound that Kraftwerk further developed on their succeeding albums. Most importantly
though, it introduced two monumental developments into Kraftwerk’s sound: the usage of analog
synthesizers—specifically the Minimoog Model D and the EMS Synthi A—as well as the
vocoder on the song “Ananas Symphonie”. Additionally, the song “Kristallo” could be seen as a
precursor to techno music through its use of a drum machine coupled with a sixteenth–note bass
pattern provided by the synthesizer. These technological acquisitions marked a turning point in
Kraftwerk’s career as according to Carsten Brocker, “they [now] had the opportunity to create
music based entirely on electronically generated and modulated signals” (Brocker 103).
During the same time of Ralf und Florian’s release (October 1973), Kraftwerk also
unveiled a crudely built, electronic drum–kit during a live TV performance on a television show
called Aspekte (Sch tte). It was composed of twelve round metal plates within a silver–foil
casing with what appeared to be sewing needles serving as the actual “drumsticks” to play the
contraption. The kit was designed by new Kraftwerk member Wolfgang Flür; he had just joined
the band following the release of Ralf und Florian. Fl r’s new drum–kit would later become a
Kraftwerk trademark through its usage on the six succeeding albums.
By fully embracing their newfound reliance on electronic gear as well as new member
Wolfgang Flür, Kraftwerk completed their transition from obscure krautrock to full–on
electronic pop music with their 1974 landmark release, Autobahn. This was the first Kraftwerk
album to extensively use lyrics up to this point despite only being on the title track, as previous
works had primarily been instrumental (Littlejohn). Interestingly enough, Hütter has regarded the
introduction of lyrics as merely an expansion of their pre–existing sound spectrum by using their
voices as any other instrument (Brocker). The title track also features an extensive amount of
audio–phasing and panning tricks (simulating the doppler effect heard from cars driving by on a
highway), recorded tape sounds such as a car starting up as well as radio noise, and further use of
the vocoder, which continued where they left off on “Ananas Symphonie” from Ralf und
Florian. This culminated in a strange global occurrence in 1975: although Anglo-American
music usually dominated music charts across many areas of the world, Kraftwerk’s song 
7
“Autobahn”, a song about Germany’s extensive motorway system, charted in multiple countries,
including the United States, Canada, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Australia, Belgium, and
Germany. Even though the track was almost twenty-three minutes in length on the album, the
cut-down, radio-friendly version of song that was distributed globally was just over three
minutes long.
Briefly before Kraftwerk’s US tour to support Autobahn’s release, the band decided to
add another member to the band, deciding on classically–trained percussionist Karl Bartos to act
as an additional electronic drummer, which officially made Kraftwerk a four member band
(Sch tte). This new lineup—consisting of Ralf Hütter, Florian Schneider, Wolfgang Flür, and
Karl Bartos—became the band’s definitive lineup until 1987 and is also recognized as the most
iconic lineup of Kraftwerk. Following the positive reception of many aspects of Autobahn,
changes were made towards commercialization for future releases. These changes included songs
having more orthodox structures (often verse-chorus), lyrics were incorporated more heavily,
and songs were of shorter, more digestible and radio-friendly length, distancing themselves from
earlier works like the nearly eighteen-minute opus, “Kling Klang”, off of the Kraftwerk 2 album.
After a very successful US tour, Kraftwerk released their fifth album Radio–Activity
(1975) after retreating to their Kling-Klang studio. According to Hütter, it was a pure electronic
concept album dedicated “to the age of radio and radiation at the same time” that showcased the
band confronting language through clever word puns and phonetic experiments (Sch tte). For
example, the song “Radio Stars” implies it is about pop musicians when it is actually about
quasars and pulsars. Additionally, it features the heaviest vocoder use compared to their previous
albums along with three additional gear acquisitions: a Votrax speech synthesizer, an ARP
Odyssey synthesizer, and an Orchestron keyboard. The Votrax speech synthesizer—often
dubbed by H tter as a ‘singing typewriter’—can be heard most prominently in the song
‘Uranium.’ The Orchestron keyboard allowed the band to achieve polyphonic textures on a
singular instrument, something they had not been able to achieve before its acquisition. During
the Radio–Activity tour, the band also experimented with light–beam projections to trigger drum
patterns with a device they called the “cage” (Brocker 107). However, they soon scrapped it after
it malfunctioned on stage and never used it again. It was not the case that all of Kraftwerk’s
musical exploits were as successful as others, as Radio-Activity saw fewer albums sales than
Autobahn in England and the United States, although it did find them some new fans in France
and other areas of continental Europe (Griinholm). The band tried new commercial approaches
on this album, such as incorporating lyrics in both English and German within individual tracks
to increase broader appeal in the global market, but this approach was not well received and was
largely abandoned on subsequent releases, with the band vouching to instead record both English
and German versions of songs in the future (Littlejohn).
Trans–Europe Express (1977) saw the band acquiring another important piece of gear for
their arsenal: the Synthanorma Sequenzer, designed by Matten & Wiechers. A sequencer is a
piece of equipment that is designed to trigger musical events at a fixed rate. This instrument
allowed the band to automate much more of their playing than ever before and even featured
exclusive features for the band not available to the general public at the time. It was also
responsible for the more minimalist and hypnotic sound of Trans–Europe Express as every song
was written specifically within the limitations of the Synthanorma Sequenzer. This sequencer is
also featured on The Man–Machine (1978) along with another device designed by Matten &
Wiechers—a metal console with 6 different rows of switches used to control percussion sounds
during live performances. The Man–Machine also marked the first time the band used a 
8
Polymoog synthesizer, which is a device somewhat akin to an electric organ. Following the
album’s release, it proved to be widely influential on the then–developing synthpop scene and
the album is now regarded by many as one of the greatest electronic records of all time.
Arguably the last truly innovative Kraftwerk album before the band’s experiments with
digital technology was Computer World (1981), which showcased the band integrating their
recording studio into live performances after redesigning it to be transported as modules that
could be assembled onstage. This was a natural progressive step in addressing the needs of how
technologically demanding Kraftwerk’s music had become. Due to the increased complexity in
sound, the exact instrumentation of this album is largely unknown (Brocker). However,
according to Brocker, the band in fact used several non–musical appliances during recording
sessions including “a Casio pocket calculator, a D breq Stylophone, a Bee Gees Rhythm
Machine toy keyboard by Mattel, and voice–producing appliances from Texas Instruments”
(Brocker 111), This complimented Computer World’s themes which dealt highly with mankind’s
increasing reliance on technology.
Following Computer World’s success, Kraftwerk only released two further albums—
Electric Café (1986) and Tour de France Soundtracks (2003)—which aren’t as innovative as the
band’s prior releases. Electric Café was criticized because the band applied a more commercial
approach to songwriting, which caused the music to be perceived by consumers as more sterile,
less engaging, and devoid of over-arching album themes that were present on and played a role
in the cohesiveness of previous works, especially in the case of Electric Café (Littlejohn). Part of
the reason for these criticisms was that Electric Café (and the Tour de France Soundtracks
album too) was composed using predominantly digital technology, unlike their past releases
which utilized analog gear. Furthermore, the band took an extensive hiatus in the years before
Electric Café was released, which caused the band to lose momentum and caused music
consumers to lose enthusiasm. Additionally, Electric Café would be the first Kraftwerk album to
not feature prominent member Wolfgang Fl r since 1972’s Kraftwerk 2. There was another
extended hiatus prior to the release of Tour de France Soundtracks, which was released as a way
of celebrating the 100 anniversary of the Tour de France bicycle races. Kraftwerk, and in
particular, Ralf Hütter, were avid cyclists. Tour de France Soundtracks departed from the
practice of releasing albums in both English and German, and instead released one version of the
album that incorporated lyrics in English, German, and French. On the world tour that followed,
the band performed songs from four laptops using sampling, sequencing, and synthesizer
software, which was a noted departure from previous live shows that featured more musical
equipment and analog instrumentation. Tour de France Soundtracks was the highest charting
album of the band’s career and was a critical success due largely to the hype surrounding the
return of a long dormant band that was regarded as trailblazing and classic at the time.
The Legacy
Despite inconsistency in the reception of their later output, Kraftwerk left a permanent mark on
the music industry and played a pivotal role in the development of a uniquely German cultural
identity. By pioneering electronic pop at a conceptual level, Kraftwerk achieved a level of fame
and influence comparable only to that of The Beatles (Sch tte, 2020). As noted by Cohen, many
of the world’s top music critics list at least one of Kraftwerk’s albums among their favorite and
most influential albums of all time. They single–handedly innovated technology’s role in music
composition through blurring the lines between man vs. machine through the synthesis of both
and the creation of new musical hardware. Because of the futuristic, technological vision of two 
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young German students—Ralf Hütter and Florian Schneider—and their desire to create
something whole–heartedly new, the state of music technology rapidly advanced which
influenced countless other musicians on an international level, including many artists within
Detroit techno, electro-pop, rap, and hip-hop (Seago, Vincent). One of the easiest influential
trajectories to draw is from Kraftwerk’s use of the vocoder to today’s widespread use of autotune
technology (Shahan). Virtually all music that utilizes electronic instruments has something to
owe to Kraftwerk’s legacy with everything from techno to modern trap music applying it.
Additionally, they helped lay the framework for electronic pop music with artists like Depeche
Mode, Soft Cell, and The Human League later expanded upon it with the development of the
British synthpop scene. Kraftwerk were even influential for genres like hip–hop as DJ producer
Afrika Bambaataa and his group Soulsonic Force released a single called ‘Planet Rock’ which
sampled the Kraftwerk songs ‘Numbers’ and ‘Trans–Europe Express’ to create a fusion of
electro and funk in 1988. This song single–handedly started the genre later to be known as
“electro–funk” and helped further plant the seeds for hip–hop’s later success in the 1990’s
(Toltz). Despite the more obvious aforementioned influences, their influence extended into other
musical genres beyond those that clearly utilized elements of Kraftwerk’s music. Artists that
have specifically listed Kraftwerk as an influence include David Bowie, Depeche Mode, Duran
Duran, Iggy Pop, Jay-Z, Moby, and Joy Division (Cohen). Another way of seeing the expansive
range of influence that Kraftwerk had is to look at the many covers of their songs that exist
across many dissimilar genres, with artists as disparate as the comedian Rick Moranis, Irish rock
band U2, British rock band Coldplay, the Faux Latino band Señor Coconut, the Italo disco group
Koto, the Japanese noise-rock band Melt-Banana, similarly influential Germanic metal band
Rammstein, and the Dutch death metal band Gorefest all having offered their own interpretations
of some of Kraftwerk’s most seminal works.
Kraftwerk is a band that has received ongoing academic attention, and rightfully so, as
they’ve played a pivotal role in influencing popular and indie music; they were innovators in
their use and creation of novel technologies; and they helped Germanic youth form a sense of
postwar identity that was uniquely Germanic but that marked a clear departure from the ways of
Germany’s more shrouded past.