Publisher Description

In early 2011 an elderly Alawite shaykh lamented the long history of 'oppression and aggression' against his people. Against such collective memories the Syrian uprising was viewed by many Alawites, and observers, as a revanchist Sunni Muslim movement and the gravest threat yet to the unorthodox Shi'a sub-sect. This explained why the Alawites largely remained loyal to the Ba'athist regime of Bashar al-Asad. But was Alawite history really a constant tale of oppression and was the Syrian uprising of 2011 really an existential threat to the Alawites? This book surveys Alawite history from the sect's inception in Abbasid Iraq up to the start of the uprising in 2011. The book shows how Alawite identity and political behaviour have been shaped by a cycle of insecurity that has prevented the group from achieving either genuine social integration or long term security. Rather than being the gravest threat yet to the sect, the Syrian uprising, in the context of the Arab Spring, was quite possibly a historic opportunity for the Alawites to finally break free from their cycle of fear.

Table of Contents

Introduction 1. Ibn Khaldun's Asabiyya and the Cycle of Fear A Definition of Asabiyya and its Sectarian Dimension How a Group Develops High Asabiyya The Nature and Influence of a Group with High Asabiyya How a Dynasty Maintains Asabiyya Variables for the Success of a Dynasty How a Group's Asabiyya Declines 2. Origins Foundations of the Sect Golden Period Becoming Ibna al-Jabal (Sons of the Mountain) Fatwas and Officialdom Ottoman Rule: Continued Alawite Marginalization 3. Integration Saving Alawite Souls New Horizons Resistance and Receptivity Artificial Integration Genuine Integration? Independent Syria and the 'Problem' of Pluralism Suspicions of Sectarianism Alawites Ascendant 4. Apogee and Decline Early Asad Rule The Muslim Brotherhood Rebellion The Hama Tragedy The Spoils of Power Struggle for the Asad Dynasty The Alawite-Iranian Axis Preparing for Succession Descent A Modernising Reformer? New Challenges Losing Lebanon Regime Consolidation and Isolation Alawite Socio-Economic Conditions under Bashar al-Asad The Precarious Security of the Lebanese Alawites 6. Rumblings of Revolution Regime Restoration Elite Infighting A Confident Bashar al-Asad Rising Internal Challenges A Rising Islamic Tide? Integration at Last? List of Tables

Review

'Goldsmith does not see [the Alawites'] loyalty as given. He sets out to explain it by examining their history. ... Goldsmith shows that years of persecution since the sect's founding have taught its adherents to stick together, and, as things have grown worse, to the regime. ... a welcome addition to scholarship on Syria.'; 'Cycle of Fear is based on an impressive amount of field research as well as interviews with hard-to-reach leading Alawite figures inside Syria and elsewhere. Goldsmith does a good job of unmasking much of the mystery surrounding this sect and places within its historical context the twentieth century rise of the Alawites and the decision by most Alawites in the current conflict to stick with the Assad regime. I highly recommend it.' * David W. Lesch, Ewing Halsell Distinguished Professor of Middle East History at Trinity University in San Antonio, Texas, and author of Syria: The Fall of the House of Assad *
'Cycle of Fear is based on an impressive amount of field research as well as interviews with hard-to-reach leading Alawite figures inside Syria and elsewhere. Goldsmith does a good job of unmasking much of the mystery surrounding this sect and places within its historical context the twentieth century rise of the Alawites and the decision by most Alawites in the current conflict to stick with the Assad regime. I highly recommend it.' * David W. Lesch, Ewing Halsell Distinguished Professor of Middle East History at Trinity University in San Antonio, Texas, and author of Syria: The Fall of the House of Assad *
'Leon Goldsmith makes a timely argument about the Alawite community that has provided the main pillar of support for Assad's rule in Syria. He explains how the minority complex of this small but powerful sect has been shaped by centuries of persecution. Their internal solidarity and fear of the Sunni majority, Goldsmith argues, has convinced them that their present struggle is a matter of life and death. This brief and engaging interpretive essay helps us to understand the cycle of fear that grips all religious communities in Syria today and makes the civil war so intractable.' * Joshua Landis, Director, Center for Middle East Studies, University of Oklahoma, and author of *
'This valuable study usefully combines Ibn Khaldun's theory of cycles of rule, dependent on the changing assabiyeh of the ruling group, with the impact of the security dilemma to explain the causes and consequences of the Alawite community's association with the Assad regime. It benefits from the author's exceptional access to the Alawite heartland to provide a convincing and sympathetic portrait of this community.' * Raymond Hinnebusch, Professor of International Relations and Director of the Centre for Syrian Studies, University of St. Andrews *

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Timely consideration of how the minority Alawites came to rule Syria

Review Quote

"Cycle of Fear is based on an impressive amount of field research as well as interviews with hard-to-reach leading Alawite figures inside Syria and elsewhere. Goldsmith does a good job of unmasking much of the mystery surrounding this sect and places within its historical context the twentieth century rise of the Alawites and the decision by most Alawites in the current conflict to stick with the Assad regime. I highly recommend it." -- David W. Lesch, Ewing Halsell Distinguished Professor of Middle East History at Trinity University in San Antonio, Texas, and author of Syria: The Fall of the House of Assad "Leon Goldsmith makes a timely argument about the Alawite community that has provided the main pillar of support for Assad's rule in Syria. He explains how the minority complex of this small but powerful sect has been shaped by centuries of persecution. Their internal solidarity and fear of the Sunni majority, Goldsmith argues, has convinced them that their present struggle is a matter of life and death. This brief and engaging interpretive essay helps us to understand the cycle of fear that grips all religious communities in Syria today and makes the civil war so intractable." -- Joshua Landis, Director, Center for Middle East Studies, University of Oklahoma, and author of "This valuable study usefully combines Ibn Khaldun's theory of cycles of rule, dependent on the changing assabiyeh of the ruling group, with the impact of the security dilemma to explain the causes and consequences of the Alawite community's association with the Assad regime. It benefits from the author's exceptional access to the Alawite heartland to provide a convincing and sympathetic portrait of this community." -- Raymond Hinnebusch, Professor of International Relations and Director of the Centre for Syrian Studies, University of St. Andrews "A splendid, multi-faceted, and scrupulously fair survey of the Alawite community of Syria -- easily the best available in English. Based on courageous, thoroughly professional field work immediately before and amid the outbreak of the street uprising against Bashar al-Assad, Cycle of Fear not only provides an excellent historical background, but also gives a wonderful portrayal of the Alawites at a critical turning point in their modern affairs. The present Syrian crisis cannot be comprehended without understanding the Alawites, who are at once the lifeblood and the prisoners of the Assad regime, which has increasingly taken them for granted." -- William Harris, Professor in the Department of Politics, University of Otago and author of Lebanon: A History, 600-2011

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Introduction 1. Ibn Khaldun's Asabiyya and the Cycle of Fear A Definition of Asabiyya and its Sectarian Dimension How a Group Develops High Asabiyya The Nature and Influence of a Group with High Asabiyya How a Dynasty Maintains Asabiyya Variables for the Success of a Dynasty How a Group's Asabiyya Declines 2. Origins Foundations of the Sect Golden Period Becoming Ibna al-Jabal (Sons of the Mountain) Fatwas and Officialdom Ottoman Rule: Continued Alawite Marginalization 3. Integration Saving Alawite Souls New Horizons Resistance and Receptivity Artificial Integration Genuine Integration? Independent Syria and the 'Problem' of Pluralism Suspicions of Sectarianism Alawites Ascendant 4. Apogee and Decline Early Asad Rule The Muslim Brotherhood Rebellion The Hama Tragedy The Spoils of Power Struggle for the Asad Dynasty The Alawite-Iranian Axis Preparing for Succession Descent A Modernising Reformer? New Challenges Losing Lebanon Regime Consolidation and Isolation Alawite Socio-Economic Conditions under Bashar al-Asad The Precarious Security of the Lebanese Alawites 6. Rumblings of Revolution Regime Restoration Elite Infighting A Confident Bashar al-Asad Rising Internal Challenges A Rising Islamic Tide? Integration at Last? List of Tables

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