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Model 412ND12. Round 4.5" drop-in filter size (4 1/2" threadless). Retails originally for $240/each.

The Tiffen 4.5" round ND 1.2 is a solid neutral density filter providing a 4 stop exposure reduction. This 1.2 density creates a darkening of the entire image, allowing you to photograph with a wider aperture or slower shutter speed than normally required. By slowing your exposure time or increasing your aperture, you are able to control depth of field and convey movement more easily. Neutral density filters do not affect the coloration of the image and are ideal for pairing with other filters.

It enables the shooter to adjust exposure without affecting color balance. Neutral density filters appear gray and reduce the amount of light reaching either the sensor of a digital camera or the film plane of a traditional film camera. Neutral density filters are used to create some unusual special effects such as capturing the "blur" of the rippling water of a waterfall or the swirling effect of city traffic. Determining which neutral density filter yields ideal results for any given lighting situation takes knowledge, experience, and a collection of such filters.

Neutral Density Filters Have Four Main Uses

• To enable slow shutter speeds to be used, especially with high-speed films, to record movement in subjects such as waterfalls, clouds, or cars.
• To decrease depth of field by allowing wider apertures to be used, which helps separate subjects from their backgrounds.
• To decrease the effective ISO of high-speed film (above ISO 400) and allow it to be used outdoors in bright situations.
• To allow cine and video cameras (which have fixed shutter speeds) to film subjects such as snow, sand, or other bright scenes that could cause overexposure.

This filter is made using ColorCore technology, a process that involves laminating the filter substrate between 2 pieces of optical glass and grinding flat to a tolerance of 1/10,000th of an inch.